Conservation laws of nonconservative nonholonomic system based on Herglotz variational problem

The generalized variational principle of Herglotz type provides a variational method for describing nonconservative or dissipative processes. The purpose of this letter is to extend this variational principle to a first order linear nonholonomic system and study the conservation laws of the nonconservative nonholonomic system based on Herglotz variational problem. A new differential variational principle of the nonconservative nonholonomic system is proposed, which is based on Herglotz variational problem. And the differential equations of motion of the system are also obtained. Then, according to the condition for the invariance of the differential variational principle, the conservation theorem based on Herglotz variational problem for the nonconservative nonholonomic system are obtained. The theorem contains the conservation theorem of the nonconservative holonomic system as its special case, which can be reduced to the first Noether's theorem based on Herglotz variational problem under proper conditions. The inverse theorem of the conservation theorem is also provided and proved. An example is given to illustrate the application at the end of this letter.     

Boussinesq方程组的广义变分原理

半反推法是何吉欢为了寻求物理问题的变分原理而提出的,可避免由拉氏乘子法引起的临界变分现象. 应用半反推法分别获得了描述水波运动的两类Boussinesq方程组的一族广义变分原理,并验证了它们的正确性. 关键词： 半反推法 广义变分原理 Boussinesq方程组     

三类大气基本波动的广义变分原理

半反推法是He为了寻求数学物理问题的变分原理而提出的, 可避免由拉氏乘子法引起的临界变分现象. 应用半反推法分别获得了动力气象中Rossby波、大气声波和重力外波等三类基本大气波动的广义变分原理, 并验证了它们的正确性.     

The Principle of Covariance and the Hamiltonian Formulation of General Relativity

The implications of the general covariance principle for the establishment of a Hamiltonian variational formulation of classical General Relativity are addressed. The analysis is performed in the framework of the Einstein-Hilbert variational theory. Preliminarily, customary Lagrangian variational principles are reviewed, pointing out the existence of a novel variational formulation in which the class of variations remains unconstrained. As a second step, the conditions of validity of the non-manifestly covariant ADM variational theory are questioned. The main result concerns the proof of its intrinsic non-Hamiltonian character and the failure of this approach in providing a symplectic structure of space-time. In contrast, it is demonstrated that a solution reconciling the physical requirements of covariance and manifest covariance of variational theory with the existence of a classical Hamiltonian structure for the gravitational field can be reached in the framework of synchronous variational principles. Both path-integral and volume-integral realizations of the Hamilton variational principle are explicitly determined and the corresponding physical interpretations are pointed out.     

A short remark on fractional variational iteration method

This Letter compares the classical variational iteration method with the fractional variational iteration method. The fractional complex transform is introduced to convert a fractional differential equation to its differential partner, so that its variational iteration algorithm can be simply constructed.     

ON THE ANALYTICAL STUDY IN LATTICE GAUGE FIELD THEORY

The relation between the saddle point approximation and the action variational method in the lattice gauge field theory is discussed. It is expounded that in the thermodynamical limit by using a trial action composed of mean fields, the variational approach leads to the results as well as the higher order corrections obtained in the saddle point approximation. It is also pointed out that order by order corrections to the variational approach can be worked out systematically in an improved variational approach.     

凑合反推法──流体力学变分原理建立的一条新途径

凑合反推法是刘商联系统方法[1]的进一步发展，应用这种方法可以方便地构造各种亚广义变分原理及广义变分原理，并可以消除临界变分现象．对于任何二维守恒型流体力学方程，作者推导得到了其广义变分通用公式．几个实例证明这种方法是有效的、简单的，并具有普遍的意义．     

Variational approaches to the problems of plasma stability and of nonlinear plasma dynamics

A variational method is developed in order to investigate the nonlinear dynamics and stability of plasma using hydrodynamic plasma models, namely, the one-fluid, Hall, and electron MHD models. The key idea of the method is to adequately take into account variational symmetries and the associated conservation laws inherent in these hydrodynamic models. This approach is applied to derive variational criteria for the stability of a steadily moving plasma and to propose a variational method of the adiabatic separation of fast and slow motions, which makes it possible to simplify (reduce) the basic hydrodynamic models.     

