FCC辐照金属铜材料中氦泡平衡内压的分子模拟及其尺度效应

氦泡内的氦密度及其内压对含氦泡辐照材料的力学性能具有重要影响,本文采用分子模拟方法系统地研究了面心立方金属铜材料内氦泡平衡内压及其尺度效应、温度效应和引起的应力场。基于能量最小原理与应力平衡准则,提出了确定平衡内压的方法,研究发现：1）采用能量最低原理与应力平衡准则所获得的平衡内压是自洽的;2）存在一个临界尺度,当氦泡孔径小于该临界尺度时,平衡内压出现反常尺度效应,即当氦泡孔径小于3nm时,平衡内压并不随孔径减小而明显增大,甚至出现减小的异常现象;3）传统采用基于球形孔洞的理论公式估算严重高估了氦泡平衡内压,引起的误差随氦泡孔径减小而显著增大,如孔径为3nm时,误差超过63%;4）由于纳米孔洞多面体特性和材料的各向异性,即使在平衡内压条件下,基体铜材料内仍存在一定的应力分布,该应力体现出显著的局域特征,即随着距孔洞中心距离的增加而快速下降。此外,本文还提出采用时间平均叠加区域平均来减小热涨落对应力场的影响,取得了较好的效果。     

含氦泡金属铝层裂响应的数值分析

因自辐照效应的影响,一些材料内部会产生大量的氦泡,关注这些氦泡对材料力学性能的影响是目前损伤破坏研究中的重要问题之一。结合相关文献的实验结果,采用耦合材料初始损伤、孔洞尺寸及惯性影响的损伤模型,对该问题进行了数值分析。结果显示:氦泡的内压及材料变形中温度的变化对损伤发展的影响很小;材料的初始损伤越大,材料内部应力减小得越快,损伤增长得越慢;因惯性的影响,初始氦泡越大,损伤增长相对较慢。因此,分析含氦泡材料的层裂损伤问题需要重点关注材料初始氦泡大小、初始损伤以及损伤演化过程中惯性的影响。     

一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的III型断裂力学

研究了一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的Ⅲ型断裂力学问题。基于复变弹性理论和表面弹性理论获得了考虑表面效应时椭圆孔边裂纹的应力场、应力强度因子和能量释放率的解析表达;讨论了缺陷尺寸、裂纹/孔洞比、耦合系数和施加载荷对应力强度因子和能量释放率的影响。研究表明：考虑表面效应且缺陷的尺寸在纳米尺度时,声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子以及无量纲能量释放率具有明显的尺寸依赖;裂纹相对尺寸较小时,表面效应对声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子影响较小;纳米尺度时无量纲能量释放率随耦合系数的增加而增大;耦合系数一定时,无量纲能量释放率受到椭圆孔尺寸影响;随着声子场载荷的增大,无量纲能量释放率先减小后增加,最后趋于稳定;无量纲能量释放率随相位子场载荷的增大单调减小,非常小和非常大的声子场载荷(或相位子场载荷)屏蔽了相位子场载荷(或声子场载荷)的影响。     

一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的III型断裂力学

研究了一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的Ⅲ型断裂力学问题。基于复变弹性理论和表面弹性理论获得了考虑表面效应时椭圆孔边裂纹的应力场、应力强度因子和能量释放率的解析表达;讨论了缺陷尺寸、裂纹/孔洞比、耦合系数和施加载荷对应力强度因子和能量释放率的影响。研究表明：考虑表面效应且缺陷的尺寸在纳米尺度时,声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子以及无量纲能量释放率具有明显的尺寸依赖;裂纹相对尺寸较小时,表面效应对声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子影响较小;纳米尺度时无量纲能量释放率随耦合系数的增加而增大;耦合系数一定时,无量纲能量释放率受到椭圆孔尺寸影响;随着声子场载荷的增大,无量纲能量释放率先减小后增加,最后趋于稳定;无量纲能量释放率随相位子场载荷的增大单调减小,非常小和非常大的声子场载荷(或相位子场载荷)屏蔽了相位子场载荷(或声子场载荷)的影响。     

含氦泡辐照老化材料层裂损伤计算方法分析

辐照条件下,一些材料内部产生大量的氦泡等微缺陷,氦泡的大小和数密度随着辐照年限的增长而增长。氦泡分布特征的变化不仅影响材料本身的物理、力学性质,而且直接影响材料层裂损伤演化后期材料破坏颗粒度的分布特征。延性材料的层裂损伤演化过程一般包括孔洞的成核、增长和汇合,但因已有孔洞对新成核孔洞存在抑制作用,当初始孔洞数密度达到一定临界值时,材料内部没有新的孔洞成核,因此,层裂损伤的计算可以不考虑新孔洞成核的影响。本文中基于损伤早期演化的特征,给出了这一临界值的计算方法,并进一步探讨了含氦泡辐照老化钚材料层裂损伤的计算方法。同时,在完善孔洞增长(void growth, VG)层裂损伤模型中参数的确定方法的基础上,借助含氦泡常规铝材料的层裂实验结果,对此问题进行了定性的分析：在氦泡尺寸变化不大的情况下,当氦泡浓度低于临界氦泡浓度时,需要考虑初始氦泡以及新增孔洞的综合影响;反之,可以采用简单的层裂损伤模型,不需要计算孔洞成核,但由于增长孔洞之间的相互影响,损伤模型的初始损伤参数需要重新确定。     

