肋片对后台阶湍流流动影响的数值模拟

采用二阶全展开ETG有限元方法作为大涡模拟空间离散格式,计算了Reynolds数为47625条件下的后台阶湍流流动,结果与相关实验资料符合良好,在此基础上分析了附加肋片高度和肋距对后台阶湍流流动的影响.计算结果表明,不同肋高和肋距对台阶下游流动具有较大的影响,相应条件下台阶下游的涡系及其时变过程都发生了很大的变化,计算给出了台阶回流段长度随肋高和随肋距变化的曲线,并指出,在台阶下游附加肋片可以作为后台阶湍流流动一种简单有效的被动控制方式.     

强磁场对突扩管中液态金属剪切层的影响

在聚变堆中,由于强磁场的影响,液态金属流动呈现准二维流动的特征。本文基于SM82模型,对不同磁场强度下突扩管内的流动进行数值研究。计算结果表明,随着磁场强度增大,流动从不稳定状态向稳定状态转变,剪切涡脱落逐渐消失,并伴随着剪切涡纵向尺寸变窄,横向关联尺度变长,剪切层脉动特征频率趋于一致。同时,脱落后的剪切涡与壁面相互作用是影响管道换热的主要因素,随着磁场强度增加,壁面平均努塞尔数逐渐减小,换热效率降低。     

基于转捩SST模型凸起圆柱绕流数值研究

为了研究局部凸起对边界层转捩的影响,采用转捩SST模型分别对亚临界、临界和超临界状态下带突起的圆柱绕流问题进行了数值模拟,分析了不同Reynolds数下带突起的圆柱绕流问题的近壁面流动特征以及表面时均压力与摩擦力系数的分布和凸起对圆柱表面流动分离以及转捩的影响,对比了有无凸起两侧圆柱表面时均压力、摩擦力系数的不同. 结果表明:当来流Reynolds数处于临界区时,气流在圆柱上表面凸起处形成了3个反向旋转的漩涡,之后随着θ的增大,发生了流动分离和流动转捩现象;对于不同Reynolds数下的来流,圆柱上表面的凸起可以使气流发生转捩的位置提前;圆柱上表面的凸起使流速增大、压强降低,从而导致圆柱产生升力,随着来流Reynolds数的增大,其升力逐渐变大.      

超声速后台阶流动/射流相互作用的数值模拟

采用高精度格式求解二维Navier-Stokes方程研究超声速射流与同向超声速后台阶流动相互作用的流场基本结构及规律,分别应用5阶WENO格式、6阶中心差分格式离散对流项和黏性项,时间推进采用3阶Runge-Kutta格式,并应用消息传递接口（message passing interface,MPI）非阻塞式通信实现并行化.分别研究了超声速后台阶流动、超声速射流的基本结构特征,以此讨论和分析超声速后台阶流动/射流相互作用的特征,以及不同来流条件对波系结构、涡结构、剪切层、膨胀扇等的影响,尤其是来流剪切层和射流剪切层的相互作用,形成复杂的波系结构及相互干扰的流动现象.      

入流激励下可压缩剪切层中Kelvin-Helmholtz涡的响应特性

通过直接数值求解Navier-Stokes方程,研究了入流激励下可压缩剪切层中Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)涡结构的响应特性,结果清晰地展示了KH涡的独特演化方式.基于流动可视化数据,采用两点相关性分析获得了流场拟序结构的空间尺寸和结构角分布.通过分析不同激励频率下涡结构的动态特性,揭示了入流激励下可压缩剪切层中KH涡结构的独特演化机理.研究结果表明,低频入流激励(f=5 k Hz)下KH涡尺寸在远场区域达到饱和后呈现锁频状态,KH涡量厚度稳定在12-14 mm之间;与自由剪切层涡结构通过配对合并的方式实现生长的机理不同,低频入流激励下剪切层的发展是通过中间涡核顺时针吞噬KH不稳定波诱导的一串外围小涡结构来实现生长.此外,针对高频激励(f=20 k Hz)下的剪切层流动,研究了涡结构特性和入流激励参数之间的定量关系,发现均匀分布涡结构的尺寸近似等于对流速度与入流激励频率之比.     

