两个代数不等式及应用

定理 1　对于 x ,y ,a ,b∈R ,则有　 (x -a) 2 + ( y -b) 2≥ (x2 + y2 -a2 +b2 ) 2 ( 1 )等号成立当且仅当x y =a b并且x与a同号 .证　将 ( 1 )左端减去右端得(x -a) 2 + ( y -b) 2 - (x2 + y2 -a2 +b2 ) 2=- 2 (ax +by) + 2 (x2 + y2 ) (a2 +b2 )≥ 0 (应用Cauchy不等式 ) .等号成立当且仅当x y =a b并且x与a同号 ,可见式 ( 1 )成立 .定理 2　对于 xi,yi∈R ,若当n≥ 2时存在x2 + y2 ≥∑ni=1xi2 + yi2 ,则有(x -∑ni=1xi) 2 + ( y -∑ni=1yi) 2　≥ (x2 + y2 -∑ni=1xi2 + yi2 ) 2 ( 2 )等号成立当且仅当 x1y1=x2y2=… =xnyn=xy 且x…     

用柯西不等式解释样本线性相关系数

新教材第三册(选修 )§1.6线性回归中给出了样本相关系数r=∑ni=1(xi- x) (yi- y)∑ni=1(xi- x) 2 ∑ni=1(yi- y) 2,并指出“| r|≤1,且| r|越接近于1,相关程度越大;| r|越接近于0 ,相关程度越小”.笔者在教学时发现,用柯西不等式能很好地解释这一相关系数,学生非常容易接受,达到事半功倍的效果.引理1　[柯西不等式](∑ni=1aibi) 2 ≤∑ni=1ai2 ∑ni=1bi2 (其中ai,bi∈R,i=1,2 ,…,n) .现记ai=xi- x,bi=yi- y,则r=∑ni=1aibi∑ni=1ai2 ∑ni=1bi2.据柯西不等式,显然有| r|≤1.1)当| r| =1时,(∑ni=1aibi) 2 =∑ni=1ai2 ∑ni=1b…     

再谈“两相交直线所成角的平分线方程”

本刊 2 0 0 3年第 8期中 ,金亮同学的结论是 :当两相交直线的斜率之积为± 1时 ,两直线方程相加减即得两直线所成角的平分线方程 .我经研究后发现 ,该结论的表达不准确 ,这从金亮同学的证明中可以看出 ,应改为 :两相交直线ax +by +c1 =0与bx±ay +c2 =0 ( |a|≠ |b| ,a≠ 0 ,b≠ 0 )的方程相加减即得两直线所成角的平方线方程 .因为a2 +b2 =b2 + (±a) 2 ,本人可将此结论推广如下 .推广　当两相交直线l1 ∶a1 x +b1 y +c1 =0 ,l2 ∶a2 x +b2 y +c2 =0 (a1 b2 ≠a2 b1 ) ,满足a21 +b21 =a22 +b22 时 ,两直线方程相加减可得 .证明设 (x ,y)为…     

构造图形求一类函数的最值问题

对于形如y=√x2+b1x+c1±√x2+b2x+c2的函数,可以联想直角坐标系内两点间距离公式,利用三角形三边长的关系来求最小(大)值.例如,为求函数y=√x2-2x+2+√x2-12x+40的最小值,先配方成y=√(x-1)2+(0-1)2+√(x-6)2+ (0-2)2,再设定点A(1,1),B(6,2),A'(1,-1)及x轴上动点P(x,0),那么y=|PA+|PB|;因为|PA|+| PB|=|PA'|+|PB|≥|A'B|,所以当点P恰和A'B与x轴交点Q重合时,|PA|+|PB|最小等于|A'B|,即x=8/3时y取最小值√34(如图1所示);而当x→∞时y→+∞,所以y没有最大值.     

双曲线的通径不一定是最短的焦点弦

设双曲线的方程为x2a2-y2b2=1(a>0,b>0,c=a2+b2),取其右焦点F(c,0),过点F的直线与双曲线交于不同两点P1(x1,y1),P2(x2,y2).若P1,P2同在双曲线右支上,则当P1P2垂直于实轴时,|P1P2|取最小值2b2a(即通径长)(证明见《中学数学》2005年第7期P16);若P1,P2分别在双曲线左、右支上,则当P1P2垂直于虚轴时,|P1P2|取最小值2a(即实轴长).证明如下:证明令直线P1P2的方程为y=kx+m(|k|相似文献   

2004年北京春季高考客观题点通及点评

下面对 2 0 0 4年北京春季高考的客观题的速解作一点解及点评 ,希望对考生在复习迎考中有所帮助 .选择题1.在函数 y =sin2x ,y =sinx ,y =cosx ,y =tan x2 中 ,最小正周期为π的函数是 (　　 )(A) y =sin2x .　　　　 (B) y =sinx .(C) y =cosx . (D) y =tan x2 .点通　回归公式 .由弦、切函数的最小正周期公式T =2π|ω|及T =π|ω|,即知仅 y=sin2x的最小正周期是π ,而选 (A) .点评　求三角函数的最小正周期是历年高考的一个热点 ,其解法是 :先化为标准型 y =f(ωx +φ)+k ,再由公式T =2π|ω|或T =π|ω|即得 .2 .当 23相似文献   

