The measurement of sucrose concentration by two-tapered all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer employing different coupling structures and manufacture processes

The sucrose concentration measurement and characteristics of light coupling taper structure on sensitivity with various fabrication processes of taper structure for all-fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer (AFMZI) are presented. Using fusion splicer with electrical discharge, the standard single-mode fiber is employed to be fabricated as conical coupling/decoupling taper structure. The basic two fabrication processes are designed as single fusion-stretching (SFS), multiple fusions without stretching (MF). The third advanced process is composed of SFS and multiple fusions without stretching processes, and called multiple fusions with single stretching (MFSS). Various types of coupling/decoupling taper structures were fabricated based on the three kinds of fabrication processes. The effects of geometry shape including taper waist, taper angle, and sensing length on sensing sensitivity of AFMZIs are estimated. The modifications of fiber core and cladding induced by thermal effect affect the refractive index distributions and shapes of taper structure. The effects of refractive index changes of fiber core and cladding on sensing sensitivity are also discussed. The AFMZI was tested by measuring aqueous sucrose solution of refractive index unit (RIU) from 1.333 to 1.420 RIU. The optical spectrums are measured by a spectrometer. The spectrum dip shifts and sensing sensitivity was measured and calculated, respectively. As shown in results, sensing sensitivities of AFMZIs of taper structure fabricated by MFSS and multiple fusions without stretching processing are generally higher than SFS. The reasons could be aimed on materials modification through thermal effect on blurring fiber core-cladding interface and proper taper angle of taper structure. The more homogeneous refractive index distribution on fiber core-cladding interface, the more detecting light power decoupled through core-cladding interface to interact with exterior environment and enhance the sensing sensitivity. Similarly, an appropriate taper angle also provides a better coupling/decoupling performance. The optimal sensitivities relative to low refractive index, high refractive index, and full refractive index range are 87.62, 133.55, and 104.20 nm/RIU, respectively, and the corresponding sensing length are 30, 50, and 30 mm, respectively, with taper angle of 25° and taper waist of 40 μm.     

A novel scheme of hyperbolic-end microlens using the arc technology

This study proposes a new scheme of the tapered hyperbolic-end fiber (THEF) by etching the fiber end in a hydrofluoride (HF) solution with a thin layer of oil floating on top of the HF. This study makes it possible to fabricate the hyperbolic microlenses using unique etching and fusion techniques. Compared with previous hemispherical microlenses, the study shows that a THEF with a smaller taper angle and longer taper length fabricated by lower oil density exhibits a smaller radius of curvature, thus resulting in a better coupling efficiency. The THEF microlens results in a more than 2 dB improvement in coupling efficiency when compared with the currently available hemispherical microlenses. The calculation of the effect of oil density in HF etching solution on taper angle and taper length based on an empirical model is in agreement with the measured results. The THEFs have demonstrated up to 86% coupling efficiency for a laser with an aspect ratio of 1:1.5 at a wavelength of 1550 nm.     

水声作用下矩形弹性-粘弹性复合板的振动和散射声近场（Ⅱ）——矩形弹性-粘弹性复合板散射声近场研究

本文根据作者前一篇文章导出的复合粘-弹性薄板弯曲振动方程给出板振动简正模式的级数解,计算和分析了声波入射时,矩形复合粘弹性障板的振动;研究了密介质中,复合板简正模振动和其二次辐射场之间作用,以及不同模式振动之间由于辐射场引起的互耦合作用;数值计算了简支矩形板各号简正模的自耦合和互耦合系数随kl₁的变化关系,（r=l₂/l₁作为参变量,k为波数,l₁,l₂分别为板的两对边边长）;并计算了复合障板在不同频率声波作用下各号模的复数振幅值;进而计算了不同频率声波作用下,板振动二次辐射声的近场声压分布。     

激光熔融拉锥型微型光纤耦合器设计

采用聚焦红外激光光束进行熔融加热,针对激光熔融拉锥型光纤耦合器设计了一种熔融区域长度为200 μm的微型光纤耦合器.使用光束传输法对拉锥长度和耦合区域的宽度进行了模拟并与实验结果比较,在1320 μm的拉锥长度和14 μm的耦合宽度处找到了最优化且低损耗的耦合器尺寸配置.     