Soret效应对具有自由表面的圆柱形浅池内双组分溶液热对流影响的实验研究

为了探究Soret效应对具有自由表面的圆柱形浅液池内双组分溶液热对流过程的影响, 通过实验观察了质量分数为50%的正癸烷/正己烷混合溶液在不同深宽比的液池内流动失稳后的自由表面耗散结构及液池内的温度波动. 结果表明, 双组分溶液流动失稳的临界热毛细Reynolds数小于纯工质的值, 且其随液层深宽比的变化规律与纯工质相同. 当深宽比小于0.0848时, 流动失稳后在自由表面观察到热流体波, 监测点处温度波动主频随热毛细Reynolds数增大而增加; 当深宽比大于0.0848时, 随热毛细Reynolds数的增大, 流动失稳后自由表面依次呈现轮辐状、花苞状、分离-合并-分离交替变化的条纹状结构.     

基于Omega涡识别方法的诱导轮内非定常空化流动分析

为精确捕捉诱导轮中空化的行为特征并揭示其非定常流动机理,采用大涡模拟(LES)对一凝水泵诱导轮在设计工况、临界空化数下单独进行数值分析。基于Omega涡识别方法,对诱导轮内空化流动的流动结构及空化泡的关系进行研究。结果表明,Omega涡识别技术可以很好反映流动结构(剪切流与旋转流)与空化泡的关系：设计流量、临界空化数下,诱导轮叶片入口附近空化泡主要集中在轮缘附近的回流区内,回流区内部流动主要以剪切流的形式存在;而在流道中的回流区内流动主要以旋转运动为主,且空化泡主要集中在回流区与主流的剪切层区。     

空间发展平板混和层流动的大涡模拟-3D与2D模拟的比较

本文利用大涡模拟方法研究了空间发展平板混合层流动,分别在三维模型和二维模型下,比较了大尺度结构涡的演化过程,以及流向速度、流向脉动速度、横向脉动速度和Reynolds应力的统计时均结果,并与实验结果对照,指出3D模拟无论在物理真实性还是预报结果准确性方面都要明显优于2D模拟。     

非定常尾迹控制叶栅分离研究

本文采用大涡模拟对某大转角叶栅的非定常分离流动及其在非定常尾迹作用下的分离控制机理进行了数值分析。主要捕捉了两个特征频率:分离泡不稳定频率f_shear和尾缘脱落涡频率f_shed,研究了不同的激励频率、尾迹移动方向、随机脉动等激励特征控制流动分离的效果。结果显示:特定外部频率强化了分离剪切层中的K-H展向涡结构,f_shed能同时影响分离区域和尾涡区域,f_shear只能作用于分离区域;尾迹从吸力面向压力面移动时,分离结构表现出对来流周期性更明显的响应;进口随机脉动对破坏K-H展向涡结构非常有效。     

相邻双侧边盖驱动方腔流动的三维线性整体稳定性

文章考察了相邻双侧边盖驱动方腔流动（即上壁面向右运动和左侧壁面向下运动）的三维线性整体稳定性.首先,采用Taylor-Hood有限元方法并经由Newton迭代过程计算得到双侧边盖驱动方腔流动的二维稳态基本流.其次,Taylor-Hood有限元在Chebyshev Gauss配置点上进行离散,同时Gauss配置点也可以用于线性稳定性方程的高阶有限差分格式离散.然后,离散得到的矩阵形式的广义特征值问题可以结合shift-and-invert算法采用隐式重启Arnoldi方法计算.最后,通过对线性稳定性方程特征值的计算,发现了一个最不稳定的驻定模态和两对对称行波模态.最不稳定的三维驻定模态的临界Reynolds数为Re_c=261.5,远远小于二维不稳定的临界Reynolds数Re_c2d=1 061.7.通过画出这3类三维不稳定模态的流向扰动速度和扰动涡量的空间等值面图像,可以发现不稳定扰动位于稳态基本流的两个主涡区域,因此可以认为主涡区域是三维扰动失稳的主要能量来源地.      

带控制的超声速二维后台阶流动显示

在Mach数3.4的来流条件下,对二维后台阶流动精细结构开展了实验研究.实验分为后台阶上游无控制加粗糙带扰动及微涡流发生器（micro-vortex generator,MVG）扰动3种状态,采用基于纳米示踪的平面激光散射（nano-tracer based planar laser scattering,NPLS）方法获得了流向和展向切面内的高时空分辨率流动显示图像,并测量了模型表面静压分布.对大量NPLS图像取平均,研究了流场结构的时间平均规律,对比不同时刻的瞬态流场精细结构图像,发现不同状态下的湍流大尺度结构的特征时间.有粗糙带状态相对无粗糙带台阶下游回流区压力更低,而下游压力较高,台阶上游区别不大;受MVG控制后台阶下游附近区域压力突增;MVG对流动的控制改变能力较强,粗糙带能调整台阶上下游附近流动平稳过渡,流场壁面压力没有突变.      