A Schwinger variational method for the Bloch equation

A Schwinger variational principle has been derived for use in quantum, manybody systems at finite temperatures. The variational principle is a stationary expression for the density matrix which may be iterated to improve an approximate density matrix. It also can be used to find stationary expressions for observables. If an approximate, parametrized density matrix is used, the parameters are varied to find the regions where the variational principle is stationary. The variational density matrix obtained with the optimal parameters can be regarded as optimal for that observable. The method has been applied to two model problems, a particle in a box and two hard spheres at finite temperatures. The advantages and shortcomings of the method are discussed.     

A constrained variational principle for heat conduction

The heat equation is re-studied in this Letter in view of variational theory. By the semi-inverse method, a variational principle for the heat conduction is obtained, which is first appeared in the literature. The physical understanding of the obtained variational principle still needs further explanation.     

Hamilton formalism and variational principle construction

It is widely accepted that a variational principle cannot be constructed for an arbitrary differential equation; a rigorous mathematical condition shows which equations can have a variational formulation. On the other hand, the importance for variational principles in various fields of physics resulted in several methods to circumvent this condition and to construct another type of variational principles for any differential equation. In this paper the common origin of the considered methods is investigated, and a generalized Hamiltonian formalism is formulated. Additionally, constructive algorithms are given by different methods to construct variational principles. Simple examples are presented to make construction methods more transparent: several Lagrangians are constructed for the different forms of the Maxwell equations and for the extended heat conduction equation.     

On the thermodynamics of hard spheres near a soft repulsive wall

We extend the variational method based on the Gibbs-Bogolioubov inequality to the case of fluids against a wall. We investigate the influence of the softness of the wall on the free energy of the system. For small packing fraction we consider a density expansion. The variational results are compared with the exact ones which are given by a direct expansion of the free energy. A comparison between variational and perturbation methods has been done for small packing fraction and also for a case corresponding to the liquid state. The accuracy of the present extension of the variational method to a surface phenomena is found as good as in the bulk fluid. A very simple expression is given for the change on surface tension when we go from the perfect hard wall to soft repulsive wall.     

基于二阶离散变分方法的非线性映射参数估计

提出一种估计非线性映射未知参数的二阶离散变分方法.首先针对非线性离散混沌系统, 利用变分方法导出了伴随方程和目标泛函梯度, 以此为基础利用二阶离散变分方法给出了二阶伴随方程和精确计算Hessian矩阵-向量乘积的显式表达式; 其次设计了估计非线性映射未知参数的新算法, 并以此对Hyperhenón映射和二维抛物映射中的未知参数进行了精确的估计. 数值仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性和优点. 关键词： 非线性映射 参数估计 二阶离散变分方法 伴随方程     

A comparison of approximate methods for solving non-conservative problems of elastic stability

The methods of Ritz, Galerkin, and complementary energy are applied to a nonconservative problem in the theory of elastic stability. The numerical calculations are based upon (i) a variational expression, for which no functional can be determined, and (ii) an adjoint variational principle, for which a functional is established in terms of the variables of the original non-self-adjoint eigenvalue problem and the adjoint problem. The adjoint variational principle yields somewhat more accurate values for the critical load parameter than does the variational expression. In addition, the results obtained by means of the complementary energy method are more precise than the corresponding results obtained from the Ritz and Galerkin methods.     

On a Variational Definition for the Jensen-Shannon Symmetrization of Distances Based on the Information Radius

We generalize the Jensen-Shannon divergence and the Jensen-Shannon diversity index by considering a variational definition with respect to a generic mean, thereby extending the notion of Sibson’s information radius. The variational definition applies to any arbitrary distance and yields a new way to define a Jensen-Shannon symmetrization of distances. When the variational optimization is further constrained to belong to prescribed families of probability measures, we get relative Jensen-Shannon divergences and their equivalent Jensen-Shannon symmetrizations of distances that generalize the concept of information projections. Finally, we touch upon applications of these variational Jensen-Shannon divergences and diversity indices to clustering and quantization tasks of probability measures, including statistical mixtures.     

