Instrumentation for multi-detector arrays

The new generation of detector arrays require complex instrumentation and data acquisition system to ensure increased reliability of operation, high degree of integration, software control and faster data handling capability. The main features of some of the existing multi-detector arrays like MSU 4π array, Gammasphere and Eurogam are summarized. The instrumentation for the proposed INGA array in India is discussed.     

Nuclear physics with simple and multi-element detectors and with stable and radioactive beams

The phenomenon of fusion barrier distributions is discussed in the context of a problem already investigated in some detail with simple detection systems, but possessing avenues to studies with multi-detector arrays. The complementarity of research with simple and complex detectors, as well as with stable and radioactive beams, will be highlighted.     

A sixteen-channel multiplexing upgrade for single channel receivers

With the increasing interest in phased arrays in magnetic resonance imaging, imaging system receivers capable of acquiring larger number of parallel signals are needed. Suggested techniques for rapid imaging propose the use of arrays with as many as 128 elements. While simply duplicating the number of receiver chains as needed is a viable technique, it quickly becomes both cumbersome and expensive.Time domain multiplexing offers an alternative solution to this problem. By using RF multiplexing switches, a single receiver can be upgraded to an array receiver capable of multi-channel data acquisition giving users array capability. Additionally, it can be used to dramatically increase acquisition capability of multiple receiver systems.This paper reports results from a multiplexing system upgrade, which converts a single channel standard clinical imaging system to a 16-channel array system. The upgrade includes both the RF multiplexing front-end and an external data acquisition system with image processing capability. Issues concerning the implementation of high channel-count multiplexers are also discussed.     

Transducers in medical ultrasound: Part Three. Transducer applications in echocardiology

A comparison is made between phased arrays and mechanical sector scanners in transcutaneous echocardiographic applications. Aspects such as contact area, beam control, side lobes, grating lobes and image quality are discussed in the context of transducer frequency. The incorporation of simultaneous acquisition of Doppler velocity information and display of M-mode signals is considered. Transoesophageal and intraoperative scanning systems for cardiology are also compared, in particular linear arrays, phased arrays and mechanical scanners, and their advantages and disadvantages in relation to the above mentioned aspects are discussed. The general conclusion is that electronic sector scanners may have a considerably improved cost/benefit ratio in the near future and thereby will become the leading systems for echocardiography.     

Special features of the safety and control systems of theDhruva reactor

The prime requirement of reactor safety combined with the need for high availability of nuclear plants have, in recent years, led to considerable research and development efforts at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in the field of reactor safety and control engineering. The areas of special interest have been the development of a fast acting emergency shutdown system, on-line fault detection facility for the reactor protection circuits, enhanced instrumentation capability for measurement of critical plant parameters and computerised systems for plant protection, control, performance evaluation, disturbance analysis, and data acquisition and display with particular attention to the problem of manmachine interface. Some of these recent concepts have been incorporated in safety and control systems of theDhruva reactor which is at present undergoing commissioning trials at Trombay. The special features of these systems are highlighted in the paper. The safety strategy adopted for the reactor and the consequent development of special safety systems are described in detail. The choice of the reactor control scheme and the methodology followed in the design of the automatic power control system are indicated. Campbell instrumentation for measurement of neutron flux or in other words reactor power, extensive use of microprocessors in safety related instrumentation and an improved man-machine interface through suitable design of control room have helped in achieving a high degree of reactor safety. The salient features of these systems are also included.     

Medical imaging using capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer arrays

We are investigating the use of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUT's) for use in medical imaging. We propose an ultrasound probe architecture designed to provide volumetric ultrasound imaging from within an endoscope channel. A complete automated experimental system has been implemented for testing the imaging performance of cMUT arrays. This PC-based system includes custom-designed circuit boards, a software interface, and resolution test phantoms. We have already fabricated 1D and 2D cMUT arrays, and tested the pulse-echo imaging characteristics of 1D arrays. Beamforming and image formation algorithms that aim to reduce the complexity of data acquisition hardware are tested via numerical simulations and using real data acquired from our system.     

