同位素稀释质谱法测定高纯金属铟中的微量镉

采用同位素稀释高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ID—HR—ICPMS）对高纯金属铟中的微量镉进行定值方法研究。用^53Cr作为同位素稀释剂,通过对仪器测量参数以及样品制备和处理过程的优化研究,有效地克服了来自高含量金属基体、等离子体气体、试剂等产生的主要质谱干扰。与传统的光谱测量方法相比,无机质谱的测量方法提高了微量元素定值的准确度和测量精度。     

液相色谱-同位素稀释串联质谱法定量分析重组N末端B型利钠肽原

N末端B型利钠肽原(NT-proBNP)是心力衰竭临床诊断的重要生物标志物之一。目前,国际上尚没有NT-proBNP标准物质,无法在溯源链顶端开展量值传递,不利于下游测量结果的统一和对比。为了实现NT-proBNP的标准化检测,本研究针对重组NT-proBNP开展了溯源技术研究。首先采用蛋白免疫印迹和质谱法对被测物进行了分析。在绝对定量分析方法研究中,采用两种同位素稀释质谱法对NT-proBNP样品进行了定值。结果表明,重组NT-proBNP具有良好的抗体结合活性,并且分子量与理论值一致,可用于后续的定量分析方法研究。在氨基酸同位素稀释质谱法中,NT-proBNP水解48 h后达到平衡,通过对水解样品中缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和精氨酸的测量,计算得到NT-proBNP溶液的质量分数为79.62μg/g(RSD=0.89%);在肽段同位素稀释质谱法中,当NT-proBNP与蛋白酶质量比为25∶1、酶解24 h后,通过检测两条特征肽段,计算得到NT-proBNP溶液质量分数为76.04μg/g(RSD=1.85%)。两种方法测量结果基本一致。由于定量氨基酸是具有计量学溯源性的国家一级标准物质,因此...     

同位素稀释-激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定生物组织样品中铁元素的含量

针对目前采用同位素稀释-激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ID-LA-ICP-MS)对固体生物组织切片样品难以实现原位准确定量的难题,本研究将同位素稀释法与LA-ICP-MS技术相结合,通过开展生物组织样品与浓缩稀释剂的同位素充分交换平衡、稀释剂添加方式、原位的同位素比测量等关键技术研究,确定了组织切片与同位素稀释剂的最佳平衡时间、稀释剂的质量以及选用甲醇作为稀释剂溶剂等实验条件,建立了基于同位素稀释技术的LA-ICP-MS技术在生物样品组织切片中Fe元素的微区定量分析方法,并采用实验室自行制备的均匀的山羊脑和牛肝组织切片标准样品对方法进行了验证,通过ID-LA-ICP-MS方法的测量结果与微波消解-同位素稀释方法的测量结果相一致,验证了该方法的有效性和可靠性。本方法可进一步应用于临床中生物组织切片样品中金属元素的原位、微区定量测量及成像分析。     

同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱测定环境和生物样品中的镉

应用同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱（ID—ICP—MS）对环境和生物样品茶叶、湖沉积物和人发标准物质中的镉进行测定研究。对电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）的工作条件和参数进行了最优化。讨论了多原子离子和同量异位素对镉同位素比值的影响,通过天然镉标准溶液对质量歧视进行了校正,并优化同位素稀释剂的加入量。将该方法应用于茶叶、人发和沉积物标准物质的测定。     

