一种非火药驱动气体炮内弹道模型及发射诸元协调

介绍一种新型非火药驱动的气体炮,它有五个气室控制气体炮的整个发射过程。给出了该气体炮的结构原理和内弹道数学模型,并通过计算机模拟,分析了这种气体炮的发射参数的协调和优化关系,指出了影响弹丸最大加速度的主要因素。     

活塞发射机构的57mm一级气体炮

叙述了调试５７ｍｍ一级气体炮中所遇到的问题和解决方法，调试发射的结果为：发射管长７．９２ｍ，气室容积０．０１８ｍ＾３在９ＭＰａ空气介质时，可使２８０ｇ弹这到４６０ｍ／ｓ出口速度，注入１８ＭＰａ氢气时，可使２８０ｇ弹丸达到９００ｍ／ｓ出口速度。     

爆生气体驱动的裂纹扩展速度研究

通过分析计算炮孔周边径向裂纹尖端的应力强度因子，认为:爆生气体驱动的裂纹扩展可分为稳定扩展和非稳定间断扩展两阶段。在稳定扩展阶段，裂纹扩展速度由Ｇｒｉｆｆｉｔｈ理论确定；在间断扩展阶段，裂纹的平均扩展速度完全取决于焊生气体在裂纹中的一维膨胀流动速度。     

残余气体对直线感应加速器束流发射度的影响

把残余气体散射作为一种各向同性微扰力引入轴对称直流带电粒子束的均方根(RMS)包络方程，从中得到了气体散射作用导致束流发射度增长的表达式。结合“神龙一号”加速器束流传输系统的设计参数，计算了气体散射作用引起的束流发射度增长。结果表明：要想将残余气体分子散射的作用减小到可以忽略的程度，要求束流传输系统的真空度高于0．3mPa，而目前的真空设计指标(0．5mPa)只处于免强可以接受的水平。同时，简要说明了相关的抑制措施。     

一维平面磁驱动等熵加载发射飞片技术

探索了一维平面磁驱动发射飞片的实验技术,实现了在一个样品上同时发射两个不同厚度的飞片,并利用VISAR测试技术同时获得了两个飞片自由面完整的速度历史。其中在回路放电峰值电流密度为823 kA/cm的情况下,在上升前沿2 s内将厚度为0.38 mm、直径为4 mm的铝飞片发射到1.5 km/s,作用在飞片上的最大磁压力为4.25 GPa。显微分析发现,在飞片速度较高的情况下,飞片与镗孔底部剪切破坏的断口上,由于凝固过程中过冷度大有非晶等现象出现。进一步促进了磁驱动等熵加载、发射飞片实验技术、物态方程研究的开展。     

气压对压力容器前壁超高速撞击损伤的影响

充气压力容器在超高速撞击下的典型损伤包括穿孔及其边缘的裂纹失稳破坏,会导致气体泄漏或爆炸,内压对容器前壁损伤的影响仍不明确。以不同内压的球形铝合金充气压力容器为研究对象,开展了球形铝合金弹丸超高速撞击实验和数值模拟计算,分析了内充气体压强对前壁穿孔形貌特征、穿孔直径、孔边环向应力等的影响规律和影响机理,讨论了气体冲击波的传播行为及影响前壁穿孔边缘裂纹失稳破坏的机制。结果表明:前壁穿孔边缘内翻边形貌与内压相关,内压越高,弯折程度越轻;穿孔直径与内充气体压强正相关,但气体对孔径的影响远小于容器壁厚及撞击速度的影响;穿孔边缘使裂纹失稳破坏的环向拉应力不仅受到后壁反射冲击波的影响,也与容器壁内应力波的传播有关,与内压成正比。     

梯度变化对密度梯度蜂窝材料力学性能的影响

为确定一定质量蜂窝材料的密度梯度大小对材料能量吸收性能的影响,基于二维圆环系,通过改变圆环的壁厚,建立了具有不同密度梯度的二维密度梯度圆环蜂窝材料模型。在此基础上讨论了不同冲击速度下,密度梯度大小对蜂窝材料能量吸收特性的影响。研究结果表明,对于相对密度从冲击端到固定端递减的情况,在高速冲击条件下,梯度系数越大,材料单位质量的能量吸收率越高。研究结果可为完善密度梯度蜂窝材料动力学性能的设计提供参考。     