M1 and E2 band structures in the Sn-Xe-Ba region

In the present talk I will discuss some ‘rare’ aspects of the E2 band structures and the novel features concerning the dipole bands in this mass region. Reliable and accurate lifetimes have been measured using coincidence recoil distance method. The results of ^129,130Ba will be discussed. In contrast to the predictions of the tilted axis cranking model, the dipole bands in Sb-Xe-Ba nuclei can be nicely described as high-K prolate bands. New data from multi-detector arrays has established extended bands structure, their decay to low lying states have been established and the angular correlation supports the predominant, ΔI=1 character. Finally the sensitive measures, i.e. B(M1) rates of the tilted axis model are compared with the high-K formula based on 1-dim cranking model.     

小F数衍射微透镜阵列光学性能研究

本文基于小光点扫描,在国内首次提出了一种测试小F数衍射微透镜阵列光学性能的方法.利用光通信用半导体激光器和探测器建立了一套测试系统,并对所研制的大阵列,小单元尺寸的多相位菲涅耳衍射微透镜阵列的衍射效率和点扩散函数进行了测试.结果表明,衍射微透镜实际衍射光斑比理论衍射受限光斑扩展不大,8相位和16相位石英微透镜的衍射效率分别高达80.2%和87.5%,说明本实验室对多相位的设计理论和制作工艺已基本掌握,满足应用的要求.     

面发射分布反馈半导体激光器及光栅耦合半导体激光器

阐述了以曲线光栅面发射分布反馈半导体激光器（SEDFB）为代表的SE—DFB器件的原理和结构,讨论了它们的性能和特点并与其他类型的半导体激光器进行了比较。指出依靠曲线光栅特殊的衍射特性,可实现对模式的控制和二维漏模耦合阵列化出光,得到窄线宽（典型值0．08nm）、小发散角（典型值0．5mrad）、高亮度（单管近衍射极限3W（CW））和大功率（单管最高73w,列阵为kW级）的激光。综述了SE—DFB的发展历程、现状及未来的发展趋势,强调由于曲线光栅耦合SE—DFB激光器兼具边发射和面发射器件的优势和诸多其他优秀性能,将其应用于不同材料体系,不同结构的半导体激光器及其阵列,制作不同波段的高功率、高光束质量的SEDFB器件会有很好的研究意义和应用前景。     

Nuclear structure studies at Saha Institute of Nuclear Pysics using gamma detector arrays

In-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy, carried out at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics in the recent past, using heavy-ion projectiles from the pelletron accelerator centres in the country and multi-detector arrays have yielded significant data on the structure of a large number of nuclei spanning different mass regions. The experiments included the study of two-fold γγ-coincidence events for establishing decay schemes, directional correlation of oriented nuclei (DCO) for help in spin assignments and Doppler shift attenuation for lifetime information. The studies have led to the observation of rotational sequences of states in nuclei near closed shell in the mass A=110 region, vibrational spectra in nuclei with A ∼ 60, interplay between single-particle and collective modes of excitation in the doubly-odd bromine isotopes, decoupled bands with large quadrupole deformation in ⁷⁷Br, shape transition with rotational frequency within a band in ¹³⁵Pm and octupole collectivity in ¹⁵³Eu. Particle-rotor-model and cranked-shell-model calculations have been carried out to provide an understanding of the underlying nuclear structure.     

Analysis of the method of division of spatial channels with successive interference cancellation in modern MIMO-OFDM cellular systems

We consider the problem of parallel data transmission via several spatial channels in modern high-throughput cellular systems employing the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and antenna arrays at both ends of the communication system. Parallel data transmission in such MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems is achieved by using the beamforming schemes in the transmitter and the special methods of the spatial-channel division in the receiver. Interference immunity of the scheme of the spatial-channel division by the maximum-likelihood criterion using the method of successive interference cancellation is analyzed. Probability of implementation of the stage of successive interference cancellation for the case of two spatial channels and various combinations of the coding schemes and modulations is obtained. We analyze the efficiency of a cellular communication system using horizontal coding and successive interference cancellation. Practical recommendations on choosing modulation and the code speed for each spatial channel, which ensure maximum interference immunity of a receiver with successive interference cancellation, are made.     