光纤锥探针传输特性的研究

本文采用局域模式耦合理论，对两类光纤锥探针－腐蚀锥和熔拉锥的传输特性进行了比较和分析，得出了光在探针锥中传输时耦合效率的分布情况，以及传输效率随锥长、针尖直径和光波长变化的特性。     

Effect of gate length on breakdown voltage in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor

The effects of gate length L_G on breakdown voltage VBRare investigated in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors(HEMTs) with L_G= 1 μm~20 μm. With the increase of L_G, VBRis first increased, and then saturated at LG= 3 μm. For the HEMT with L_G= 1 μm, breakdown voltage VBRis 117 V, and it can be enhanced to 148 V for the HEMT with L-_G= 3 μm. The gate length of 3 μm can alleviate the buffer-leakage-induced impact ionization compared with the gate length of 1 μm, and the suppression of the impact ionization is the reason for improving the breakdown voltage.A similar suppression of the impact ionization exists in the HEMTs with LG 3 μm. As a result, there is no obvious difference in breakdown voltage among the HEMTs with LG= 3 μm~20 μm, and their breakdown voltages are in a range of 140 V–156 V.     

大容差光纤耦合技术研究

设计了一种新型的耦合系统,该耦合系统由大口径聚焦透镜、1/4节距自聚焦透镜、锥形光纤和球端光纤四部分组成.分析了自聚焦透镜压缩发散角和球端光纤增大数值孔径的机理,给出了计算锥形光纤参量的详细流程.采用大口径透镜和1/4节距自聚焦透镜有效增大径向位置容差和角度容差,然后通过锥形光纤压缩光束半径将激光耦合进球端光纤.仿真实验结果表明,该系统耦合在r<3 mm,－1<θ<1.5范围内的耦合效率稳定保持在50%以上.     

Compact multimode interference coupler with tapered waveguide geometry

In this paper, a novel MMI coupler, based on general interference, with tapered waveguide geometry has been proposed for reduction of coupling length. The coupling characteristics and power imbalance of the proposed structure are compared with conventional MMI structures by using a mathematical model based on sinusoidal modes. It is seen that the beat length for tapered MMI coupler with angle of taper ∼1.05° is reduced by ∼24% of that of conventional MMI coupler and the coupling characteristics obtained with the mathematical model, match well with those obtained by more sophisticated BPM computer aided design software. The power imbalance for tapered 3 dB MMI coupler is more sensitive to the wavelength than that for conventional 3 dB MMI coupler and variation of power imbalance with fabrication tolerance for both the MMI coupler is almost same.     

扫描近场光学显微镜中两类光纤探针传输特性的研究

采用局域模式耦合理论，对扫描近场光学显微镜中的两类光纤探针－腐蚀锥和熔拉锥的传输特性进行了比较和分析。给出了光在探针锥中传输时耦合效率的分布情况，以及传输效率随锥长，针尖直径和光波长变化的特性。     

Analysis of coupling between two parallel dielectric waveguides

The coupling between two parallel dielectric waveguides with a finite coupling length is investigated. The ends of the waveguides are tapered in order to reduce the scattering losses. It is shown that the taper sections can be utilized to achieve an effective coupling which is insensitive to the coupling length, thus, providing a much greater tolerance for the design and manufacturing of coupling devices.     

High efficiency fiber coupling to silicon sandwiched slot waveguides

The design of a fiber coupler for high efficiency light coupling to silicon sandwiched slot waveguides is reported. The proposed fiber coupler is based on the inverted taper approach. Parameters have been optimized to maximize coupling efficiency for λ = 1550 nm and TM polarization. Maximum coupling efficiencies of 93% for a inverted taper length of 150 μm and a inverted taper tip width of 40 nm have been obtained by means of the overlap integral and 3D beam propagation method (BPM) simulations.     

