Viscoelastic layer under the action of a moving load

Recently, problems concerning the dynamic behavior of imperfect continuous media under various types of actions have been widely investigated. The method of Laplace transformation is very convenient for describing physical processes concerning unsteady phenomena. In viscoelastic media two complications are added: the representation of the properties of a medium depending on time, and the inversion of the obtained solutions containing this additional complication. Certain approximate methods of inversion in the analysis of viscoelastic stresses are discussed in [1]. In [2, 3] a discussion is given for an effective method of constructing the solution of unsteady problems for finite and for infinite imperfect media using auxiliary functions, and a solution is presented for a half-space. Making use of the idea of the inversion of transforms, discussed in [4], in [5] a solution is obtained and a complete picture is presented for the dynamics of the variation of the stress field in a viscoelastic half-space. In the present study we consider the action of a normal moving load that is suddenly applied to the free surface of a viscoelastic layer. By Laplace and Fourier integral transformations we obtain a solution in the form of a uniformly converging series based on longitudinal and transverse waves reflected in the layer. By means of inverting the transforms by the method discussed in [4, 5], we obtain an exact solution for the stress field in the medium under investigation. We consider the special case of a viscoelastic medium of Boltzmann type, for which we obtain a numerical realization of the solution on a digital computer.     

Specification of crack opening and surface sliding in orthotropic viscoelastic material

Modelling of crack opening and surface sliding in an orthotropic viscoelastic material is made by introducing two coefficients: one for the surface displacement and surface friction. The material possesses orthotropy in two dimensions and viscoelastic property consisting of a Kelvin element in series with a spring. The method of Laplace transform is applied to obtain a closed form solution to the problem. Explicit expressions of Mode I and II stress intensity factors are computed together with crack surface opening. Trade-off between the Mode I and II stress intensity factors depends on the nature of material orthotropy.     

Effects of dynamic viscoelastic properties on acoustic diffraction by a solid sphere submerged in a viscous fluid

Summary  This study provides a general analysis for scattering of a planar monochromatic compressional sound wave by a homogeneous, isotropic, viscoelastic, solid sphere immersed in an unbounded viscous, heat-nonconducting, compressible fluid. The dynamic viscoelastic properties of the spherical scatterer and the viscosity of the surrounding fluid are rigorously taken into account in the solution of the acoustic-scattering problem. Havriliak–Negami model for viscoelastic material behaviour along with the appropriate wave-harmonic field expansions and the pertinent boundary conditions are employed to develop a closed-form solution in form of infinite series. Subsequently, the associated acoustic quantities such as the scattered far-field pressure directivity pattern, scattered intensity distribution, differential scattering cross section, and the acoustic radiation force are evaluated for given sets of viscoelastic material properties. Numerical results clearly indicate that, in addition to the traditional fluid viscosity-related mechanisms, the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the solid obstacle can be of major significance in sound scattering. Limiting cases are examined and fair agreements with well-known solutions are established. Received 15 January 2002; accepted for publication 2 July 2002 The authors wish to sincerely thank professors Daniel Levesque, Roderic Lakes, Yves Berthelot, S. Temkin, and Andrei Dukhin for valuable and productive consultations on dynamic theory of viscoelasticity and acoustics of (thermo)viscous media.     

The elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle for non-homogeneous materials with time translation non-invariant properties

This paper revisits the elastic–viscoelastic correspondence principle for non-homogeneous materials. Several recent publications discussed this principle for functionally graded materials (FGMs) with time translation invariant viscoelastic properties. It was demonstrated that the correspondence principle is valid only for the FGMs with separable relaxation moduli (moduli in separable form in space and time). This paper reconsiders this issue. It shows that the correspondence principle is valid even for non-homogeneous materials with separable relaxation moduli even if the time-dependences of the relaxation moduli in shear and dilatation are not necessarily time translation invariant. The property of similarity of Volterra operators is used to obtain the corresponding elastic solution. The correspondence is established between the elastic solution and the operator-transformed viscoelastic solution. The transformation operators are combinations of the Laplace transform operator and additional integral operators.     