大尺度光学列阵的成像特性

本文由光线光学理论出发,分析了无单元像差的光学元件大尺度列阵的成像特性,得到了较傍轴近似更普适的成像特性变换矩阵,其结果包含了列阵的傍轴近似成像理论.并进一步证明了大尺度平面列阵的成像特性只具有近似的准相位共轭特性,且只有在傍轴近似下才是较完善的准相位共轭成像.该结论与以往理论相比更接近实际,且能更好地解释迄今为止所观察到的实验结果及本文的实验结果.     

The possibility of generating focal regions of complex configurations in application to the problems of stimulation of human receptor structures by focused ultrasound

Studies of the stimulating effect of ultrasound on human receptor structures have recently become more intensive in connection with the development of promising robotic techniques and systems, sensors, and automated control systems, as well as with the use of taction in the design of a human-machine interface. One of the promising fields of research is the development of tactile displays for transmission of sensory data to a human by an acoustic method based on the effect of radiation pressure. In this case, it is necessary to generate rapidly changing patterns on a display (symbols, letters, digits, etc.), which may often have a complex shape. It is demonstrated that such patterns can be created by the generation of multiple-focus ultrasonic fields with the help of two-dimensional phased arrays whose elements are randomly positioned on the surface. The parameters for such an array are presented. It is shown that the arrays make it possible to form the regions of action by focused ultrasound with various necessary shapes and the sidelobe (or other secondary peak) intensity level acceptable for practical purposes. Using these arrays, it is possible to move the set of foci off the array axis to a distance of at least ±5 mm, which corresponds to the display dimensions. It is possible, on the screen of a tactile display, to generate the regions of action with a very complex shape, for example, Latin letters. This opportunity may be of interest, for example, for the development of systems that enable a blind person to perceive the displayed text information by using the sense of touch.     

Dipole-induced vortex ratchets in superconducting films with arrays of micromagnets

We investigate the transport properties of superconducting films with periodic arrays of in-plane magnetized micromagnets. Two different magnetic textures are studied: a square array of magnetic bars and a close-packed array of triangular microrings. As confirmed by magnetic force microscopy imaging, the magnetic state of both systems can be adjusted to produce arrays of almost pointlike magnetic dipoles. By carrying out transport measurements with ac drive, we observed experimentally a recently predicted ratchet effect induced by the interaction between superconducting vortices and the magnetic dipoles. Moreover, we find that these magnetic textures produce vortex-antivortex patterns, which have a crucial role in the transport properties of this hybrid system.     

基于CPLD的线阵CCD光谱检测数据采集系统的研究

血液成分无创检测已成为生物医学工程领域关注的焦点和热点,其中以近红外血液成分检测最为突出,而动态光谱检测方法以能消除近红外血液成分检测中的个体差异和测量条件的影响备受研究者 的青睐。但是,由于动态光谱检测系统要求较高的幅值精度和高的时间分辨率,因此要求所采用的CCD(charge coupled device)系统进行较长时间的实时输出,其数据量较大,需要匹配高速数据传输模块 。文章介绍了一种基于CPLD(complex programmable logic device)的CCD数据采集系统,整个系统以CPLD为主芯片,它不仅为CCD提供工作时序信号,同时还控制信号调理、转换、传输模块中的采样率、 相关双采样的时序和数据的存储与传输。采用CPLD器件不但简化了系统结构,提高了整个系统的速度,而且达到了幅值精度和时间分辨率的要求。     

近红外探测器数据采集系统的设计

根据高精度近红外数据采集系统的要求,设计了 3 套数据采集系统.前两套数据采集系统是针对不同的近红外探测器的特性而设计的,能满足近红外数据采集的高精度要求.最后一套数据采集系统采用直接电流模数转换的方法,不仅简化了采集系统的电路结构,也可以为近红外光谱测量系统的设计提供参考.为近红外探测器数据采集系统提供了 3 种不同的设计方案,并搭建了模块进行了测试分析,在实践中得出了各种电路的优缺点和应用环境,对工程人员具有一定的参考价值.     