Foil electret transducer for blood pressure monitoring

A foil electret microphone for use under the cuff of an automatic blood pressure monitoring system is described. The transducer is designed to operate with relatively flat sensitivity over a static pressure range of 40 to 250 mm Hg (5.33 X 10(4) to 3.33 X 10(5) dyn/cm2). The new electret microphone differs from conventional microphones used for airborne sound reception in two ways: (1) the diaphragm thickness is 50 micron rather than the typical 12.5 or 25 micron, and (2) the backplate contains a set of annular ridges spaced at 4 mm rather than the typical 7-10 mm. This microphone offers three advantages over the piezoelectric microphone now in use: (1) greater tolerance in positioning the microphone over the brachial artery, (2) nearly 20-dB higher sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, and (3) the ability to obtain measurements with the microphone placed midway between the elbow and shoulder. Tests of the new foil electret microphone in conjunction with the automatic blood pressure monitoring system indicate that the automatic and conventional measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure agree to within 5 mm Hg at least 90% of the time. In addition, the electret microphone is able to obtain automatic measurements on subjects with a wider range of ages and sizes.     

A new kind of sensor array for measuring spatial coherence of surface pressure on a car's side window

The mechanical behavior of a car's side window and the resulting acoustic radiation into the cabin is mainly affected by the spatial coherence of the surface pressure exciting the glass plate. The surface pressure is a superposition of hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure whose levels differ by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude. To gain information about the coherence characteristics of the surface pressure and to separate its hydrodynamic and acoustic components, a measurement of high spatial resolution is needed. For that reason a novel pressure transducer array with a minimum distance between two adjacent measurement points of only 2 mm was developed. The pressure transducers of the array are arranged sparsely on a grid while all possible distances between the spots on the grid are covered. Due to this minimization of distance redundancy, the amount of microphones could be reduced from 1849 to 92 representing a virtual array of 43×43 measurement positions. A Nyquist wavenumber of 250 1/m$1/\mathrm{m}$ and a resolution of 11.9 1/m$1/\mathrm{m}$ using a sensor area of only 52×52 mm² were achieved. Because of its small dimensions, this array allows for measurements at various test areas on the side window, which is a major improvement compared to former investigations. For the measurements conventional MEMS microphones are applied. It is shown that the used microphones are suitable for the requisite, even if operating in saturation. Hence, the existence of acoustic loads on the side window and the position-dependent spatial coherence of the surface pressure can be studied. Measurements using the sensor array are carried out in the anechoic wind tunnel to validate the methodology. Results of the separation between hydrodynamic and acoustic pressure as well as the identification of coherence properties are presented.     

Random focusing of nonlinear acoustic N-waves in fully developed turbulence: laboratory scale experiment

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the propagation of short duration (25 μs) and high amplitude (1000 Pa) acoustic N-waves in turbulent flow. Turbulent flows with a root-mean-square value of the fluctuating velocity up to 4 m/s were generated using a bidimensional nozzle (140 × 1600 mm(2)). Energy spectra of velocity fluctuations were measured and found in good agreement with the modified von Ka?rma?n spectrum for fully developed turbulence. Spherical N-waves were generated by an electric spark source. Distorted waves were measured by four 3 mm diameter microphones placed beyond the turbulent jet. The presence of turbulence resulted in random focusing of the pulse; more than a threefold increase of peak pressures was occasionally observed. Statistics of the acoustic field parameters were evaluated as functions of the propagation distance and the level of turbulence fluctuations. It is shown that random inhomogeneities decrease the mean peak positive pressure up to 30% at 2 m from the source, double the mean rise time, and cause the arrival time about 0.3% earlier than that for corresponding conditions in still air. Probability distributions of the pressure amplitude possess autosimilarity properties with respect to the level of turbulence fluctuations.     

