丙氨酸晶体太赫兹振动光谱的实验和理论研究

利用太赫兹时域光谱和低频拉曼光谱仪研究了丙氨酸晶体在0.2-2.6 THz 范围内的太赫兹吸收和拉曼散射光谱. 研究表明: 在该低频范围有四个振动模式, 其中两个只具有拉曼活性, 其余两个同时具有红外和拉曼活性. 基于B3LYP杂化密度泛函的自洽场晶体轨道法对丙氨酸周期性结构进行了理论研究和光谱计算. 通过比较实验和理论结果, 指认了实验光谱特征峰所属的不可约表示. 通过理论计算得到的图形, 得出在此低频范围的振动模式主要包含分子间氢键的扭转和摇摆运动.     

谷胱甘肽的宽频太赫兹光谱研究

谷胱甘肽(Glutathione)的构型构象对其发挥生物学功能具有重要意义。本研究利用空气等离子体太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)获得了还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)在0.5～12.0 THz波段的吸收光谱,结果表明,GSH在太赫兹波段有丰富的特征吸收峰,而GSSG呈现单调无特征的吸收曲线。粉末X射线衍射(PXRD)结果表明,GSH具有一定的晶型结构而GSSG为无定形态,提示太赫兹光谱对物质晶体结构有敏感响应。利用密度泛函理论(DFT)对GSH晶胞结构进行计算和太赫兹振动光谱分析,结果表明,GSH分子能形成丰富的氢键,这些氢键网络有助于约束柔性肽分子并使分子有序地堆叠形成晶体。晶格和氢键与太赫兹波作用产生共振吸收,GSH的太赫兹光谱中不同吸收峰对应分子不同集体振动或局域振动,并且与氢键的振动密切相关。本研究结果有助于加深GSH分子构型构象和分子弱相互作用的认识。     

含硫氨基酸的太赫兹光谱

利用太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术研究室温条件下多晶含硫氨基酸L-蛋氨酸(Met)和L-半胱氨酸(Cys)的光谱特性, 得到相应的吸收谱和折射率谱, 表明含硫氨基酸在THz波段具有区别于其它氨基酸的显著特征. 在实验测量的有效光谱范围0.2～2.8 THz内, L-蛋氨酸的THz吸收峰分别位于1.06, 1.88和2.70 THz; L-半胱氨酸的吸收峰分别位于1.40, 1.70, 2.33和2.61 THz, 两种氨基酸的平均折射率均为1.44. 利用GAUSSIAN 03软件包中的Hartree-Fock理论计算了蛋氨酸双分子的低频振动谱, 表明了与蛋氨酸各吸收峰对应的分子微观振动模式, 并对实验光谱进行了解析讨论.     

乐果分子的太赫兹时域光谱研究

研究了有机磷农药乐果在0.2~2.5 THz波段的光谱特性。应用密度泛函理论的Becke-3-Lee-Yang-Parr(B3LYP)方法计算了乐果分子在THz波段的振动吸收谱,同时利用THz时域光谱系统(THz-TDS)测得了乐果在此波段的吸收谱和折射率谱。根据理论计算结果,借助于Gaussian View软件对乐果的THz吸收谱进行了指认,并给出了与光谱特征吸收对应的分子振动构象。研究表明:乐果分子在THz波段存在吸收峰,理论计算与实验结果符合较好,且乐果分子在THz波段的吸收是由分子内和分子间振动共同引起。本研究证明了将THz-TDS技术用于乐果分子探测和识别的可行性,为THz时域光谱技术在其它农药分子识别和残留检测中的应用提供了有益的借鉴。     

萘醌及其衍生物的太赫兹时域光谱研究

用太赫兹(THz)时域光谱技术研究了室温条件下的萘醌及其衍生物1,2-萘醌、1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠、甲萘醌、白花丹素、胡桃醌的光谱特征,得到了各自的吸收谱和折射率。结果表明,萘醌及其衍生物在此波段有不同的吸收特征,利用太赫兹时域光谱能够鉴别分子结构存在微小差别的化合物。在对样品的吸收谱进行比较的基础上,讨论了分子结构和分子间晶格振动与THz光谱特征吸收的关系。     

常见五元糖的太赫兹时域光谱

利用基于飞秒超快激光的太赫兹时域光谱(terahertz time domain spectroscopy, THz-TDS)对D-木糖、D-核糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-来苏糖及相关的五元糖进行了研究, 得到了它们在0.1~2.0 THz波段的THz-TDS吸收谱图. 不同糖类化合物的吸收谱表现出明显的特征, 表明THz-TDS技术可以分辨化合物结构上的微小差异, 可以应用于物质检测与分析. 同时还研究比较了不同旋光性五元糖的THz-TDS光谱.     