基于AKEBONO哨声波参数的内辐射带高能电子扩散模拟

为能准确地模拟内辐射带中哨声波对高能电子扩散损失的影响,基于内辐射带AKEBONO哨声波参数统计模型,及随纬度分布的背景冷等离子体密度模型,对引起电子扩散损失的大气分子,空间等离子体嘶声、闪电激发的哨声、人工激发的甚低频三类哨声波,利用准线性扩散理论,计算1.4≤ L≤2.0区域的不同能量电子,受到库仑碰撞和波粒回旋共振相互作用的弹跳周期平均赤道投掷角扩散系数,分析不同作用机制、不同类哨声波、不同能量、不同磁壳参数等对辐射带高能电子扩散损失的影响.结果表明：在赤道面损失锥角附近,高能电子主要受到库仑碰撞作用而扩散;在赤道投掷角接近90°附近区域,等离子体嘶声和闪电激发的哨声是引起扩散的主要因素;内辐射带电子主要受到甚低频电磁波波粒回旋共振扩散影响;扩散系数对高能电子能量及其所处磁壳参数比较敏感,通常,高能电子的能量或所处磁壳参数越大,扩散系数越大.     

New types of complex torsional angle transformers based on hyperbolic secant taper

1.IntroductionThemaximumoutputofatransformeramplitudeislimitedbythefatigueofthema-tCrialusedlll.Ifthesurfaceshearstressofatorsionaltransformer,T,isuniformalongtheaxis,inotherwords,themaximumpointofsurfaccshearstrcssisincxistent,ti.ea1lowab1coutputpowcrofthetorsionaltransformerwillenormouslyincrease.Insomecasesinwhichveryhigh-intcnsitytorsiona1ultrasonicpowerisrequired,theywil1benecessaries.Forthispurpose,wederivedthenewtypeoftorsionalangletransformer-quartcr-wavelcngthhypcrbolicsccanttaper.T…     

以双曲正割型杆为基础的新型扭振变幅杆

推导出不存在外缘剪应力极大点的扭振超声变幅杆─-1/4波长双曲正割型杆,以此为基础组成半波长复合杆,另外1/4波长杆可以是圆柱型、指数型、类圆锥型、类悬链线型或类余弦型。对一些复合杆的谐振频率和放大系数进行了实验验证,实验结果与理论值基本一致。复合杆具有放大系数大,输人阻抗随工作频率偏移变化小,不存在外缘剪应力极大点,可输出的扭振能量大大高于同种材料的其它类型杆等一系列优点,因而对于大功率超声领域是非常有用的。     

微型电子回旋共振离子推力器离子源结构优化实验研究

微型电子回旋共振(ECR)离子推力器可满足微小航天器空间探测的推进需求. 为此, 本文开展直径20 mm的微型ECR离子源结构优化实验研究. 根据放电室内静磁场和ECR谐振区的分布特点, 研究不同微波耦合输入位置对离子源性能的影响, 结果表明环形天线处在高于ECR谐振强度的强磁场区域时, 微波与等离子体实现无损耦合, 电子共振加热效果显著, 引出离子束流较大. 根据放电室电磁截止特性, 结合微波电场计算, 研究放电容积对离子源性能的影响, 实验表明过长或过短的腔体长度会导致引出离子束流下降甚至等离子体熄灭. 经优化后离子源性能测试表明, 在入射微波功率2.1 W、氩气流量14.9 μg/s下, 可引出离子束流5.4 mA, 气体放电损耗和利用率分别为389 W/A和15%.     

