Consistency tests of Ampcalculator and chiral amplitudes in SU(3) Chiral Perturbation Theory: A tutorial-based approach

The positive-parity yrast bands of ^{79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89}Y isotopes have been studied using the projected shell model (PSM). Nuclear-structure properties like yrast spectra, transition energies, band diagrams, kinetic moment of inertia, rotational frequencies and reduced transition probabilities (B(M1) and B(E2) are calculated. The results obtained from the PSM calculations are also compared with the available experimental as well as theoretical data and, in general, a reasonable agreement is obtained between them. Calculations in the present work also predict that these isotopes have multi-quasiparticle structure.     

High-spin yrast and non-yrast bands in 176Os, 178Os and 180Os

High-spin yrast and non-yrast states have been identified in ¹⁷⁶Os, ¹⁷⁸Os and ¹⁸⁰Os using (¹⁶O, xn) reactions, and γ-ray techniques. Band crossing anomalies are observed in each of the positive-parity yrast bands. The magnitude of these anomalies decreases with decreasing neutron number, an effect attributed to the change in the moment of inertia of the ground state rotational bands. A 23 ns isomer, predominantly K^π = 7^?, is identified at 1930 keV in ¹⁸⁰Os. The configuration of this isomer is discussed on the basis of the properties of its rotational band. Negative parity, odd and even spin, sideband sequences are observed in each isotope. Their relationship to rotation-aligned octupole and 2-quasiparticle bands is discussed from their excitation energies, band spacings, and decay properties. Detailed calculations for Coriolis mixed bands are carried out for the likely 2-quasiproton and 2-quasineutron configurations. An anomaly observed at spin 17 in the odd-spin negative-parity sequence in ¹⁸⁰Os is attributed to a band crossing with a fourquasiparticle configuration.     

Microscopic study of positive-parity yrast bands of 224−234Th isotopes

The positive-parity bands in ^224???234Th are studied using the projected shell model (PSM) approach. The energy levels, deformation systematics, B(E2) transition probabilities and nuclear g-factors are calculated and compared with the experimental data. The calculation reproduces the observed positive-parity yrast bands and B(E2) transition probabilities. Measurement of B(E2) transition probabilities for higher spins and g-factors would be a stringent test for our predictions. The results of theoretical calculations indicate that the deformation systematics in ^224???234Th isotopes depend on the occupation of low k components of high j orbits in the valence space and the deformation producing tendency of the neutron–proton interaction operating between spin orbit partner (SOP) orbits, the [(2g_9/2) _π –(2g_7/2) _ν ] and [(1i_13/2) _π –(1i_11/2) _ν ] SOP orbits in the present context. In addition, the deformation systematics also depend on the polarization of (1h_11/2) _π orbit. The low-lying states of yrast spectra are found to arise from 0-quasiparticle (qp) intrinsic states whereas the high-spin states turn out to possess composite structure.     

Contrasting high-spin yrast bands in 172Os and 174Os and an unexpected low-frequency anomaly in 172Os

The yrast bands of the neutron deficient isotopes ¹⁷²Os and ¹⁷⁴Os have been identified to spins of about 24. The yrast band in ¹⁷⁴Os shows no bandcrossing anomalies, confirming the shell effect observed in other N = 98 nuclei. In contrast, a strong backbend observed at a frequency of about 0.26 MeV in ¹⁷²Os is attributed to the s-band crossing. A weaker band-crossing is also observed at a lower frequency, about 0.24 MeV, in ¹⁷²Os. This unexpected anomaly may be due to either a deformation effect, or to a change in the s-band structure.     

Seeking the phase transition where Cd, Ag, Pd, Rh, and Ru isotopes become “neutron rich”: Isomeric decay in 125,126,127Cd, 123,124,125Ag, 121Pd, 120Rh, and 117Ru

Gamma rays have been identified in the decay of isomers in ^125,126,127Cd, ^123,124,125Ag, ¹²¹Pd, ¹²⁰Rh, and ¹¹⁷Ru that provide information about the low-energy structures of these nuclei. In turn, comparison of low-energy levels in the Cd and Te isotones reveals that, whereas the yrast structures in the Te isotopes rise smoothly as N approaches the closed shell at 82, the 15/2^- to 11/2^- transitions level off as N exceeds 76. This is identified as the point where the Cd isotopes undergo a phase transition and become “neutron rich”.     

Structure analysis of 159Sm and properties of odd-mass neutron-rich nuclei in mass-160 region

Recent fission experiment data provide interesting structure information for neutron-rich nuclei in the mass A ∼ 160 region. We apply the projected shell model to study the strongly-deformed, neutron-rich Sm isotopes. We perform calculations for rotational bands up to spin I = 20 (29/2) for even-even (odd-neutron) Sm isotopes, and analyze the band structure of low-lying states with quasiparticle excitations. Emphasis is given to rotational bands based on one-quasiparticle (1-qp) configurations in the odd-mass ¹⁵⁹Sm. The ¹⁵⁹Sm result is discussed together with those of the even-even isotopes ^158,160Sm. New bands in ¹⁵⁹Sm based on neutron 1-qp 1/2⁻ and 5/2⁺ configurations are predicted. Electromagnetic transition probabilities are discussed.