Constant heat flux solution for mixed convection boundary layer viscoelastic fluid

The mixed convection boundary layer of a viscoelastic fluid past a circular cylinder with constant heat flux is discussed. The boundary layer equations are an order higher than those for the Newtonian (viscous) fluid and the adherence boundary conditions are insufficient to determine the solution of these equations completely. The governing non-similar partial differential equations are transformed into dimensionless forms and then solved numerically using the Keller-box method by augmenting an extra boundary condition at infinity. Numerical results obtained in the form of velocity distributions and temperature profiles are presented for a range of values of the dimensionless viscoelastic fluid parameter. It is found that for some values of the viscoelastic parameter and some negative values of the mixed convection parameter (opposing flow) the momentum boundary layer separates from the cylinder. Heating the cylinder delays separation and can, if the cylinder is warm enough, suppress the separation completely. Similar to the case of a Newtonian fluid, cooling the cylinder brings the separation point nearer to the lower stagnation point.     

The ultratough peeling of elastic tapes from viscoelastic substrates

The peeling of an elastic thin tape from a flat smooth viscoelastic substrate is investigated. Based on a Green function approach and on the translational invariance, a closed form analytical solution is proposed, which takes into account the viscoelastic dissipation in the substrate material.We find that peeling is prevented from taking place, only when the external force is smaller than the one predicted by Kendall's formula for elastic tapes on rigid substrates. However, we also find that, regardless of the value of the applied force, steady state detachment may occur when the elastic tape is sufficiently stiff. In this case, the constant peeling velocity can be modulated by properly defining the geometrical parameters and the material properties of tape and viscoelastic foundation. On the other hand, for relatively high peeling angles or compliant tapes a threshold value of the peeling force is found, above which the steady-state equilibrium is no longer possible and unstable detachment occurs.The present study contributes to shed light on the behavior of pressure sensitive adhesives in contact with viscoelastic substrates like the human skin. At the same time, it can be considered a first step towards a better understanding of the effect of viscoelastic dissipation on the fracture behavior of solids.     

粘弹流体轴对称流动的格子Boltzmann方法

基于BGK碰撞模型，通过在迁移方程中引入作用力项，建立了粘弹流体的轴对称格子Boltzmann模型．通过Chapman-Enskog展开，获得了准确的柱坐标下轴对称宏观流动方程．采用双分布函数对运动方程和本构方程进行迭代求解，模拟分析了粘弹流体管道流动，获得了流场中的速度和构型张量的分布，通过与解析解进行比较，验证了模型的准确性．研究了作为粘弹流体流动基准问题的收敛流动，对涡旋位置进行了定量分析，将回转长度的计算结果与有限体积法进行了比较，两种数值结果十分吻合．研究结果表明，模型能够准确表征粘弹流体的轴对称流动，具有较广阔的应用前景．     

Weakly-imposed Dirichlet boundary conditions for non-Newtonian fluid flow

We propose a new formulation for weakly imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions in non-Newtonian fluid flow. It is based on the Gerstenberger–Wall formulation for Newtonian fluids [1], but extended to non-Newtonian fluids. It uses a stabilization term in the weak form that is independent from the actual fluid model used, except for an adjustable parameter κ, having the physical dimension of a viscosity. The new formulation is tested, combined with an extended finite element method, for the flow past a cylinder between two walls using both a generalized Newtonian and a viscoelastic fluid. It is shown that the convergence is optimal for the generalized Newtonian fluid by comparing with a converged boundary-fitted solution using traditional strong boundary conditions. Also the solution of the viscoelastic fluid compares very well with a traditional solution using a boundary-fitted mesh and strong Dirichlet boundary conditions. For both fluid models we also test various values of the κ parameter and it turns out that a value equal to the zero-shear-viscosity gives good results. But, it is also shown that a wide range of κ values can be chosen without sacrificing accuracy.     

Stability of a viscoelastic plate in fluid flow

The stability of an infinite viscoelastic plate on an elastic foundation in a viscous incompressible flow is studied. The Navier-Stokes system is linearized for an exponential velocity profile. The problem is reduced by a Fourier-Laplace transform to a system of ordinary differential equations, whose solution is found in the form of convergent series. The roots of the dispersion relation that characterize the stability of the system are found numerically. The effect of the viscosities of the fluid and the plate on the stability of the waves propagating upstream and downstream is studied. The results are compared with available data on the stability of a viscoelastic plate in an ideal fluid flow. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 66–74, July–August, 2006.     