太赫兹光谱和密度泛函理论(DFT)分析呋喃妥因和尿素共晶体

利用太赫兹时域光谱(Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, THz-TDS)技术对呋喃妥因、尿素及其研磨和溶剂共晶体进行表征分析, 实验结果显示了呋喃妥因和尿素的研磨和溶剂共晶体位于0.85、1.23、1.60 THz的吸收峰明显区别于原料物质. 该结果表明太赫兹光谱技术可以有效鉴别呋喃妥因、尿素及其共晶体. 运用密度泛函理论(Density functional theory, DFT)对呋喃妥因和尿素共晶体的2种可能结构进行了结构优化和光谱模拟, 模拟结果显示其中的结构A在0.49、0.81、1.25、1.61 THz处具有吸收峰, 与实验结果较吻合. 推断共晶体氢键的形成位置为尿素中的氨基H6和呋喃妥因上的酰胺基O30, 该处形成第一处氢键, 而呋喃妥因的酰胺基H31和尿素上的羰基O1形成第二处氢键. 同时结合理论模拟结果对呋喃妥因和尿素共晶体分子振动模式进行归属.     

太赫兹时域光谱技术在化学领域中应用的新进展

随着超快激光技术的发展及其人们对太赫兹(THz)电磁波波段及与脉冲光源认识的进一步深入,太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术作为一种新的、快速发展的光谱分析方法在许多领域备受关注。尤其在化学领域,THz-TDS技术已得到了广泛的应用,并显示出了广阔的应用前景。本文介绍了THz技术的特点、THz辐射的产生、探测及其信号处理;讨论了该技术在化学及其相关领域中的应用;初步探讨了该技术在化学领域应用中一些亟待解决的问题及今后发展的方向。     

基于太赫兹吸收波谱的氨基酸定量分析

本文针对半胱氨酸(Cys)、天冬酰胺(Asn)和苏氨酸(Thr)等三种L型氨基酸及其混合物,在太赫兹时域谱分析仪上测定了吸收曲线,计算了相应的吸收系数谱、摩尔吸收系数谱,求出了混合物的摩尔浓度。同时,分析了不稳定超快激光源对实验数据的影响,提出一种消除不稳定因素的定量分析算法。最后,对比了混合物样品的计算浓度和真实浓度,并以吸收系数谱的拟合误差指标评价了这种算法。     

基于多特征算法选择的太赫兹时域光谱用于水稻种子掺假研究

该文提出了一种基于太赫兹时域光谱的水稻种子模式识别方法。实验以10种不同品牌混合掺假的水稻种子为样本,基于采集的样本太赫兹时域光谱数据,通过建立Relief、随机森林（RF）、支持向量机递归特征消除（SVM-RFE）和最大相关最小冗余（mRMR）模型分别对样本光谱波长进行特征选择,最后设计分类器对4种特征选择方法处理后的样本进行分类识别。结果表明,基于布谷鸟算法（CS）优化的极限学习机模型对经RF特征选择算法提取后的样本光谱数据具有最佳识别效果,其准确率可达100%,实验对于法庭科学领域内种子的掺假鉴定具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of some pentoses

1 Introduction Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a new spectral technique based on femto-second laser technology developed since the 1980s[1]. Terahertz (THz) waves lie between the infrared and microwave bands in the electromagnetic spectrum covering the frequency range from 100 GHz to 10 THz. Despite great scientific interest, the THz frequency range re- mains one of the least tapped regions of the electro- magnetic spectrum because there are neither conven- ient high-power…     

Microwave dielectric spectra and molecular relaxation in formamide-N,N-dimethylformamide binary mixtures

The dielectric dispersion and absorption spectra of formamide (FA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and their binary mixtures are investigated in the frequency range of 500 MHz to 20 GHz at 30 °C in view of the organic synthesis by microwaves heating using amides solvents. The concentration dependent values of molecular reorientation relaxation times lower than that of the ideal mixing behaviour have been attributed to the cooperative dynamics of H-bonded FA–DMF structures. The molar ratio of stable adduct is 2:1 of FA to the DMF, which is determined from the concentration dependent excess static dielectric constant and the relaxation time plots of these binary mixtures. Electrode polarization effect and ionic conduction in FA and DMF were investigated from their dielectric dispersion spectra in the low frequency region of 20 Hz to 1 MHz.     

Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy of macroporous IER beads suspensions dispersed in primary alcohols and water–ethanol mixtures

Dielectric measurements were first carried out on suspensions of ion-exchange resin beads dispersed in primary alcohols and water–ethanol mixtures in the frequency range 40 Hz–110 MHz. Due to the large bead radius, only Maxwell–Wagner (M–W) dielectric relaxations were observed. Regular dielectric behaviors were observed and phase parameters concerning constituent phases’ properties were determined through dielectric analysis, which revealed that the properties and the dispersing state of the bead are strongly dependent on the properties of dispersion medium. It is also found that dry beads cannot be completely soaked by alcohols with long aliphatic chain, and that suspension in water-rich mixture has similar dielectric behavior as in pure water due to the mixture's molecular construction. Then the dielectric behaviors of the following suspensions were measured as a function of time: suspensions of beads that have been equilibrated with water/ethanol redispersed in ethanol/water. The dielectric behaviors showed remarkable time dependency, characterized by distinct transitions on the curves of time dependent relaxation parameters. Based on the above understandings, the time dependent dielectric behaviors were analyzed in detail. It is showed that the time dependency directly reflected such processes as ion diffusion, solvent diffusion and solvent uptake that the systems undergo.     