     

Energy levels and transition probabilities in 130Sn

The excited states of ¹³⁰Sn have been studied in the decay of three different isomers of ¹³⁰In. The experimentally determined energy levels and transition probabilities are compared with comprehensive shell-model calculations using the full neutron single-hole configuration space. Additional theoretical and experimental data regarding ¹²⁸Sn are also presented.     

Low-spin states of odd-mass xenon isotopes

In this work, we analyse the positive parity of states of odd-mass nucleus within the framework of interacting boson-fermion model. The result of an IBFM-1 multilevel calculation with the 2d_5/2, 1g_7/2, 3s_1/2, 2d_3/2 and 1h_11/2, single particle orbits is reported for the positive parity states of the odd-mass nucleus ^125–129Xe. Also, an IBM-1 calculation is presented for the low-lying states in the even-even ^124–128Xe core nucleus. The energy levels and B(E2) transition probabilities were calculated and compared with the experimental data. It was found that the calculated positive parity low-spin state energy spectra of the odd-mass ^125–129Xe isotopes agree quite well with the experimental data.      

Structure of high-spin states in 143Pm

High-spin states of ¹⁴³Pm have been studied in the reactions ¹⁴¹Pr(α, 2n)¹⁴³Pm and ¹⁴³Nd(d, 2n)¹⁴³Pm by means of in-beam spectroscopy. The level scheme, spin and parity assignments are based on results obtained from singles γ-ray spectra, conversion electron spectra, prompt and delayed γ-γ coincidences, γ-ray angular distribution and linear polarization measurements. Positive- and negative-parity states with energies up to 4580 keV and spins up to $\text{25}\text{2}$ have been established including 22 new levels. For two nanosecond isomeric states the nuclear spin precession in an external magnetic field was observed providing the following g-factors:

$\text{g(}\text{11?}\text{2}\text{, 959.7 keV)=1.14(9), g(}\text{15+}\text{2}\text{, 1898.3 keV)=1.00(7).}$

The experimental results are well understood by calculations which have been performed in the framework of the shell model (for positive-parity states of 11 valence protons above a Z = 50, N = 82 core) and of the cluster-vibration model (for 3 holes in a Z = 64, N = 82 core). In the case of positive-parity states no evidence for particle-core coupling could be found, while the negative-parity states could qualitatively be understood within the particle-core coupling picture.     

Positive parity low spin states of odd-mass tellurium isotopes

In this work, we analyse the positive parity of states of odd-mass nucleus within the framework of interacting boson fermion model. The result of an IBFM-1 multilevel calculation with the lg_9/2, 2d_5/2, 2d_3/2, 3s_1/2 and one level, 1h_11/2 with negative parity, single particle orbits is reported for the positive parity states of the odd mass nucleus ^123-125Te. Also, an IBM-1 calculation is presented for the low-lying states in the even-even ^124-126Te core nucleus. The energy levels and B (E2) transition probabilities were calculated and compared with the experimental data. It was found that the calculated positive parity low spin state energy spectra of the odd-mass ^123-125Te isotopes agree quite well with the experimental data.     

Microscopic insight in the study of yrast bands in selenium isotopes

The yrast bands of even-even selenium isotopes with A = 68–78 are studied in the framework of projected shell model, by employing quadrupole plus monopole and quadrupole pairing force in the Hamiltonian. The oblate and prolate structures of the bands have been investigated. The yrast energies, backbending plots and reduced E2 transition probabilities and g-factors are calculated and compared with the experimental data. The calculated results are in reasonably good agreement with the experiments.      

Spectroscopy of 166W and 167W and alignment effects in very neutron-deficient tungsten nuclei

High-spin states in ¹⁶⁶W and ¹⁶⁷W were populated by the reactions ¹⁴²Nd(²⁸Si,4n)¹⁶⁶W, ¹⁴²Nd(²⁸Si,3n)¹⁶⁷W and ¹⁴⁷Sm(²⁴Mg,4n)¹⁶⁷W. From the γ-decay the yrast band and a side band (with assumed negative parity) were identified to high spins. There is evidence for a second side band in ¹⁶⁷W. The observed backbend of the yrast sequences and band-crossing anomalies in the side bands are discussed in conjunction with cranked-shell-model calculations. A systematic comparison is made between the yrast bands of ^166,167,168W in order to understand the structure of the second backbend in ¹⁶⁸W.     