基于小波的蜂窝板面超高速撞击声发射信号损伤特征提取

为了通过超高速撞击声发射信号识别蜂窝结构受空间碎片撞击后的损伤状态,提出一种基于小波的损伤特征提取方法。采用超高速撞击声发射技术,以铝合金蜂窝板为研究对象,通过超高速撞击实验获取实验信号。分析超高速撞击声发射信号的时频特征及板波模态等特征,采用Daubechies小波变换将信号中模态分离,根据小波系数计算各尺度小波能量分数及小波能量熵特征,分析各特征参数与损伤间的关系,并通过Kruskal-Wallis检验方法验证各特征值对损伤识别的贡献。结果表明:小波能量分数和小波能量熵具有一定的损伤模式分类能力;250 kHz以上的小波能量分数具有良好的损伤模式分类能力;非超声部分的低频信号对损伤识别存在干扰。     

三点起爆控制参数对尾翼爆炸成型弹丸成型的影响

针对三点起爆控制参数（起爆直径、起爆同步误差）对尾翼爆炸成型弹丸（explosively formed projectile,EFP）成型的影响问题,理论分析了三点起爆条件下爆轰波的马赫碰撞,计算获得了不同起爆直径下马赫波的相关参数,利用LS-DYNA有限元软件通过数值模拟研究了不同起爆直径下三点起爆同步误差对EFP尾翼成型及飞行速度的影响规律。结果表明,起爆直径越大,马赫波在药型罩上的作用面积越小,马赫超压越大,形成的EFP长径比和速度越大;起爆直径为30、40、50 mm三点起爆成型装药形成较佳尾翼EFP应满足的最大起爆同步误差分别为50、100、150 ns;此外,尽量使中间起爆点起爆同步误差约为最大同步误差的一半,有利于降低尾翼EFP的侧向分速度,提高飞行稳定性。     

束发射度对X射线照射量的影响

在闪光照相中，用Ｍａｒｔｉｎ公式求得的１ｍ处Ｘ射线照射量往往偏高。考虑电子束的发射度和横向半径的影响，利用蒙特卡洛方法抽样束内电子在靶上的入射条件后，可以定量确定闪光机靶前１ｍ处Ｘ射线照射量的数值及其角分布。研究结果表明：在击靶时束半径一定的情况下，Ｘ射线照射量随发射度的增加而减小；在束发射度一定的情况下，照射量随束半径分布有一极值，当束半径小于ｒｂｍ时，照射量随束半径ｒｂ增加而迅速增加，但当ｒｂ     

The influence of gas phase velocity fluctuations on primary atomization and droplet deformation

The effects of grid-generated velocity fluctuations on the primary atomization and subsequent droplet deformation of a range of laminar liquid jets are examined using microscopic high-speed backlit imaging of the break-up zone and laser Doppler anemometry of the gas phase separately. This is done for fixed gas mean flow conditions in a miniature wind tunnel experiment utilizing a selection of fuels, turbulence-generating grids and two syringe sizes. The constant mean flow allows for an isolated study of velocity fluctuation effects on primary atomization in a close approximation to homogeneous decaying turbulence. The qualitative morphology of the primary break-up region is examined over a range of turbulence intensities, and spectral analysis is performed in order to ascertain the break-up frequency which, for a case of no grid, compares well with the existing literature. The addition of velocity fluctuations tends to randomize the break-up process. Slightly downstream of the break-up region, image processing is conducted in order to extract a number of metrics, which do not depend on droplet sphericity, and these include droplet aspect ratio and orientation, the latter quantity being somewhat unconventional in spray characterization. A turbulent Weber number $We^{\prime}$ which takes into account gas phase fluctuations is utilized to characterize the resulting droplet shapes, in addition to a mean Weber number <We _d>. Above a $We^{\prime}>0.05$ a clear positive relationship exists between the mean aspect ratio of droplets and the turbulent Weber number where $We^{\prime}$ is varied by altering all relevant variables including the velocity root mean square, the initial droplet diameter, the surface tension and the density.     

Optical density and velocity measurements in cryogenic gas flows

This paper presents the application of optical measurement techniques in dense-gas flows in a heavy-gas channel to determine planar two-component (2C) velocity profiles and two-dimensional (2D) temperature profiles. The experimental approach is rather new in this area, and represents progress compared with the traditional techniques based on thermocouple measurements. The dense-gas flows are generated by the evaporation of liquid nitrogen. The optical measurement of both the velocity and density profiles is accomplished by the implementation of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and background-oriented schlieren (BOS) systems. Supplemental thermocouple measurements are used as independent calibrations to derive temperatures from the density data measured with the BOS system. The results obtained with both systems are used to quantify the dilution behavior of the propagating cloud through a global entrainment parameter . Its value agrees well with the results obtained by earlier studies.     