典型甚低频电磁波对辐射带高能电子的散射损失效应

辐射带中高能电子与空间甚低频电磁波由于波粒共振相互作用发生投掷角散射, 进而沉降入稠密大气而损失. 为研究甚低频电磁波对辐射带中高能电子的散射作用机制, 本文基于准线性扩散理论, 利用库仑作用和波粒共振相互作用扩散系数的物理模型, 得到了两组典型甚低频电磁波与高能电子波粒共振相互作用的赤道投掷角弹跳周期平均扩散系数, 并分析了甚低频电磁波共振散射作用与大气库仑散射作用对不同磁壳及不同能量的辐射带电子扩散损失的影响规律. 以磁壳参数L=2.2, 能量E=0.5 MeV的辐射带电子作为算例, 采用有限差分方法数值求解扩散方程, 计算分析了电子单向通量和全向通量随时间的沉降损失演化规律. 研究结果表明: 当电子能量大于0.5 MeV, 磁壳参数大于1.6时, 甚低频电磁波的共振散射作用显著; 随着磁壳参数或电子能量的增大, 斜传播甚低频电磁波引起的高阶共振相互作用越来越大; 电子全向通量近似随时间呈指数函数形式衰减.     

Numerical simulation of chorus-driving acceleration of relativistic electrons at extremely low L-shell during geomagnetic storms

During 2018 major geomagnetic storm, relativistic electron enhancements in extremely low L-shell regions (reaching L～3) have been reported based on observations of ZH-1 and Van Allen probes satellites, and the storm is highly likely to be accelerated by strong whistler-mode waves occurring near very low L-shell regions where the plasmapause was suppressed. It is very interesting to observe the intense chorus-accelerated electrons locating in such low L-shells and filling into the slot region. In this paper, we further perform numerical simulation by solving the two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation based on the bounce-averaged diffusion rates. Numerical results demonstrate the evolution processes of the chorus-driven electron flux and confirm the flux enhancement in low pitch angle ranges (20°-50°) after the wave-particle interaction for tens of hours. The simulation result is consistent with the observation of potential butterfly pitch angle distributions of relativistic electrons from both ZH-1 and Van Allen probes.     

Influence of Reflections of the Output Port on Beam-wave Interaction in Gyrotron Traveling Wave Amplifier

Based on the nonlinear self-consistent theory of gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA), the influence of the reflections of the output port with the taper on the beam-wave interaction in the gyro-TWA is studied. The simulation results show that the reflections have great effects on the TE₀₁ mode gyro-TWA operating at the fundamental. The influence of the taper angle and the interaction length on the beam-wave interaction and the power profile is discussed and the corresponding physical mechanism is analyzed. The saturated output power keeps same approximately with the increase of the taper angle in the presence of reflection while the saturated gain decreases obviously.     

Efficient evanescent coupling design for GeSi electro-absorption modulator

Efficient coupling from the silicon waveguide to the GeSi layer is the key to success in the GeSi electro-absorption （EA） modulator based on evanescent coupling. A lateral taper in the upper GeSi layer has room for increasing the modulating efficiency and alleviating the sensitivity of the extinction ratio （ER） and insertion loss （IL） to the length of the active region. The light behavior and the effect of the taper are explored in detail using the beam propagation method （BPM）. After optimization, the light can nearly be totally confined in the GeSi layer without any oscillation. The modulator with the designed taper can achieve low IL and high ER.     

Transmitted Optical Power through a Tapered Single-Mode Fiber under Dynamic Bending Effects

This paper describes theoretically one of the physical phenomena that take place in a tapered single-mode optical fiber (taper): the transfer of optical power between different order modes. This optical power transfer depends on several factors; one of them is the static bending of the taper, as other authors have reported. In addition to these studies, we have noticed that if the bend angle oscillates, then the magnitude of the optical power transfer is also modified by other additional factors. Thus, at dynamic conditions the transmitted optical power through the taper is also affected by the oscillation frequency. Here we propose a more generic equation system to obtain the coupling coefficient between modes under static as well as dynamic bending conditions. When the presented equations are particularized for static conditions, a complete agreement with other studies is observed. In addition, validating the theoretical justification, some experimental results are also shown.