Spreading width of the IAS in even Pm isotopes measured via the ANd(3He,t)APm and ANd(3He,tp)A−1Nd reactions

Total and escape widths of IAS in even-A Pm isotopes have been measured via the ^ANd(³He, t)^APm and ^ANd(³He, t$\text{p}$)^A?1Nd reactions. Values for the spreading widths have been deduced and found to increase strongly with the excitation energy of the IAS through the chain of Pm isotopes. This behaviour, in contrast with the much smoother global increase with mass number, is attributed to a dependence on level density.     

High-spin states in 208Rn

The yrast decay scheme of ²⁰⁸Rn has been investigated up to spin $\text{≈ 20}\text{h}\text{?}$ and an excitation energy of ≈ 6 MeV. Several different γ-ray spectroscopic techniques were used to determine the properties of excited states and transitions in the nucleus. Significant changes to the previously established level scheme are proposed, based on the existence of an unobserved 3.1 keV transition. Simple empirical shell-model calculations of level energies aided in the assignment of shell-model configurations to excited states and the decay scheme is discussed in terms of these configurations. The energy level systematics for the even radon isotopes, from A = 206 to 212 are discussed, as are core polarization effects in the even radon isotopes (A = 204 to 210) and polonium isotopes (A = 202–208).     

139Pm核中磁转动带的研究

通过重离子熔合蒸发反应116Cd(27Al, 4n)布居了139Pm的高自旋激发态,用12台高纯锗探测器（HpGe）阵列进行了在束γ-γ 符合测量。 基于γ-γ符合关系及139Pm核已知的能级信息,建立了两条ΔI=1的负宇称带。 利用相邻核能级结构的系统性和依据半经典的核子-核子有效作用的理论模型（SPAC）对这两条带能级结构进行了定量计算, 认为它们属于磁转动带。 High spin states in 139Pm have been studied via the116Cd(27Al, 4n) heavy ion fusion evaporation reaction. The γ-γ coincidences were measured with 12 HpGe detectors. Based on γ-γ coincidence relationships and previously known levels in 139Pm, two ΔI＝1 negative parity bands have been established. From the systematic comparison with the neighbouring nuclei and semi classical effective interaction model (SPAC) calculations, the two bands were suggested as magnetic rotational bands.     

Study of neutron-rich Mo isotopes by the projected shell model approach

The projected shell model (PSM) calculations have been performed for the neutron-rich even–even ^102?110Mo and odd—even ^103?109Mo isotopes. The present calculation reproduces the available experimental data on the yrast bands. In case of even–even nuclei, the structure of yrast bands is analysed and electromagnetic quantities are compared with the available experimental data. The g-factors have been predicted for high spin states. For the odd-neutron nuclei, the structures of yrast positive- and negative-parity bands are analysed and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experiments for ^103?107Mo. The disagreement of the calculated and observed plots for energy staggering quantity clearly establishes the occurrence of sizable triaxiality in ^103,105Mo and also predicts a decrease in the quantum of triaxiality with increasing neutron number and angular momentum for odd mass neutron-rich Mo isotopes.     

The 1−(2.48MeV β−)0+ transition from 148Pm,the IAS process and the nuclear structure of the ground states involved

The β-moments of the 1^?(2.48 MeV β^?)0⁺ transition in the decay of ¹⁴⁸Pm have been derived from the experimental data available. These phenomenological results have been used to propose the ¹⁴⁸Pm ground state configuration in the framework of the two-quasiparticle model. It is confirmed that the high ft value is due rather to the smallness of the individual β-moments than to a strong cancellation effect. The β-moment ratio Λ (=〈α〉/ξ〈ir〉) is discussed in detail. The present results are compared with values provided by the IAS process.     

The nuclear structure of 151Pm in the low excitation region < 1 MeV

The level scheme of ¹⁵¹Pm populated by the β-decay of 12 min ¹⁵¹Nd has been studied using Ge(Li) detectors as singles and coincidence γ-ray spectrometers. Most of the new γ-rays have been included in a partial level scheme of ¹⁵¹Pm involving four new levels. Angular correlation measurements on the 170.752–255.678 keV and 170.752–138.882 keV cascades have been made with the result A₂ = 0.088±0.005 and ?0.02 – +0.05, respectively. A PAC measurement on the 170.752–255.678 keV cascade has yielded the g-factor of the 255.676 keV level as g = 1.18 ±0.16. A Nilsson-model calculation including Coriolis coupling has been made and the experimental level energies have been well reproduced by the Nilsson orbitais [413]↓, [411]↑, [420]↑, [532]↑, [541]↑ and [550]↑. Theoretical transition rates, E2/M1 mixing ratios, branching ratios and g-factors are in good agreement with experimental values.     

Yrast Band and Four-Quasiparticle Band in Odd-Odd 162Lu Nucleus

Both yrast and 4-quasiparticle bands in ¹⁶²Lu are established by using in-beam spectroscopy. It is shown that within the framework of cranking shell model,positive deformation can also lead to the low-spin signature inversion in the yrast band in Z=71 odd-odd ¹⁶²Lu nucleus.