Dielectric relaxation measurements on aerosol-OT/water/cyclohexane-solutions at low water content

The complex relative dieletric permittivity of aerosol-OT(AOT)/water/cyclohexane solutions has been measured within the frequency range 5 kHz-10 GHz. The investigated solutions were of oil-rich type with varying AOT- and water content. A marked dielectric relaxation has been found. The dielectric increment as well as the conductivity steeply increase with the water content, while the relaxation time decreases. Theoretical models of heterogeneous dielectrics consisting of polar, highly conductive inclusions in a nonpolar solvent with low conductivity have been applied to the results, allowing conclusions with regard to the inclusions, shape and conductivity.     

Solvent effects on complexation of thallium(I) with guanosine 5′‐monophosphate in methanol–water mixtures

The interaction of guanosine 5′‐monophosphate, GMP, with the thallium(I) ion was studied by UV–vis and potentiometric titration methods and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. Both NMR spectra and UV–vis titration data have shown that GMP coordinates via guanine to the thallium(I) ion in the pH range 1.5–10. Our study of the system Tl(I) + GMP was performed in water–methanol mixtures with different volume ratios of methanol. The complexation equilibrium in the pH range of study led to the following mononuclear species: TlH₂(GMP)⁺, TlH(GMP) and Tl(GMP)^?, where (GMP)^2? represents the fully dissociated ligand. The formation constants of the species were calculated in the various media at constant temperature (25 °C) and constant ionic strength of sodium perchlorate (0.1 mol dm^?3) using a suitable computer program. The formation constants were analyzed in terms of Kamlet and Taft's parameters. A single‐parameter correlation of the formation constants, β₁₂₁, β₁₁₁ and β₁₀₁ vs α (hydrogen‐bond donor acidity), β (hydrogen‐bond acceptor basicity) and for π* (dipolarity/polarizability) are relatively poor in all solutions, but multi‐parameter correlations represent significant improvements with regard to the single‐parameter model. In this work, we have also used the normalized polarity parameter, E_T^N, alone and in combination with some of the Kamlet–Taft parameters to find a better correlation of the formation constants in different methanol–water mixtures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermodynamic dissociation constants of benzoic and nitrobenzoic acids in mixtures of ethanol and 1-propanol with water at 25°C

The molar conductances of dilute solutions of benzoic and 2-, 3-, and 4-nitrobenzoic acids in binary mixtures of ethanol and 1-propanol with water have been measured at 25°C. The data were fitted to the Lee- Wheaton conductance equation for the derivation of thermodynamic dissociation constants and limiting molar conductances. The results were compared with those in literature pertaining to analogous media and with those already found in methanol-water mixtutes. The findings are interpreted in terms of solute- solvent interactions, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, resonance, the inductive effect and the substituent position. The study showed that the dissociation order decreases as 2-nitrobenzoic acid >3-nitrobenzoic acid 4-nitrobenzoic acid > benzoic acid, in all three types of alcohol-water mixtures.This paper is dedicated to Prof. W. A. P. Luck, Philipps University of Marburg, FRG, on his 68^th birthday.     

A Model Electron Transfer Reaction in Confined Aqueous Solution

Liquid water confined within nanometer-sized channels exhibits a strongly reduced local dielectric constant perpendicular to the wall, especially at the interface, and this has been suggested to induce faster electron transfer kinetics at the interface than in the bulk. We study a model electron transfer reaction in aqueous solution confined between graphene sheets with classical molecular dynamics. We show that the solvent reorganization energy is reduced at the interface compared to the bulk, which explains the larger rate constant. However, this facilitated solvent reorganization is due to the partial desolvation by the graphene sheet of the ions involved in the electron transfer and not to a local dielectric constant reduction effect.     

Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in poly(hydroxyethyl acrylates)/water hydrogels

The electrical and dielectric properties of poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate), PHEA, hydrogels were studied by means of dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in wide ranges of frequencies (5–2 × 10⁹ Hz), temperatures (173–363 K) and water contents (0.065–0.46, g of water per gram of dry material). The secondary dipolar mechanisms (γ and β_sw) and the dc conductivity mechanism were studied in detail by analyzing the dielectric susceptibility data within the complex permittivity formalism, the modulus formalism, and the complex impedance formalism. For both mechanisms molecular mobility was found to increase with increasing temperature or increasing water content (T-f-h superposition principle). The energy parameters and the shape parameters of the response were determined for both mechanisms at several water contents and temperatures. The temperature dependence of dc conductivity was found to change from Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) type to Arrhenius type at water contents of ca. 0.30. At water contents lower than about 0.30 the hydrogels are homogeneous whereas at higher water contents a separate water phase appears. In terms of the strong/fragile classification scheme our results suggest that the PHEA hydrogels are fragile systems. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.