变截面微管道内声速点位置及临界压比

等直-收缩-扩张-等直（SCDS）变截面微管道主要应用于微型空间推进器和微型气体涡轮机等微器件中，研究其内流动特性对指导上述两种微器件的设计和性能的提高具有非常重要的意义.采用硅微加工技术在硅片上制作出矩形截面三维SCDS微管道，喉部宽度为16μm，深度为20μm，收缩比为1.625∶1实验测量了不同进出口压比条件下微管道内氮气的流量特性.实验设定进出口压比值范围为1.0—4.0，由此出口体积流量范围为0—0.12mL/s，流动的特征雷诺数小于350在实验研究的基础上，采用有限体积法对其内部流动特性进行了数值模拟，数值模拟结果与实验结果相符合.数值模拟结果发现两点不同于常规流动的特异现象：其一为最早出现声速点不在最小截面喉部附近，而是移到出口截面附近，即声速点的位置发生变化；其二为在进出口压比达到4.0时，SCDS微管道内部流场才出现声速点，即临界压比值（这里将管道内部首次出现声速点时对应的当地点压力与进口压力的比值定义为临界压比）发生变化.将其原因归结为表面效应（表面积与体积比值S/V）的影响，并进一步研究了这两点特异现象与S/V值之间的关系. 关键词： 等直-收缩-扩张-等直变截面微管道 声速点位置 临界压比 表面积与体积比值     

Linear analysis of plasma pressure-driven mode in reversed shear cylindrical tokamak plasmas

The linear behavior of the dominant unstable mode ($m=2$, $n=1$) and its high order harmonics ($m=2n$, $n\ge 2$) are numerically investigated in a reversed magnetic shear cylindrical plasma with two $q=2$ rational surfaces on the basis of the non-reduced magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations. The results show that with low beta (beta is defined as the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure), the dominant mode is a classical double tearing mode (DTM). However, when the beta is sufficiently large, the mode is driven mainly by plasma pressure. In such a case, both the linear growth rate and mode structures are strongly affected by pressure, while almost independent of the resistivity. This means that the dominant mode undergoes a transition from DTM to pressure-driven mode with the increase of pressure, which is consistent with the experimental result in ASDEX Upgrade. The simulations also show that the distance between two rational surfaces has an important influence on the pressure needed in mode transition. The larger the distance between two rational surfaces, the larger the pressure for driving the mode transition is. Motivated by the phenomena that the high-$m$ modes may dominate over low-$m$ modes at small inter-resonance distance, the high-$m$ modes with different pressures and $q$ profiles are studied too.     

紫外激光标记空气开关的工艺研究

激光器的打标速度、频率、填充间隔、电流、离焦量等工艺参数直接影响空气开关的打标效果。实验根据5因素4水平正交表L16(45)改变激光工艺参数,利用分光测色计和二维码扫描器对激光标记分别进行色差和读码率的测量,通过正交分析法和极差法研究激光工艺参数对打标效果的影响。研究表明:色差与读码率的数据趋于正比关系,并且存在一个阈值色差;当激光参数的速度为1 000 mm/s、频率为20~30 kHz、填充间隔为0.04 mm、电流为28 A、离焦量为-1 mm时,在空气开关上打标出点密度合适、色差对比度高、易于读取的二维码。     

Layering of confined water between two graphene sheets and its liquid-liquid transition

Molecular dynamics(MD) simulations are performed to explore the layering structure and liquid–liquid transition of liquid water confined between two graphene sheets with a varied distance at different pressures. Both the size of nanoslit and pressure could cause the layering and liquid–liquid transition of the confined water. With increase of pressure and the nanoslit's size, the confined water could have a more obvious layering. In addition, the neighboring water molecules firstly form chain structure, then will transform into square structure, and finally become triangle with increase of pressure. These results throw light on layering and liquid–liquid transition of water confined between two graphene sheets.     

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通过使用一排16根冷线探头排在多个空间点同时测量微加热圆柱的尾流温度场, 用小波分析技术对瞬时温度场的时间序列信号进行多尺度分析, 目的是研究不同尺度脉动温度对总体温度场的贡献.直径为d = 12.7 mm 的圆柱产生了被测的尾流, 对应的雷诺数为5500, 测量区域位于下游距离为2d 和 20d 之间. 基于小波多尺度分辨技术, 尾流温度场被分解为不同温度脉动特征尺度的小波分量. 通过分析这些小波分量的瞬时温度等值线图, 能够直接观测到不同特征尺度的涡结构运动特征和湍流间歇过程. 特别地, 我们在近场区从原始信号分解获得的高频区域中发现了K-H涡的存在. 不同尺度的温度方差沿流向的变化表明, 在下游距离为x=3d和 20d之间, 中等尺度的结构比大尺度和小尺度结构对总的温度均方根的贡献更大. 不同尺度的自相关函数表明, 大尺度和中等尺度的结构显示出较大的相关性, 而高频的小波分量则更快地失去了原有的拟序性. 关键词： 湍流尾流 被动标量 小波分析