冲击载荷作用下矩形薄板的弹性动力屈曲

为了研究冲击载荷作用下考虑应力波效应弹性矩形薄板的动力屈曲,根据动力屈曲发生瞬间的能量转换和守恒准则,导出板的屈曲控制方程和波阵面上的补充约束条件,真实的屈曲位移应同时满足控制方程和波阵面上的附加约束条件。满足上述条件,建立了该问题的完整数值解法,对屈曲过程中冲击载荷、屈曲模态和临界屈曲长度之间的关系进行研究,定量计算了横向惯性效应对提高薄板动力屈曲临界应力的贡献。研究表明:板的厚宽比一定时,临界屈曲长度随冲击载荷的增大而减小;由于屈曲时的横向惯性效应,应力波作用下薄板一阶临界力参数是相应边界板的静力失稳临界力参数的1.5倍;随着边界约束逐渐减弱,板临界力参数逐渐减小,动力特征参数逐渐增大。     

准脆性材料抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型

针对现有尺寸效应模型难以体现准脆性材料完整的抗压强度尺寸效应变化规律及其内在机理, 本文通过分析准脆性材料单轴压缩破坏过程中能量输入、储存、整体和局部能量耗散, 建立体现整体和局部损伤的力学模型及描述上述能量演化过程的双线性名义和真实应力应变曲线, 在此基础上确定了名义应力最大时输入能量、储存弹性能、整体和局部能量耗散的表达式, 最后基于能量平衡原理建立抗压强度尺寸效应模型. 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型能完整体现名义抗压强度尺寸效应, 即随试样尺寸增大, 名义抗压强度在试样尺寸小于等于局部损伤区尺寸时为真实强度, 然后逐渐减小, 最终当试样尺寸趋于无穷大时趋于弹性极限强度; 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型也能同时体现高径比和试样直径对名义强度的影响, 其包含的参数具有明确的物理意义, 可以反映真实强度、弹性极限强度、名义损伤模量非线性、局部损伤区大小和方向对准脆性材料名义抗压强度尺寸效应的影响; 通过把抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型和现有尺寸效应模型应用于预测各种材料尺寸效应试验和数值模拟数据, 结果表明: 抗压强度能量平衡尺寸效应模型能很好描述试验和数值模拟尺寸效应的非线性变化规律及内在机理, 和现有尺寸效应模型相比, 其总体平均误差最小, 且小于5%.      

高瓦斯煤层冲击地压发生条件与影响因素

针对高瓦斯煤层冲击地压问题,用解析方法得到冲击地压发生条件,分析了主要影响因素对满足冲击地压发生条件的临界塑性区半径和临界应力的影响规律.结合五龙矿开采实际情况对影响高瓦斯煤层冲击地压的煤的模量比、煤层瓦斯孔隙压力、支护应力和内摩擦角4个因素做了对比分析.研究发现:高瓦斯煤层在巷道掘进面附近由于存在开挖面空间效应,掘进面前方尚未开挖的煤体对巷道变形起到了限制作用,减少了冲击地压的发生,随着掘进面向前推进,后方一定距离范围内的巷道支护应力增大.随着瓦斯解吸渗流的进行,巷道壁处孔隙压力降低,巷道冲击地压危险性明显提高,此时提高支护应力,冲击危险性有所降低.高瓦斯煤层巷道发生冲击地压的临界塑性区半径和临界应力随模量比、瓦斯孔隙压力的增大而快速减小,随支护应力的增大而增大,临界塑性区半径随内摩擦角的增大而增大,临界应力与内摩擦角不是单调函数关系,存在一个极小值点,当内摩擦角小于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而减小;当内摩擦角大于此极小值时,临界应力随内摩擦角增大而增大.     