黏弹-Perzyna黏塑性有限元法应力更新隐式算法

黏弹-黏塑性耦合模型的黏弹性部分由弹簧、黏壶和Kelvin链串联而成,黏塑性部分为双曲线型DruckerPrager屈服函数、各向同性硬化和Perzyna黏塑性流动模型。基于黏弹性蠕变柔度,通过定义与弹性问题相对应的与时间增量相关的黏弹性剪切模量和体积模量,导出增量递推形式的本构方程。为保证算法的收敛和稳定性,把Perzyna黏塑性流动方程转化为与弹塑性相似的一致性条件,建立黏塑性增量因子单侧逼近其收敛值的N-R迭代算法。最后,给出应力更新完全隐式算法和最终计算公式。分别采用黏弹性、黏弹-塑性和黏弹-黏塑性本构关系对一地基蠕变模型进行三维有限元分析和比较,结果表明,本文算法具有较高的计算效率和稳定性。     

粘弹性结构自由振动分析

提出一种分析粘弹性结构自振特性的数值方法,通过弹性等效空间特征值问题及一个代数方程的求解,得出粘弹性结构的频率及振型。此外建立了薄板的粘弹性动力方程并给出相应的求解方法。文中做了数值验证。     

A new finite element scheme using the Lagrangian framework for simulation of viscoelastic fluid flows

A new numerical scheme for simulation of viscoelastic fluid flows was designed, making use of finite element algorithms generally regarded as advantageous for tackling the problem. This includes the Lagrangian approach for the solution of viscoelastic constitutive equation using the co-deformational frame of reference with a possibility of analytically solving the equation along the particles trajectories, which in turn allowed eluding the solution of any system of linear equations for the stress. Then, the full ellipticity of the momentum conservation equation was utilised thanks to a possibility of accurate determination of the stress tensor independently of the velocity field at the current stage of computation. The needed independent stress was calculated at each time step on the basis of the past deformation history, which in turn was determined on the basis of the past velocity fields, all incorporated into a modified Euler time stepping algorithm. Owing to explicit inclusion of the full viscous term from the viscoelastic model into the momentum conservation equation, no stress splitting was necessary. The trajectory feet tracking was done accurately using a semi-analytic solution of the displacement gradient evolution equation and a weak formulation of the kinematics equation, the latter at the expense of solving an extra symmetric system of linear equations.The error expressed in the form of the Sobolev norms was determined using a comparison with available analytical solution for UCM fluid in the transient regime or numerically obtained steady-state stress values for the PTT fluid in Couette flow. The implementation of the PTT fluid model was done by modifying the relative displacement gradient tensor so that a new convective frame was defined.The stability of the algorithm was assessed using the well-known benchmark problem of a sphere sedimenting in a tube with viscoelastic fluid. The stable numerical results were obtained at high Weissenberg numbers, with the limit of convergence Wi=6.6, exceeding any previously reported values. The robustness of the code was proven by simulation of the Weissenberg effect (the rod-climbing phenomenon) with the use of PTT fluid.     

Hydroelastic instabilities in viscoelastic flow past a cylinder confined in a channel

Experimental investigation of viscoelastic flow past a cylinder is conducted for a polyisobutylene-based polymer solution. High-image-density particle image velocimetry is utilized to quantitatively determine the spatial features of elastic wake instabilities. The viscoelastic flow bifurcates from steady two-dimensional flow to steady three-dimensional flow for values of the Deborah number (dimensionless flow rate) greater than a critical value. These hydroelastic flow transitions are manifested in the form of three-dimensional cells spaced periodically along the axis of the cylinder. The elastic flow structures do not exist in the Newtonian counterpart of creeping flow past a cylinder. Received: 7 October 1998 / Accepted: 22 April 1999     

EIGEN THEORY OF VISCOELASTIC MECHANICS FOR ANISOTROPIC SOLIDS

Anisotropic viscoelastic mechanics is studied under anisotropic subspace. It is proved that there also exist the eigen properties for viscoelastic medium. The modal Maxwell's equation, modal dynamical equation (or modal equilibrium equation) and modal compatibility equation are obtained. Based on them, a new theory of anisotropic viscoelastic mechanics is presented. The advantages of the theory are as follows: 1) the equations are all scalar, and independent of each other. The number of equations is equal to that of anisotropic subspaces, 2) no matter how complicated the anisotropy of solids may be, the form of the definite equation and the boundary condition are in common and explicit, 3) there is no distinction between the force method and the displacement method for statics, that is, the equilibrium equation and the compatibility equation are indistinguishable under the mechanical space, 4) each model equation has a definite physical meaning, for example, the modal equations of order one and order two express the volume change and shear deformation respectively for isotropic solids, 5) there also exist the potential functions which are similar to the stress functions of elastic mechanics for viscoelastic mechanics, but they are not man-made, 6) the final solution of stress or strain is given in the form of modal superimposition, which is suitable to the proximate calculation in engineering.     