同位素稀释-液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱(ICP-MS)法测定大米中的甲基汞

目前国标方法GB 5009.17—2021测量样品中甲基汞(含量≤0.1 mg/kg)的精密度为20%、定量限为0.02 mg/kg,对于定量限以下的样品检测存在困难;为了能精确地测量国家食品安全检测领域关注的甲基汞污染物,通过在样品中加入同位素稀释剂后以GB 5009.17—2021国标方法进行样品前处理,以液相色谱分离出汞形态,用ICP-MS检测同位素比值,考虑质量歧视效应后以同位素稀释质谱法定量,建立了同位素稀释-液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱法测定大米样品中甲基汞含量的方法。当样品中甲基汞含量在0.01~0.03 mg/kg时,方法的精密度为0.3%~22.8%,不确定度U为0.002~0.004 mg/kg,k=2。以鱼肉中总汞与甲基汞成分分析标准物质(GBW10029)作为质控样,测定得到三种大米样品中甲基汞含量(以Hg计)分别为(8±2)、(24±3)、(19±4) ng/g,经过不确定度评估后表明方法的准确度较高;质控样(GBW10029)甲基汞的证书值(以Hg计)为 (0.84±0.03) mg/kg,而测量结果为(0.83±0.08) mg/kg,对质控样的测量结果说明该方法可靠;同位素稀释法将浓度的测量转换成同位素的丰度比的测量,可避免前处理过程带来的误差,同位素稀释与质谱结合可用于大米中甲基汞的高精度分析。     

土壤及蔬菜中微量汞的同位素稀释电感耦合等离子体质谱测定

建立了微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱同位素稀释(ID/ICP-MS)测定微量汞的方法。考察了仪器参数及测量条件对汞同位素比值RHg(202Hg/200Hg)测量的影响,根据同位素比值测量误差的传递因子优化了富集同位素稀释剂(202Hg98%)的加入量,并以铊同位素比值(205Tl/203Tl)作为RHg(202Hg/200Hg)测量时发生质量歧视效应的校正因子;通过反同位素稀释法标定了富集汞同位素稀释剂的浓度。利用所建立的ID/ICP-MS方法测定了杨树叶(GBW07604)和湖积物(GBW07423)2种标准参考物中汞的含量,回收率分别为112%和100%。该方法具有准确度高、精密度好等优点,且样品前处理简便,适用于土壤及蔬菜等样品中微量及痕量汞的准确测定。     

液相色谱–同位素稀释质谱法测定人体生长激素

建立了准确、快速测定痕量人体生长激素的同位素稀释质谱法。选取同位素标记脯氨酸、缬氨酸和苯丙氨酸为内标物,将内标物以重量法与待测样品准确混合,利用Kinetex C18色谱柱分离,以电喷雾三重串联四级杆质谱多反应监测模式测定,建立了人体生长激素的液相色谱–同位素稀释质谱联用定量方法。人体生长激素溶液标准物质的含量测定结果为(1.82±0.04)mg/g,相对标准偏差为0.43%(n=6)。该方法简易、实用、准确、可靠,可作为人体生长激素溶液标准物质的定值方法,并为人体生长激素的日常检测提供参考。     

贻贝中有机氯农药和多氯联苯标准物质的研制及同位素稀释高分辨质谱法定值

建立了贻贝中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)标准物质的研制和定值方法,该研究对我国开展环境生物标准物质的研制具有重要的方法学借鉴价值。该标准物质样品为采自大连湾海域的贻贝,其定值目标物包括18种OCPs和16种PCBs,采用的定值测量方法是目前世界上最权威、最准确的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法(ID-HRGC/HRMS)。所研制的标准物质具有定值目标物种类多、不确定度较小(约10%)等特点。该标准物质是目前国际上唯一一种采用同位素稀释高分辨质谱法进行定值的底栖生物中OCPs标准物质,于2012年3月通过了国家一级标准物质的终审,并于2012年6月被国家质量监督检验检疫总局批准为国家一级标准物质(GBW10069)。该标准物质可用于食品安全控制、环境监测、质量检测等领域相关分析方法的评价、测量质量控制及技术仲裁检验等。     

冰冻人血清中尿酸标准物质复制的定值EI北大核心CSCD

为了满足该标准物质的需求,进行了第二次尿酸血清标准物质的复制。针对复制的尿酸血清标准物质,基于单四极杆质谱的液相色谱-同位素稀释质谱法(LC-IDMS),用乙腈沉淀法去除蛋白质,BEH C18色谱柱和电喷雾离子源负离子模式(ESI^(-)),同位素稀释的单点校准法进行定值、均匀性检验、稳定性检验以及不确定度评定等研究。此定值方法经过CCQM-K109(血清中尿酸分析)国际关键比对进行验证。复制的2种不同浓度水平尿酸(肾病患者和正常人)血清标准物质的定值结果分别为(73.5±1.3)μg/g,(47.5±1.1)μg/g,其均匀性和稳定性评估结果良好。     

