双环氧乙烷对三类亚硝胺的羟基化过程的理论研究

采用量子化学密度泛函(DFT)方法, 在B3LYP/6-31G**水平下研究了双环氧乙烷(Dioxirane)、氧化二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA)、吡咯烷亚硝胺(NPYR)和哌啶烷亚硝胺(NPIP)中的C—H键, 三类亚硝胺化合物均形成α-羟基化产物的反应机理. 得到三类分子的羟基化反应有syn-和anti-两种进攻方式, 在气相和溶剂(CH2Cl2)中, Dioxirane氧化三类亚硝胺分子有相对低的能垒, 均容易进行α-羟基化.     

OsO~+氧化活化氢分子气相反应机理的密度泛函理论计算

为了探寻OsO+与H2气相反应的机理,用密度泛函理论方法 UB3LYP,全优化了该反应的加成(氧化加成和[2+2]环加成)-消除、氢抽提-反弹,以及氧端插入等四种可能路径中所有可能的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物在六重态、四重态和二重态等三个自旋态下的几何结构,计算了各种机理反应的势能面.结果表明,标题反应为自旋禁阻反应,反应起始自四重态,最终产物为六重态基态,整个反应放热21.0 kJ mol-1.因反应络合物相对于入口通道有太正Gibbs函数,氧端插入机理是高能的过程.其他三种机理都具有多(或二)态反应性(MSR或TSR).其中,两种加成-消除机理的最低能量路径都可能经由四重态-二重态-四重态-六重态的三次自旋翻转,抽提-反弹机理的最低能量路径可能经历由四重态-六重态的自旋翻转.抽提-反弹机理由势能面一路攀升的吸热氢抽提过程和几乎无能垒的强放热的反弹过程组成,所以按该机理反应在常温常压下难以发生.两种加成-消去机理的决速步(第二个H的迁移步)相同,虽然其位垒稍高,为156.9 kJ mol-1,但与其进程中前面的强放热步骤耦合,常温常压下该反应是可以发生的.其中,协同环加成步的位垒仅28.7 kJ mol-1,比第一个H的还原消去步的位垒低113.7 kJ mol-1,所以竞争的结果是,常温常压下[2+2]环加成-消去机理比氧化加成-消去机理在动力学上更有利.     

电中性团簇MCu2Ox(M=Cu2+,Ce4+,Zr4+)上甲烷和二氧化碳直接合成乙酸的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究了电中性团簇MCu₂O_x(M=Cu²⁺, Ce⁴⁺, Zr⁴⁺; x=3, 4)的特性及其对甲烷和二氧化碳直接合成乙酸反应的影响. 结果表明, 团簇催化的反应由甲烷C—H活化、 二氧化碳插入引起C-C偶联、 CH₃COO转向和氢迁移4步构成. 前两步为关键步骤, C—H和C-C各自与团簇活性位点间形成四中心结构并推动反应进行. 电子自甲烷流出到团簇, 再流入二氧化碳, 使甲烷的C—H和二氧化碳的C=O得以活化, 继而驱动C-C偶联. Ce, Zr引入至氧化铜团簇中后, 团簇由原有的六元环结构衍变为六元环Ⅰ、 掺杂原子分别位于中心和端末的双四元环Ⅱ和Ⅲ 3种结构. 团簇结构和电子自旋均会影响反应的进行. 低自旋团簇有利于甲烷 C—H活化, 而高自旋团簇则有利于C-C偶联; 在3种掺杂团簇结构中, 处于三重态的结构Ⅲ团簇可以较好地兼顾C—H活化和C-C偶联. 通过比较相同结构发现, Ce, Zr掺杂调变了氧化铜团簇活性位点的局域电荷, 虽使其对甲烷C—H活化的能力略有下降, 但却显著降低了C-C偶联反应的活化自由能垒, 从而促进了反应的进行. 掺杂原子Zr的助剂作用比Ce要大.     

烯烃分子在氢终止Si(100)-2×1表面的自由基链反应

应用密度泛函理论(DFT)和从头计算分子动力学方法(ab initio MD)研究了不饱和烯烃在氢终止的Si(100)-2×1表面的自由基链反应. 计算表明, 自由基链反应中重要的一步是烷烃链自由基的氢抽提过程, 硅表面上邻近位置(the nearest neighbor, NN)的氢抽提比次邻近位置(the next-nearest neighbor, NNN)的氢抽提有一稍低的能垒. 从头算分子动力学显示, 过渡态的烷烃自由基与氢终止Si(100)-2×1表面上的氢原子能够很容易形成C—H键, 完成一个氢抽提过程, 同时在硅表面产生下一个孤电子, 继续引发链反应.     