巧变形 求最值

<正>《中学生数学》2013年第4月(下)课外练习题初三年级第1题是:题求函数y=2x+2x2+3x+3的最大值和最小值.参考答案用"判别式"给出了解答.本文再给出一种不用"判别式"的解法,供同学们参阅.另解y=2x+2x2+3x+3=2(x+1)(x+1)2+(x+1)+1,当x+1=0时,y=0,即y=0是函数的一个值;当x+1≠0时,y=2x+2x2+3x+3=2(x+1)(x+1)2+(x+1)+1=2(x+1)+1x+1+1.∵|x+1|+1|x+1|≥2|x+1|·1|x+1槡|=2,     

不等式研究成果集锦(15)

178　设 xi>0 ,yi>0 (i=1 ,2 ,… ,n,n≥2 ) ,实数 p≥ 2 ,如果 ∑ni=2x2i ≤ x21,∑ni=2y2i ≤ y21,那么[(xp1- ∑ni=2xpi) (yp1- ∑ni=2xpi) ]1p ≥ x1y1-∑ni=2xiyi- ∑ni=2|y1xi- x1yi|,当且仅当 p =2 ,x1y1= x2y2=… =xnyn时取等号 .(文家金 .2 0 0 0 ,5～ 6)1 79　设 b1,b2 ,… ,bn是实数 ,而 a1≥ a2 ≥…≥ an >0 ,又设 ∑kj=1aj≤ ∑kj=1bj(k=1 ,2 ,… ,n- 1 ) .∑nj=1aj ≥ ∑nj=1bj,则当 0

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向量不等式a·b≤|a|·|b|的应用

对于任意两个向量 a,b,有不等式 a.b≤|a|. |b|当且仅当向量 a与 b同向时为等式 .此不等式结构简单 ,形式隽永 ,内涵丰富 .运用它处理某些与不等式相关的代数问题简捷明快 ,颇具特色 .1　求函数的最值例 1　求函数 f(x) =3x +2 +44- x2 的最大值 .解　令 a =(3,4 ) ,b =(x,4 - x2 ) ,则 f(x) =a . b +2 ,|a|=5 ,|b|=2 .故 f(x)≤ |a|. |b|+2 =12 ,当且仅当 a与 b同向 ,即 3x=44 - x2 >0时取等式 .解之　 x =65 .故当　 x =65 时 ,f(x) m ax =12 .例 2　求实数 x,y的值 ,使得 f(x,y) =(1- y) 2 +(x +y - 3) 2 +(2 x +y - 6 ) 2取得最小值 . (…     

用点到直线距离公式解决与函数相关的问题

点P(x,y)到直线Ax By C=0距离为d=|Ax By C|/A~2 B~2,当P(x,y)在函数y=f(x)上时,该公式变为d=|Ax Bf(x) C|/A~2 B~2,本文通过引进函数y=f(x),借助该公式解决一些与函数相关的问题.1.求函数单调性例1求f(x)=|x 2-1-x2|的单调区间及单调性.分析把函数f(x)作为点线间距离,借助图象,看x变大时,该距离如何变?图1例1图解函数的定义域是-1≤x≤1,令y=1-x2,即x2 y2=1,y≥0.如图1,所以f(x)=|x 2-y|=|x 2-y|2×2,几何意义:半圆上动点M(x,y)到定直线l:x-y 2=0的距离的2倍.由图1知使OB⊥l时,B到l的距离最小,显然OB:y=-x,由x2 y2=1,(y≥0),y=-x,…     

学习理论中基于负相关序列的样本误差估计

给定数据(x1,y1),(x2,y2),…,(xm,ym),考虑一般的损失函数ψ(y-f(x))下,当ψ(z)连续及ξ1=ψ(y1-f(x1)),ξ2=ψ(y2-f(x2)),…,ξm=ψ(ym-f(xm))是一个负相关序列时,本文研究了样本误差估计问题.     