同位素稀释质谱法测定国际比对水样中的铅

使用热表面电离质谱，采用同位素稀释质谱法测定国际物质量咨询委员会组织的第三次国际比对研究样中的铜样品中的铅，浓缩的＾２０６Ｐｂ稀释剂分用两种不同浓度的天然丰度的Ｐｂ标准溶液标定。然后用它作稀释剂。测量ＣＣＱＭ比对样品扣 铅，测定结果是０．０５００７２±０．００００９１μｍｏｌ／ｇ，与其他国家提供的数据相比，被组织证实为最佳。     

Isotope-dilution ICP–MS for trace element determination and speciation: from a reference method to a routine method?

This critical review discusses the conditions under which inductively coupled plasma–isotope dilution mass spectrometry (ICP–IDMS) is suitable as a routine method for trace element and element-speciation analysis. It can, in general, be concluded that ICP–IDMS has high potential for routine analysis of trace elements if the accuracy of results is of predominant analytical importance. Hyphenated techniques with ICP–IDMS suffer both from lack of commercially available isotope-labeled spike compounds for species-specific isotope dilution and from the more complicated system set-up required for species-unspecific ICP–IDMS analysis. Coupling of gas or liquid chromatography with species-specific ICP–IDMS, however, enables validation of analytical methods involving species transformations which cannot easily be performed by other methods. The potential and limitations of ICP–IDMS are demonstrated by recently published results and by some unpublished investigations by our group. It has been shown that possible loss of silicon as volatile SiF₄ during decomposition of a sample by use of hydrofluoric acid has no effect on trace silicon determination if the isotope-dilution step occurs during digestion in a closed system. For powder samples, laser ablation ICP–IDMS can be applied with an accuracy comparable with that only available from matrix-matched standardization, whereas the accuracy of electrothermal vaporization ICP–IDMS was strongly dependent on the element determined. The significance of easy synthesis of isotope-labeled spike compounds for species-specific ICP–IDMS is demonstrated for monomethylmercury and Cr(VI). Isotope-exchange reactions between different element species can prevent the successful application of ICP–IDMS, as is shown for iodinated hydrocarbons. It is also shown for monomethylmercury that species transformations during sample-pretreatment steps can be followed by species-specific ICP–IDMS without loss of accuracy. A relatively simple and time-efficient procedure for determination of monomethylmercury in environmental and biological samples is discussed. The method, which entails a rapid microwave-assisted isotope dilution step and in-situ extraction of the derivatized species, has good potential for routine application in the future.     

Improved sample preparation of glyphosate and methylphosphonic acid by EPA method 6800A and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry using novel solid‐phase extraction

The employment of chemical weapons by rogue states and/or terrorist organizations is an ongoing concern in the United States. The quantitative analysis of nerve agents must be rapid and reliable for use in the private and public sectors. Current methods describe a tedious and time‐consuming derivatization for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry. Two solid‐phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the analysis of glyphosate and methylphosphonic acid are described with the utilization of isotopically enriched analytes for quantitation via atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (APCI‐Q‐TOF‐MS) that does not require derivatization. Solid‐phase extraction‐isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SPE‐IDMS) involves pre‐equilibration of a naturally occurring sample with an isotopically enriched standard. The second extraction method, i‐Spike, involves loading an isotopically enriched standard onto the SPE column before the naturally occurring sample. The sample and the spike are then co‐eluted from the column enabling precise and accurate quantitation via IDMS. The SPE methods in conjunction with IDMS eliminate concerns of incomplete elution, matrix and sorbent effects, and MS drift. For accurate quantitation with IDMS, the isotopic contribution of all atoms in the target molecule must be statistically taken into account. This paper describes two newly developed sample preparation techniques for the analysis of nerve agent surrogates in drinking water as well as statistical probability analysis for proper molecular IDMS. The methods described in this paper demonstrate accurate molecular IDMS using APCI‐Q‐TOF‐MS with limits of quantitation as low as 0.400 mg/kg for glyphosate and 0.031 mg/kg for methylphosphonic acid. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High accuracy method for the application of isotope dilution to gas chromatography/mass spectrometric analysis of gases