Experiments on entrainment in an annulus with and without velocity gradient across the density interface

The entrainment process in a two layer density stratified fluid column was studied experimentally by imposing external shear stress on one or both layers. The experiments have been conducted in an annular tank containing two water layers of different salt concentration and the shear stress was applied by means of rotating screens. The following quantities were measured: the screen velocity (which was kept constant during each experiment), the stress at the upper screen, and vertical profiles of circumferential velocity and density at different radial locations. When equal stress was imposed at the surface of the upper layer and at the bottom of the lower layer, entrainment took place from the two sides of the density interface at equal rate so that the interface was stationary in the central position between the two screens and there was no velocity gradient across the interface. The dependence of the entrainment coefficient on Richardson number obtained in these experiments was similar in form to that obtained in the shear-free experiments with an oscillating grid (e.g. Nokes 1988). When a shear stress was applied at the upper surface only, the upper layer depth increased with time and a velocity gradient existed at the interface. The influence of the interfacial velocity gradient on the entrainment rate was studied by comparing the rates obtained with and without this velocity gradient. The entrainment rates were approximately the same for high values of the Richardson number while at low Richardson number the entrainment rate was much larger when a velocity gradient existed across the interface. The main results of this work are as follows:

1. Despite the curved geometry of the annular system, the dependence of the entrainment coefficient on Richardson number for shear-free interface experiments was found to be similar in form to that obtained for oscillating grid experiments.
2. The entrainment across the interface is due to turbulent energy generated at some distance from the interface by an external source (i.e. shear stress induced by a screen) and due to turbulence produced locally at the interface by a velocity gradient. The relative contribution of each turbulence source to the total entrainment was found to depend on the stability of the interface.

     

The double velocity correlation function of homogeneous turbulence with constant mean velocity gradient

In this article, as the velocity gradient is taken as a constant value, we obtain the solutions of the equation of fluctuation velocity after Fourier transform. When the mean velocity gradient is small, they represent the picture of eddies, of which the homogeneous turbulence (both isotropic and nonisotropic) of the final period is composed. By using the eddies of these types at different times, we may compose the steady turbulent field with the constant velocity gradient and this field may represent the turbulent field in the central part of the channel flow or pipe flow approximately. Then we may obtain the double velocity correlation function of this turbulent field, which involves both longitudinal correlation coefficient and the transversal correlation coefficient . We compare these theoretical coefficients with the experimental data of these coefficients at initial period and final period of isotropic homogeneous turbulence. And then we obtain the relationship between the turbulent double velocity correlation coefficient and the mean velocity gradient. Finally, we get the expressions of the Reynolds stress and the eddy viscosity coefficient.     

The influence of pressure fluctuations on double velocity correlations

The conventional split of the pressure terms in the transport equation for Reynolds stress is obtained as the singlepoint limit of an axiomatically established two-point formalism.     

Simultaneous measurement of temperature,density and velocity in gas flows by modulated photoluminescence

A novel possibility to determine the temperature, density and velocity simultaneously in gas flows by measuring the average value, amplitude of modulation and phase shift of the photoluminescence excited by a temporally or spatially modulated light source is investigated. Time-dependent equations taking the flow, diffusion, excitation and decay into account are solved analytically. Different experimental arrangements are proposed. Measurements of velocity with two components, and temporal and spatial resolutions in the measurements are investigated. Numerical examples are given for N ₂with biacetyl as the seed gas. Practical considerations for the measurements and the relation between this method and some existing methods of lifetime measurement are discussed.     

On the motion of particles in a fluid under the influence of a large velocity gradient

The motion of seeding particles as used in laser Doppler anemometry is investigated in the presence of a large velocity gradient across aerodynamic shocks under different flow conditions. Experimentally obtained results are presented and compared with theoretical predictions based upon the size distribution of the seeding particles used. It is found that the agreement of experimental and theoretical results depends on the flow conditions as well as on the particle material.     

Motion of gas bubbles in a liquid under the influence of a temperature gradient

This study deals with the motion of a gas bubble developing under the influence of surface-tension forces in an imponderable viscous liquid with a temperature gradient. A theory of steady-state motion of a bubble in a field with constant temperature gradient is given for the case of small Reynolds numbers. Experimental results that show qualitative agreement with the theory are presented.The authors wish to thank M. A. Lavrent'ev for formulating the problem and giving constant attention to their work.