Compositions of sums of absolute powers

We obtain an explicit formula for then-dimensional volumes of certain bodies, calledoddballs hereinafter. An oddball is a bodyG = {x εR ⁿ :f(x) ≤ 1}, wheref:R ⁿ →R is anoddball function. Oddball functions are defined by way of the following construction: We begin with the class of functionsf of the formf(x ₁, ...,x _k ) = |x ₁|^α + |x ₂|^β + ... + |x _k|^γ. Herek may be any positive integer, and is not fixed. The Greek exponents are arbitrary positive real numbers. We extend this class by permitting any finite number of substitutions among functions in the class. Finally, we extend the substitution-enlarged class by permitting linear formsy _i = Σ _j b _ij x _j to replacex _i 's, the transformations being nonsingular. Thus, if det(b _ij ) ≠ 0, the oddball function $$f(x_1 ,x_2 ,x_3 ,x_4 ,x_5 ,x_6 ) = ((|y_1 |^\alpha + |y_2 |^\beta )^\tau + (|y_3 |^\gamma + |y_4 |^\phi + |y_5 |^\psi )^\delta )^\mu + |y_6 |^\eta $$ is a fairly typical example. We also consider the number of lattice points in certain types of oddballs, as well as their latticepacking densities. Neither do oddballs include thesuperballs discussed elsewhere by this and other authors, nor is every oddball a superball.     

关于单叶函数系数之—基本引理及其应用

<正> 设函数 f(z)=z+a_2Z~2+…在单位圆|z|<1上是正则的单叶的.这种函数的全体形成一族 S.S 中满足条件|f(z)|1上是单叶的,除开极点ζ=∞是正则的.这种函数的全体形成一族∑.∑中满足条件|F(ζ)|>R的函     

循环群$Z_{2}$的模向量不变式

Let G be the finite cyclic group Z_2 and V be a vector space of dimension 2n with basis x_1,...,x_n,y_1,...,y_n over the field F with characteristic 2.If σ denotes a generator of G,we may assume that σ（x_i）= ayi,σ（y_i）= a～-1x_i,where a ∈ F.In this paper,we describe the explicit generator of the ring of modular vector invariants of F[V]～G.We prove that F[V]～G = F[l_i = x_i ＋ ay_i,q_i = x_iy_i,1 ≤ i ≤ n,M_I = X_I ＋ a～-I-Y_I],where I∈An = {1,2,...,n},2 ≤-I-≤ n.     

Minkowski's inequality for two variable difference means

We study Minkowski's inequality

and its reverse where is the difference mean introduced by Stolarsky. We give necessary and sufficient conditions (concerning the parameters ) for the inequality above (and for its reverse) to hold.

     

Some boundedness results for systems of two rational difference equations

We study k ^th order systems of two rational difference equations

C *-Ternary 3-Homomorphisms on C *-Ternary Algebras

In this paper, we investigate the Ulam-Hyers stability of C ^*-ternary algebra 3-homomorphisms for the functional equation $$f(x_1 + x_2 + x_3, y_1 + y_2 + y_3, z_1 + z_2 + z_3) = \sum_{1\leq i,j,k\leq 3} f(x_i, y_j, z_k)$$ in C ^*-ternary algebras.     

A continuous model for systems of complexity 2 on simple abelian groups

It is known that if p is a sufficiently large prime, then, for every function f: Z_p → [0, 1], there exists a continuous function f′: T → [0, 1] on the circle such that the averages of f and f′ across any prescribed system of linear forms of complexity 1 differ by at most ∈. This result follows from work of Sisask, building on Fourier-analytic arguments of Croot that answered a question of Green. We generalize this result to systems of complexity at most 2, replacing T with the torus T² equipped with a specific filtration. To this end, we use a notion of modelling for filtered nilmanifolds, that we define in terms of equidistributed maps and combine this notion with tools of quadratic Fourier analysis. Our results yield expressions on the torus for limits of combinatorial quantities involving systems of complexity 2 on Z_p. For instance, let m₄(α, Z_p) denote the minimum, over all sets A ? Z_p of cardinality at least αp, of the density of 4-term arithmetic progressions inside A. We show that limp→∞ m₄(α, Z_p) is equal to the infimum, over all continuous functions f: T₂ →[0, 1] with \({\smallint _{{T^2}}}f \geqslant a\), of the integral

$$\int_{{T^5}} {f\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1}} \\ {{y_1}} \end{array}} \right)} f\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1} + {x_2}} \\ {{y_1} + {y_2}} \end{array}} \right)f\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1} + 2{x_2}} \\ {{y_1} + 2{y_2} + {y_3}} \end{array}} \right).f\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{{x_1} + 3{x_2}} \\ {{y_1} + 3{y_2} = 3{y_3}} \end{array}} \right)d{\mu _{{T^5}}}({x_1},{x_2},{y_1},{y_2},{y_3})$$

     

A functional equation related to the product in a quadratic number field

The functional equation $$f(x_{1},y_{1})f(x_{2},y_{2})=f(x_{1}x_{2}+\alpha y_{1}y_{2},x_{1}y_{2}+x_{2}y_{1}),\ (x_{1},y_{1}),\,(x_{2},y_{2})\in \mathbb{ R}^{2}$$ arises from the formula for the product of two numbers in the quadratic field ${\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{\alpha})}$ . The general solution ${f:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}}$ to this equation is determined. Moreover, it is shown that no more general equations arise from a change of basis in the field.     

On the distribution of integral points on cones

New results on the distribution of integral points on the cones