A new isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) method for high-accuracy quantitative analysis of gases has been developed and validated by the analysis of standard mixtures of carbon dioxide in nitrogen. The method does not require certified isotopic reference materials and does not require direct measurements of the highly enriched spike. The relative uncertainty of the method is shown to be 0.2%. Copyright Crown copyright 2003. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.     

Application of isotope dilution mass spectrometry to research of certified reference materials

This paper briefly describes the method and applications of isotope dilution mass spectrometry(IDMS). Primary standard solutions with various natural isotope abundances were used to certify the concentration of enriched isotope solutions by IDMS. Then these enriched isotopes were used to certify unknown samples by IDMS. Li, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cd, Mo, Pb, etc in CRMs were certified and very good results were obtained in three international comparisons by IDMS. Received: 15 June 2000 Accepted: 26 October 2001     

A novel quantification strategy of transferrin and albumin in human serum by species-unspecific isotope dilution laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Species-specific (SS) isotope dilution analysis with gel electrophoresis (GE)-laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS is a promising technique for the quantification of particular metal-binding proteins in biological samples. However, unavailable isotopically enriched spike and metal losses in GE separation are main limitations for SS-isotope dilution PAGE-LA-ICP-MS. In this study, we report for the first time the absolute quantification of transferrin (Tf) and albumin (Alb) in human serum by non-denaturing (native) GE combined with species-unspecific isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). In order to achieve a homogeneous distribution of both protein and isotope-enriched spike (simulated isotope equilibration), immersing the protein strips with ³⁴S spike solution after gel electrophoresis was demonstrated to be an effective way of spike addition. Furthermore, effects of immersion time and ³⁴S spike concentration were investigated to obtain optimal conditions of the post-electrophoresis isotope dilution method. The relative mass of spike and ablated sample (m_sp/m_sam) in IDMS equation was calculated by standard Tf and Alb proteins, which could be applied to the quantification of Tf and Alb in ERM-DA470k/IFCC for method confirmation. The results were in agreement with the certified value with good precision and small uncertainty (1.5–3%). In this method, species-specific spike protein is not necessary and the integrity of the heteroatom-protein could be maintained in sample preparation process. Moreover, the application of species-unspecific isotope dilution GE-LA-ICP-MS has the potential to offer reliable, direct and simultaneous quantification of proteins after conventional 1D and 2D gel electrophoretic separations.     

The optimal amount of isotopic spike solution for ultratrace analysis by isotope dilution mass spectrometry

 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) are powerful methods of determining metallic impurities in the low- and sub-ppt level in process media such as ultra-pure water used in semiconductor and wafer manufacturing. By using mass spectrometers for analysis, an isotope dilution analysis (IDMS) is possible. The reproducibility of an IDMS is unmatched. For concentration levels near the instrument detection limit a novel method is reported to find the optimal amount of isotopic spike solution. This optimal value can be derived by the law of propagation of uncertainty combined with the Poisson statistics of the measured number of counts. Generally, an excess of isotopic spike solution should be used to provide results of lowest possible uncertainty. The results are presented in a diagram for easy practical use. Received: 14 October 1997 · Accepted: 13 February 1998     

Towards compound-independent calibration for organic compounds using online isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) can be considered a primary measurement method directly traceable to the International System of Units (SI). This measurement technique is increasingly employed in routine laboratories, owing to its unequalled analytical performance, precision and ease of accreditation. Unfortunately, for the adequate application of IDMS, several isotopically labelled standards, corresponding to the compounds of interest, are required. Additionally, when the enriched isotope is continuously added after a chromatographic separation, and an elemental ion source is used, it allows quantification of the different analytes being eluted from the column without requiring specific standards for each compound (online IDMS). In this article, we discuss how the traditional applicability of online IDMS for elemental speciation can be dramatically expanded by using carbon isotope tracers, oxidation or combustion reactions and a conventional molecular ion source. With such a strategy every carbon-containing compound being eluted from a chromatography system can be quantified without the need for specific standards as long as quantitative combustion/oxidation and complete elution occur. So far, only gas chromatography–combustion–mass spectrometry applications have been described, but recent results indicate the great possibilities of extending this novel approach to the quantification of organic compounds after separation by liquid chromatography.     