Spallation reactions studied with 4π-detector arrays

Recently here has been a renewed interest in the study of spallation reactions in basic nuclear physics as well as in potential applications. Spallation reactions induced by light projectiles (protons, antiprotons, pions, etc.) in the GeV range allow the formation of hot nuclei which do not suffer the collective excitations (compression, rotation, deformation) unavoidable when using massive projectiles. Such nuclei provide an ideal testbench for probing their decay as a function of excitation energy. In these investigations, 4π-detector arrays for charged particles and neutrons play a major role in the event-by-event sorting according to the excitation energy of the nucleus. Spallation reactions induced on heavy nuclei allow the conversion of the incident GeV proton into several tens of evaporated neutrons. The neutron production in thick targets has been investigated in great detail thanks to the use of high efficiency neutron detector arrays. When scattered on samples of inert or biological materials, these neutrons can be used to study details of the material structure. They could also be utilized for the transmutation of long-lived nuclear wastes or for the feeding of sub-critical nuclear reactors. The role of different types of multi-detector arrays is highlighted in this paper. Several references are also given for different uses of high efficiency neutron detectors in other contexts.     

Generation of subharmonic shapiro steps in ladder arrays of overdamped superconducting junctions

Summary Subharmonic Shapiro Steps (SSS) are usually observed in 2D arrays of superconducting junctions when their dynamical states are perturbed by factors like disorder, frustration, current inhomogeneities and so on. In order to clarify the conditions under which SSS can be generated we decided to investigate arrays of very simple shape like the ladder ones. In particular we have studied the influence of the frustration (i.e. of an external magnetic field) on the time evolution of the vortex configuration and the commensurability of the latter with the geometry and the dimension of the array. Ladders, parallel or perpendicular to the bias current, turn out to be systems where the properties of the square arrays can be suitably tested. Paper presented at the ?VII Congresso SATT?, Torino, 4–7 October 1994.     

Design of NRAs having higher aperture opening ratio and autocorrelation compression ratio by means of a global optimization method

When noises considerations are made, nonredundant arrays (NRAs) are endowed with many advantages which other arrays e.g., uniformly redundant arrays (URAs) do not possess in applications of coded aperture imaging. However, lower aperture opening ratio limits the applications of NRA in practice. In this paper, we present a computer searching method based on a global optimization algorithm named DIRECT to design NRAs. Compared with the existing NRAs e.g., Golay's NRAs, which are well known and widely used in various applications, NRAs found by our method have higher aperture opening ratio and auto correlation compression ratio. These advantages make our aperture arrays be very useful for practical applications especially for which of aperture size are limited. Here, we also present some aperture arrays we found. These aperture arrays have an interesting property that they belong to both NRA and URA.     

Efficient large-array k-domain parallel MRI using channel-by-channel array reduction

This article presents a method to explore the flexibility of channel reduction in k-domain parallel imaging (PI) with massive arrays to improve the computation efficiency. In PI, computation cost increases with the number of channels. For the k-domain methods requiring channel-by-channel reconstruction, this increase can be significant with massive arrays. In this article, a method for efficient k-domain PI reconstruction in large array systems is proposed. The method is based on the fact that in large arrays the channel sensitivity is localized, which allows channel reduction through channel cross correlation. The method is tested with simulated and in vivo MRI data from a 32-channel and 64-channel systems using the multicolumn multiline interpolation (MCMLI) method. Results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve similar or improved reconstruction quality with significantly reduced computation time for massive arrays with localized sensitivity.