Geometrically nonlinear,steady state vibration of viscoelastic beams

The problem of geometrically non-linear steady state vibrations of beams excited by harmonic forces is considered in this paper. The beams are made of a viscoelastic material defined by the classic Zener rheological model - the simplest model that takes into account all the basic properties of real viscoelastic materials. The constitutive stress-strain relationship for this type of material is given as a differential equation containing derivatives of both stress and strain. This significantly complicates the solution to the problem. The von Karman theory is applied to describe the effects of geometric nonlinearities of beam deformations. The equations of motions are derived using the finite element methodology. A polynomial approximation of bending moments is used. The order of basis functions is set so as to obtain a coherent approximation of moments and displacements. In the steady-state solution of equations of motion, only one harmonic is taken into account. The matrix equations of amplitudes are derived using the harmonic balance method and the continuation method is applied for solving them. The tangent matrix of equations of amplitudes is determined in an explicit form. The stability of steady-state solution is also examined. The resonance curves for beams supported in a different way are shown and the results of calculation are briefly discussed.     

Transient analysis of viscoelastic helical rods subject to time-dependent loads

The transient analysis of viscoelastic helical rods subject to time-dependent loads are examined in the Laplace domain. The governing equations for naturally twisted and curved spatial rods obtained using the Timoshenko beam theory are rewritten for cylindrical helical rods. The curvature of the rod axis, effect of rotary inertia and, shear and axial deformations are considered in the formulation. The material of the rod is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic and linear viscoelastic. The viscoelastic constitutive equations are written in the Boltzmann–Volterra form. Ordinary differential equations in canonical form obtained in the Laplace domain are solved numerically using the complementary functions method to calculate the dynamic stiffness matrix of the problem. The solutions obtained are transformed to the real space using an appropriate numerical inverse Laplace transform method. Numerical results for quasi-static and dynamic response of viscoelastic models are presented in the form of graphics.     

Wave equation for generalized Zener model containing complex order fractional derivatives

We study waves in a viscoelastic rod whose constitutive equation is of generalized Zener type that contains fractional derivatives of complex order. The restrictions following from the Second Law of Thermodynamics are derived. The initial boundary value problem for such materials is formulated and solution is presented in the form of convolution. Two specific examples are analyzed.     

Flow of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids Through Packed Beds: An Experimental Study

The phenomena of flow reduction and flow enhancement was observed in case of viscoelastic and viscoinelastic fluids flowing through packed beds, respectively. In this study, the pressure drop-flow rate behaviors for the flow of Newtonian (water), non-Newtonian viscoinelastic (Carboxy methyl cellulose solution in water, CMC) and viscoelastic (Polyacrylamide solution in water, PAA) fluids have been experimentally studied and pressure drop behavior compared with existing models for viscoinelastic and viscoelastic fluids. Based on the observed data, an appropriate empirical correlation for pressure drop prediction in case of non-Newtonian fluid flowing through packed bed has been proposed. The correlation predicts the data well to within a reasonable accuracy.     

‘Generalized Burgers' equation’ for nonlinear viscoelastic waves

This paper deals with nonlinear longitudinal waves in a viscoelastic medium in which the viscoelastic relaxation function has the form K(t) = const. t^-v (0<v<1). This sort of slow relaxation may be more appropriate for polymers than the often used exponential relaxation. For a far field evolution of unindirectional waves, a “generalized Burgers' equation” is obtained, which is of a form with the second derivative in the usual Burgers' equation replaced by the derivative of real order 1 + v. The steady shock solution and self-similar pulse solution to this equation are discussed. In both cases numerical solutions are presented and analytic results are obtained for the asymptotic behaviors of the solutions. It is found that both shock and pulse solutions rise exponentially, but in their tails they have slow, algebraic decay.     

A numerical analytic method for solving boundary-value problems of linear anisotropic viscoelasticity

The paper proposes an approach to solving boundary-value problems for linear viscoelastic orthotropic bodies based on the method of operator continued fractions and the boundary-element method. A problem-solving algorithm and a procedure to estimate the possible error are outlined. The solution for a viscoelastic orthotropic plate with a rigid circular inclusion under uniaxial tension is obtained as an example and compared with available ones