不同拉压特性的厚壁圆筒极限内压统一解

厚壁圆筒在实际工程领域中应用广泛,若能精确计算出极限内压,对预防事故发生,降低风险有重要意义.工程中存在许多材料,其拉压强度和拉压模量均存在差异,这些差异对极限内压的大小有显著影响.以往研究表明,仅考虑拉压强度与拉压模量的一个方面,计算结果与实际情况存在一定的误差.本文基于双剪统一强度理论,综合考虑中间主应力效应及材料拉压强度和拉压模量的不同,推导了内压作用下厚壁圆筒的弹、塑性状态的应力分布及弹性极限内压、塑性极限内压与安定极限内压的统一解,通过与其他文献对比分析验证了本文计算结果的正确性,分析了半径比、统一强度理论参数、拉压强度比与拉压模量系数对弹性极限内压、塑性极限内压及安定极限内压的影响.结果表明:统一解均随半径比和统一强度理论参数的增大而增大,随拉压强度比的增大而减小,弹性极限内压随材料拉压模量系数的增大而减小,当壁厚增加到一定值后,安定极限内压随材料拉压模量系数的增大而减小;材料的拉压模量不同、拉压强度差异对厚壁圆筒的安定性影响显著,考虑中间主应力效应可使材料的潜能得到更充分发挥,极限内压随半径比的变化规律可为选择合理壁厚提供参考,该结论可为厚壁圆筒的工程应用提供理论依据.     

隧道围岩弹-脆-塑性应力的三剪统一解

基于三剪统一强度准则,采用更符合脆性岩石峰后强度特性的弹-脆-塑性模型,推导了考虑第二主应力和脆性软化共同影响的隧道围岩应力解,并与广义Hoek-Brown强度准则解进行了比较。研究结果表明:第二主应力、围岩材料模型、脆性软化均对围岩应力大小及分布具有显著影响。本文准则参数b=0时的应力解析解与广义Hoek-Brown强度准则应力解的峰值和分布规律均有较好的一致性,说明了本文应力解的合理性;当岩体强度具有明显的第二主应力效应时,广义Hoek-Brown强度准则已不再适用,但本文准则参数b>0时的应力解则具有很好的适用性。同时,理想弹-塑性模型低估了围岩塑性区范围,在准则参数b分别为0、0.05、0.1的情况下,弹-脆-塑性模型的围岩塑性区半径R相比理想弹-塑性模型平均可以增大45.5%;考虑第二主应力效应可以更加充分发挥岩石材料的强度潜能,随着准则参数b的增大,即第二主应力σ2效应的增大,围岩塑性区半径R和临界支护力py均不断减小,相比准则参数b=0时最大值分别减小了18.9%和10.8%。峰后粘聚力cr对围岩应力的影响也很显著,随着峰后粘聚力cr的增加,塑性区半径R不断减小,cr=0.11 MPa时的塑性区厚度比cr=0.055 MPa时减小43.3%。     

金属材料力学性能的辐照氦效应研究进展

金属材料在辐照过程中会发生嬗变反应,从而在材料内部形成氦泡,进而影响金属材料的宏观力学行为。因此,开展氦影响下金属材料力学性能的研究对抗辐照材料的设计及工程应用具有重要意义。氦对材料力学行为的影响是一个典型的多尺度问题,故本文从从原子尺度到宏观尺度针对含氦金属材料力学行为的研究方面进行了总结,主要包括氦原子的产生、氦团簇/氦泡的形成、氦泡在材料中的微观行为以及氦对材料宏观力学性能的影响。在此基础上,展望了该领域中存在的主要科学问题。     

金属材料力学性能的辐照氦效应研究进展

金属材料在辐照过程中会发生嬗变反应,从而在材料内部形成氦泡,进而影响金属材料的宏观力学行为。因此,开展氦影响下金属材料力学性能的研究对抗辐照材料的设计及工程应用具有重要意义。氦对材料力学行为的影响是一个典型的多尺度问题,故本文从从原子尺度到宏观尺度针对含氦金属材料力学行为的研究方面进行了总结,主要包括氦原子的产生、氦团簇/氦泡的形成、氦泡在材料中的微观行为以及氦对材料宏观力学性能的影响。在此基础上,展望了该领域中存在的主要科学问题。     

Quasi-static bubble in a yield stress fluid: elasto-plastic model

The influence of the yield stress of Carbopol® gel dispersions on the behaviour of quasi-static bubbles was investigated. Many fluids, from many different industrial fields, have yield stress behaviour. Most of them contain gas bubbles. To study bubble behaviour in such suspensions, a transparent model fluid (dispersion of Carbopol® in water) was used. The experimental device allowed to quasi-statically increase bubble internal pressure with small pressure step to reach a maximum target internal pressure and the pressure setpoint was inverted to return to the initial pressure. Hysterical behaviour of the bubbles was highlighted as they did not regain their initial shape because of yield stress. We show that the rheological behaviour is related to the internal pressure, bubble geometry and yield stress in quasi-static conditions. A modification of the Laplace law depending on the yield stress of the fluid and bubble sphericity was proposed and validated.     

