Structure transformation of Ir clusters on Ir surfaces

A small Ir cluster can assume either a one-dimensional linear-chain structure or a two-dimensional island-like structure. We present a study of the energetics of the 1 D to 2 D structure transformation of three-atom Ir clusters on the Ir(111) and (001) surfaces. On the (111) plane, the temperature dependence of the ratio of the probabilities of observing a three-atom cluster in the 1 D and 2 D structures exhibits a simple linear Arrhenius behavior. The 2 D island structure is found to be more stable with the cluster binding energy lower by 0.098±0.004 eV. On the (001) plane, the 1 D chain structure is more stable with the cluster binding energy lower by 0.335±0.015 eV. From these energies, the relative pair interaction at three different bond lengths can be derived. The relative pair potential is found to be non-monotonic in distance dependence. We explain the (1×5) reconstruction of the Ir(001) surface as being caused by the large difference in the pair binding energy of the first and second nearest-neighbor bonds. In addition, we find a significant deviation from the simple linear Arrhenius behavior at low temperatures for the three-atom Ir cluster on the Ir (001) plane, indicating that the entropy factor is temperature dependent.     

Binding sites for cluster atoms: Ir on Ir(111)

Clusters of indium atoms on iridium (111) have been examined with the field ion microscope. From observations on highly symmetrical trimers, tetramers, and heptamers it appears that in larger clusters the atoms prefer to sit in bulk (fcc) sites, even though single adatoms favor surface (hcp) sites. These larger clusters thus serve to continue the normal fcc structure.     

Theoretical studies of Ir5Th and Ir5Ce nanoscale precipitates in Ir

Experimentally, it is known that very small amounts of thorium and/or cerium added to iridium metal form a precipitate, Ir₅Th/Ir₅Ce, which improves the high-temperature mechanical properties of the resulting alloys. We demonstrate that there are low-energy configurations for nanoscale precipitates of these phases in Ir, and that these coherent arrangements may assist in producing improved mechanical properties. One precipitate/matrix orientation gives a particularly low interfacial energy, and a low lattice misfit. Nanolayer precipitates with this orientation are found to be likely to form with little driving force to coarsen. The predicted morphology of the precipitates and their orientation with the matrix phase provide a potential experiment that could be used to test these predictions.     

Kern-Isomerie bei77Ir192 und77Ir194

Theβ- andγ-radiation of Ir¹⁹² and Ir¹⁹⁴, produced by slow neutron irradiation, has been studied with scintillation spectrometers. A new isomeric activity with a (47±2) second-half life is found to be Ir^194m , decaying by a 130 kev-transition to Ir¹⁹⁴ and byβ-emission to excited states of Pt¹⁹⁴. Gamma rays of energy (130±4), (323±7) and (625±20) kev were found. An upper limit for the conversion coefficient of the isomeric transition is given, which shows in connection with energy-half life-relations, that the 130 kev gamma ray is anE 3 transition.     

The decay of the isotopes176Ir and177Ir

^176,177Ir were produced by irradiation of¹⁴¹Pr with⁴⁰Ar. β-delayed γ-rays of^176,177Ir were observed for the first time. From γγ-coincidence data decay schemes could be constructed. A new half-life of¹⁷⁷Ir was obtained yielding t_1/2=30 (2) s. α-branching ratios of 3.1(6) % for¹⁷⁶Ir and 0.06(1)% for¹⁷⁷Ir were measured.     

The decay of the isotopes179Ir and180Ir

The probability for non-radiative (n.r.) excitations in muonic²⁰⁹Bi was determined from a ( ^–,)-measurement by comparing the intensities of muonic X-ray transitions in single and coincidence spectra. The values of P_n.r(3p1s)=(17.9±2.0)% and P_n.r.(3d1s)=(3.0±2.2)% were measured for the first time. The strength of the n.r. decay of the 2p-level was found to be (4.2±2.2)%. The n.r. transition probabilities of two subcomplexes of the (2p1s)-transition leading to different mean excitation energies are (3.2±1.8)% and (5.0±2.0)%, respectively.We are indebted to the following institutes or organizations for financial support: Bundesministerium ffir Forschung und Technologic der Bundesrepubfik Deutschland contract number 06 BN 271 (HP, PD, HH, FR, CR), Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) and the Netherlands Organization of the Advancement of Pure Research (NWO) (JK, CTAMdL, WL, AT) and the Schweizer Nationalfonds (LS).     

Stacking-fault nucleation on Ir(111)

Variable temperature scanning tunneling microscopy experiments reveal that in Ir(111) homoepitaxy islands nucleate and grow both in the regular fcc stacking and in the faulted hcp stacking. Analysis of this effect in dependence on deposition temperature leads to an atomistic model of stacking-fault formation: The large, metastable stacking-fault islands grow by sufficiently fast addition of adatoms to small mobile adatom clusters which occupy in thermal equilibrium the hcp sites with a significant probability. Using parameters derived independently by field ion microscopy, the model accurately describes the results for Ir(111) and is expected to be valid also for other surfaces.     