A variational perturbation approximation method in Tsallis non-extensive statistical physics

For the generalized statistical mechanics based on the Tsallis entropy, a variational perturbation approximation method with the principle of minimal sensitivity is developed by calculating the generalized free energy up to the third order in variational perturbation expansion. The approximation up to the first order amounts to a variational approach which covers the variational method developed by E.K. Lenzi, L.C. Malacarne, R.S. Mendes [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 218] and the approximations up to higher orders can systematically improve variational results. As an illustrated example, the generalized free energy for a classical harmonic oscillator (considered in the Lenzi's joint work) are calculated up to the third order, and the resultant approximations up to the first, second, and third orders are numerically compared with the exact result.     

不同积分变分原理的统一

依据定量因果原理的数学表示，统一地导出了Lagrange量中含坐标关于时间一阶、二阶导数 的积分型的Hamilton原理、Voss原理、Hlder原理和Maupertuis-Lagrange原理等，给出了 这些原理的本质联系和统一描述.得出f₀=0并不是通常的保持Euler-Lagrange方 程不 变的结果，而是满足定量因果原理的结果.还得出Lagrange量的所有的积分型变分原理等价 地对应于两类满足定量因果原理的不变形式.同时发现所有积分型变分原理的运动方程都是E uler-Lagrange 方程，但不同条件的变分原理所对应的不同群Ｇ作用下的守恒量是不同 的.从而可对过去众多零散的积分型变分原理有一个系统和深入的理解，并使这些变分原理 自然地成为定量因果原理的推论. 关键词： 变分原理 因果原理 运动方程 对称性     

掩埋型离子交换玻璃光波导的变分分析

用变分法对离子交换法制备的掺铒光波导的传播特性进行了分析,推导出了适用于掩埋型离子交换玻璃沟道光波导中场分布传播常量的变分表达式,构建了场分布的厄米-高斯型试探解,在两种不同实验条件下,采用变分法确定了试探解中的待定参量,获得光波导中的场分布,利用传播常量的变分公式和已确定的场分布计算得到了传播常量和有效折射率。计算数据表明:导波区域的有效折射率稍稍地大于限制层的折射率,说明离子交换法制备的波导器件是弱波导;高的辅助退火电场强度和适当的退火时间下,所制备的光波导可以支持更多光模式的传输。该方法计算过程简洁、快速,计算结果与实验结果吻合。     

Variational field theoretic approach to relativistic meson-nucleon scattering

Non-perturbative polaron variational methods are applied, within the so-called particle or world-line representation of relativistic field theory, to study scattering in the context of the scalar Wick-Cutkosky model. Important features of the variational calculation are that it is a controlled approximation scheme valid for arbitrary coupling strengths, the Green functions have all the cuts and poles expected for the exact result at any order in perturbation theory and that the variational parameters are simultaneously sensitive to the infrared as well as the ultraviolet behaviour of the theory. We generalize the previously used quadratic trial action by allowing more freedom for off-shell propagation without a change in the on-shell variational equations and evaluate the scattering amplitude at first order in the variational scheme. Particular attention is paid to the s-channel scattering near threshold because here non-perturbative effects can be large. We check the unitarity of a our numerical calculation and find it greatly improved compared to perturbation theory and to the zeroth order variational results.     

Variationally Inferred Sampling through a Refined Bound

In this work, a framework to boost the efficiency of Bayesian inference in probabilistic models is introduced by embedding a Markov chain sampler within a variational posterior approximation. We call this framework “refined variational approximation”. Its strengths are its ease of implementation and the automatic tuning of sampler parameters, leading to a faster mixing time through automatic differentiation. Several strategies to approximate evidence lower bound (ELBO) computation are also introduced. Its efficient performance is showcased experimentally using state-space models for time-series data, a variational encoder for density estimation and a conditional variational autoencoder as a deep Bayes classifier.