Experimental investigation of single helium bubbles rising in FLiNaK molten salt

An experimental investigation of single helium bubbles rising in a stagnant molten fluoride salt mixture was conducted in a 25.4 mm quartz tube at 600 °C and atmospheric pressure. The fluoride salt chosen for this research was the eutectic mixture of LiF-NaF-KF (46.5–11.5–42%), also known as FLiNaK. The images obtained using a high-speed camera were processed to estimate the bubble size, rising velocity, trajectory and shape. The shape of the bubble showed typical characteristics of wobbling bubble corresponding to published classifications. The trajectory of the rising bubble showed complex path oscillations and combinations of rectilinear, zig-zag and helical motion. The projected area-equivalent diameter and experimental terminal velocity varied from 5.26 to 6.23 mm and 232.35–259.57 mm/s, respectively. Several important dimensionless numbers were calculated and reported based on the experimental results, which are closely related to the phenomena involving a gas bubble rising in liquid. The measured terminal velocity was compared with the predictions of existing correlations that include the dimensionless numbers and showed reasonable agreement. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was applied to complement the experimental data set with high-fidelity measurements of the velocity field of the liquid molten salt surrounding the bubble. The paper presents a unique set of PIV and two-phase experimental data capturing the behavior of rising helium bubbles in molten FLiNaK and its surrounding flow field.     

Numerical analysis of the interaction of 3D compressible bubble clusters

Based on the bubble dynamic theory and the compressible two-phase flow solver of the open source software Open FOAM, a numerical simulation study is carried out on the interactions of bubble clusters in a closed volume. The bubble dynamics and interactions of a single bubble, two bubbles, and four bubbles are investigated under the working conditions without and with the presence of a free surface. Through a parametric study, the qualitative patterns of the variations of the bubble collapse period,the volume compressibility, the bubble pressure peak value, and the breakdown, fusion,and separation phenomena with the parameters such as the bubble pressure, the radius size, the bubble spacing, and the distance from the free surface are obtained. The main factors affecting the bubble morphology and the dynamic characteristics are summarized from numerous parameter experiments. It is shown that, in the absence of a free surface,the main factors are the relative size of the bubbles, the pressure of the liquid, and the pressure differences among the bubbles, while in the presence of a free surface, the main factor is the pressure of the liquid between the upper surface of the bubble and the free surface.     

Air–water flow in a vertical pipe: experimental study of air bubbles in the vicinity of the wall

This study deals with the influence of bubbles on a vertical air–water pipe flow, for gas-lift applications. The effect of changing the bubble size is of particular interest as it has been shown to affect the pressure drop over the pipe. Local measurements on the bubbles characteristics in the wall region were performed, using standard techniques, such as high-speed video recording and optical fibre probe, and more specific techniques, such as two-phase hot film anemometry for the wall shear stress and conductivity measurement for the thickness of the liquid film at the wall. The injection of macroscopic air bubbles in a pipe flow was shown to increase the wall shear stress. Bubbles travelling close to the wall create a periodic perturbation. The injection of small bubbles amplifies this effect, because they tend to move in the wall region; hence, more bubbles are travelling close to the wall. A simple analysis based on a two-fluid set of equations emphasised the importance of the local gas fraction fluctuations on the wall shear stress.     

Three-dimensional flow pattern visualization and bubble size distributions in stationary and transient upward flashing flow

For the first time, an experimental three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization of stationary and transient flashing flow in a vertical pipe (47 mm diameter) is presented. The measurements have been performed by means of wire-mesh sensors. This type of sensor delivers two-dimensional void-fraction distributions in the pipe cross-section where it is mounted with a maximum sampling rate of 10,000 frames per second. A sampling rate of 1200 frames per second has been used in this work. Steam bubbles have been identified from the wire-mesh data and their complete three-dimensional reconstruction has been performed by taking into account the steam bubble velocity. For the estimation of the bubble velocity, two wire-mesh sensors positioned at a small axial distance from each other have been used. The velocity has been determined by cross-correlation of the two wire-mesh signals, by direct identification of the traveling time of the steam bubbles between the two sensors and by means of a drift-flux model. A comparison between the three methods of bubbles velocity measurement is reported. Stationary and time-dependent bubble size distributions have been derived. The stationary radial void-fraction profiles have been decomposed according to bubble size classes and compared with the results obtained with an equilibrium model.     

On the robustness of separation control by streamwise vortices

The robustness of vane-type vortex generators (VGs) for separation flow control was studied in a separating turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. VG arrays of different sizes and streamwise positions were positioned upstream of the separation bubble and their effect on the flow field was studied with the help of particle image velocimetry (PIV). The extent of the separated region was varied by changing the pressure gradient. Three different separation bubbles were produced and their extent was approximately doubled for each increase in pressure gradient. It was found that the sensitivity of the control effect to changes in the size of the separation bubble is small within the applied range of pressure gradients. Furthermore, the importance of the relative position of the VGs with respect to the separated region is small.