H+NH3反应势能面的量子化学研究

本文采用UCCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ方法研究了H NH3反应势能面,获得了夺氢反应和交换反应过渡态的的几何结构和振动频率。夺氢反应的过渡态具有Cs对称性,其能垒为61.92 kJ/mol。交换反应的过渡态具有C3v对称性,其能垒为39.69 kJ/mol。H NH3发生形成Td对称性的反应中间体NH4里德堡自由基。与夺氢反应相比,交换反应具有更低的反应能垒,并且NH4自由基在反应中可形成长寿命的共振态,和夺氢反应形成竞争关系,因此在H NH3反应的量子动力学研究中必须同时考虑这两类反应。本文还采用更大的基组aug-cc-pVQZ和aug-cc-pV5Z研究了势能面对基组的收敛行为。     

氯化meso-硝基八乙基卟啉铁的合成和某些结构特征

铁卟啉的衍生物为重要生物活性化合物.大量的研究使人们清楚地理解了它的结构、功能及其相互关系,例如β-取代基、轴向配体、铁离子的氧化态和自旋态等因素,对铁卟啉的氧化还原性质、配位能力等都会产生影响.然而关于 meso-取代基对铁卟啉(TPP 类除外)的性质和电子结构的影响还未见报道.本文报道两种新的 meso-硝基铁卟啉 Fe(5-NO_2OEP)Cl(2)及 Fe[5,15-(NO_2)_2OEP]Cl(3)的合成并研究 meso-硝基对八乙基卟啉铁(1)性能的影响.     

16β-唑取代-3β-羟基-5α-雄甾-17-酮的绿色合成

表雄酮经16-位溴化后与唑在无溶剂条件下经亲核取代反应合成了5个新型的16β-唑取代-3β-羟基-5α-雄甾-17-酮(3a ～3e),其结构经1H NMR和13C NMR表征.3β-羟基-16β-咪唑-5α-雄甾-17-酮(3a)的绝对构型经X-射线单晶衍射证实其16β-构型.     

CH2O+H→CHO+H2反应途径和变分速率常数计算研究

采用QCISD/6-311G^** 从头算方法,优化了吸氢反应CH2O+H→CHO+H2的反应物、过渡态、产物几何结构,得出该反应的正、逆反应活化位垒分别是35.4kJ/mol和98.8kJ/mol。沿IRC分析指出该反应是一个C—H键断裂和H—H键生成协同进行的反应,而且在反应途径上存在一个引导反应进行的振动模式,这一反应模式引导反应进行的区间在—0.4～0.55(amu)^1/2之间。在300～3200K温度范围内,运用变分过渡态理论(CVT),计算了该反应的速率常数。     

吲哚与亚烷基丙二酸二甲脂Michael加成反应机理的从头算研究

在HF/6-31G(d)水平下, 对吲哚(A)与亚烷基丙二酸二甲脂(B)的Michael加成反应的机理进行了从头算理论研究. 计算结果表明, 该反应的机理为: A＋B→分子复合物→TS1→IM→TS2→产物. 其中第一阶段由复合物经过渡态TS1生成中间体IM, 是C—C键的形成阶段, 该阶段的活化能垒较后一阶段要大, 是该反应的决速步骤; 第二阶段由IM经过渡态TS2生成产物, 完成H迁移和C—H键的形成. 反应过程中, 底物分子中离域化的π键电子的相互作用, 促进了 C—C新键的形成, 同时吲哚的共轭体系遭到部分破坏, 而体系经H迁移使新的C—H键形成后, 吲哚环的共轭体系又得到了恢复. 在MP2/6-311＋G(d,p)水平下, 分别考虑乙醇和1,2-二氯乙烷的溶剂化效应, 单点能计算结果显示, 质子化溶剂对反应的影响较大, 不仅降低了反应的能垒, 且溶剂质子有可能参与了H迁移和C—H键的形成过程, 这一结论与实验结果一致.     

水溶性卟啉催化氧化1,5-萘二酚

合成并表征了系列水溶性卟啉配体[H2TPPS: 5,10,15,20-四-(4-磺酸基苯基)-21H,23H-卟啉, H2TMPyP: 5,10,15,20-四(4-吡啶基)-21H,23H-卟啉, H2TCPP: 5,10,15,20-四-(4-羧基苯基)-21H,23H-卟啉]及相应的铁、锌及钴配合物. 将水溶性卟啉作为光敏剂, 用于1,5-萘二酚的光催化反应, 产物为5-羟基-1,4萘醌. 利用UV-Vis方法对卟啉催化1,5-萘二酚的反应过程进行了监测, 探索了水相和水/二氯甲烷双相催化体系, 确定了较为理想的反应条件. 探讨了不同取代基和不同金属离子对卟啉催化性能的影响, 初步讨论了催化机理. 结果表明, 具有磺酸根阴离子取代基的水溶性卟啉具有最好的催化活性; 卟啉的催化活性与其在反应体系中的稳定性密切相关; 铁卟啉在反应初期呈现很高的催化活性, 但在光照条件下容易发生光解而导致催化活性的降低; 无金属的磺酸卟啉在催化体系中的催化活性和稳定性最好.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。