Evaluation of matrix effect in isotope dilution mass spectrometry based on quantitative analysis of chloramphenicol residues in milk powder

In the present study, we developed a comprehensive strategy to evaluate matrix effect (ME) and its impact on the results of isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) in analysis of chloramphenicol (CAP) residues in milk powder. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards do not always compensate ME, which brings the variation of the ratio (the peak area of analyte/the peak area of isotope). In our investigation, impact factors of this variation were studied in the extraction solution of milk powder using three mass spectrometers coupled with different ion source designs, and deuterium-labeled chloramphenicol (D5-CAP) was used as the internal standard. ME from mobile phases, sample solvents, pre-treatment methods, sample origins and instruments was evaluated, and its impact on the results of IDMS was assessed using the IDMS correction factor (θ). Our data showed that the impact of ME of mobile phase on the correction factor was significantly greater than that of sample solvent. Significant ion suppression and enhancement effects were observed in different pre-treated sample solutions. The IDMS correction factor in liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) extract with different instruments was greater or less 1.0, and the IDMS correction factor in hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) and mix-mode cation exchange (MCX) extract with different instruments was all close to 1.0. To the instrument coupled with different ion source design, the impact of ME on IDMS quantitative results was significantly different, exhibiting a large deviation of 11.5%. Taken together, appropriate chromatographic conditions, pre-treatment methods and instruments were crucial to overcome ME and obtain reliable results, when IDMS methods were used in the quantitative analysis of trace target in complex sample matrix.     

Application of the combination of isotope ratio monitoring with isotope dilution mass spectrometry to the determination of glucose in serum

Isotope ratio monitoring combined with n((13)C)/n((12)C) isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IRM/IDMS) provides results of low uncertainty of the order of 0.1% if it is applied to the analysis of simple mixtures as found in organic chemistry, even if only low (13)C spike additives to the sample are used. If the method is applied to the analysis of systems that require large-scale sample preparation prior to the measurement, such as the determination of glucose in serum, the results obtained exhibit a higher uncertainty that is comparable to that of the conventional gas chromatography/isotope dilution mass spectrometry (GC/IDMS) method. The reason for this observation is that the small contribution that the IRM/IDMS method makes to the uncertainty budget of the result is superimposed on a large contribution due to the sample preparation. It appears therefore that the IRM/IDMS method has no advantage over the conventional GC/IDMS method. However, if a series of measurements is carried out, and if a suitable experimental design is chosen, the IRM/IDMS method can provide valuable additional information. The influence of sample preparation on each individual result can be quantified as its deviation from the average value of all results of the series. From these data conclusions can be drawn for an improvement in sample preparation.     

Synthesis and characterization of isotopically enriched methylmercury (CH3201Hg+)

A simple procedure for the synthesis of an important standard, isotopically enriched methylmercury, which is not commercially available, has been established successfully. The isotopically enriched standard synthesized is utilized in conventional isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), as well as in speciated IDMS (SIDMS), for determination of the true concentration of methylmercury in environmental samples. The CH₃²⁰¹Hg⁺ standard has been synthesized from commercially available ²⁰¹HgO and tetramethyltin. The synthesis time required is 1 h at 60°C. The product is highly pure, yielding more than 90% as ²⁰¹Hg in CH₃²⁰¹Hg⁺. Hazardous dimethylmercury does not occur during this synthesis procedure. The product synthesized was analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and ICP‐MS alone in order to determine its concentration, isotopic composition and purity. The stability of the product was also evaluated for over 6 months and found to be stable at 4°C in the dark. The isotopically enriched methylmercury synthesized can be used in SIDMS and IDMS analyses as a standard. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.