NH_3在Ir(211)和Ir(221)表面吸附的第一性原理计算

采用密度泛函理论,结合周期性平板模型,研究了NH_3在Ir(211)和Ir(221)表面上的吸附行为.计算结果显示,在Ir(211)、(221)两个面上,NH_3的优势吸附位皆为脊上的top位,吸附能均达到1.0 eV以上,都为化学吸附.电子结构计算结果表明,NH_3通过其N原子的2p_z轨道与底物金属Ir的5d_z~2轨道混合吸附于表面.     

Step edge diffusion and the structure of nanometer-size Ir islands on the Ir(111) surface

We report an FIM study of the structure of nanometer-size Ir islands on the Ir(111) surface. In this experiment, the number of atoms in an island is carefully controlled by field evaporation and vapor deposition. When this number can be fitted to a hexagonal atomic arrangement, the stable structure is found to be a perfect hexagon. In other cases, an addition of one ledge atom can reverse the symmetry of a small island or change its shape. We also compare diffusion of adatoms on the Ir(311) and (331) surfaces to that of ledge-atoms along the A- and B-type steps of the (111) layer, and the relative binding energies of a ledge atom at these steps.     

Nuclearg-factors of the first excited states in Ir191 and Ir193

Mössbauer experiments were performed to determine the nuclearg-factor of the 82 keV 1/2⁺ state in Ir¹⁹¹ (g=+1.083±0.009) and the 73 keV 1/2⁺ state in Ir¹⁹³ (g=+0.9400±0.0019). TheE2/M1 mixing parameters of the corresponding (1/2⁺) (E2/M1) (3/2⁺) transitions were found to be ¦δ¦ (Ir¹⁹¹, 82 keV)=0.80±0.06 andδ(Ir¹⁹³, 73 keV)=?0.558±0.005.     

Comment on ‘The low temperature electric quadrupole orientation of184Ir and185Ir in rhenium’

It is shown that the assignment of a 7^?/2[503] neutron configuration to the ground state of¹⁸⁴Ir by Allsop et al. [1] is inconsistent with the measured quadrupole moment of this state.     

Chemisorptive bonding and reaction of nitric oxide on Ir(100) and Ir(111) surfaces

Chemisorption of nitric oxide on single crystal Ir(111) and Ir(100)?(5 × 1) has been studied by UV-photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal desorption and low energy electron diffraction. At 300 K, partially dissociative adsorption is observed on both surfaces, confirming the borderline location of Ir in the Periodic Table with respect to molecular versus dissociative adsorption. Three different molecular chemisorption phases are distinguished in the UPS spectra through distinctly different 1π-level energies. A skewed orientation associated with a possible rehybridization and bending of the nitrosyl-metal bound for chemisorption on the Ir(111) surface is inferred both from a splitting of the 1π level and from observation of relative intensity variations in photoemission using a polarized photon source.     

The low temperature electric quadrupole orientation of184Ir and185Ir in rhenium

The half-lives of¹⁸⁴Ir,¹⁸⁵Ir and¹⁸⁶Ir have been determined to be 3.14(2) h, 14.4(1) h and 16.64(3) h, respectively. The quadrupole frequenciesv _Q = e²qQ_s/h of¹⁸⁴Ir and¹⁸⁵Ir in rhenium single crystal have been determined to be Q_s(¹⁸⁴Ir) = + 2.0(3) b MHz and Q_s(¹⁸⁵Ir) = +2.0(3) b MHz. Adopting the value of –3.6(2)×10¹⁷ V·cm^–2 for the electric field gradient eq at T=0 K, the values of the ground-state spectroscopic quadrupole moments of these isotopes are determined to be Q_s(¹⁸⁴Ir)=+2.0(3) b and Q_s(¹⁸⁵Ir)=–2.5(3) b. The¹⁸⁵Ir moment is only consistent with the ground state Nilsson configuration , the¹⁸⁴Ir moment is consistent with K4 with a predominant K=4 component, in disagreement with K=0,1 found for¹⁸⁶Ir. Our analysis differs in detail from the recent nuclear orientation study by Hagn et al.[1].     

The low-energy level structure and the electromagnetic properties of191Ir and193Ir

TheM 1 andE 2 reduced transition probabilities in¹⁹¹Ir and¹⁹⁹Ir have been calculated on the weak particle-core coupling model. The static moments of the ground state and the first three low-lying excited states have been computed. The theoretical values are in good agreement with the experimental results, in particular, the existing discrepancy between the theoretical and the experimental value for the magnetic moment of the first excited 5/2⁺ state, in both these nuclei, has been removed. The predicted sign of the quadrupole moment of the 2⁺ state in the neighbouring even-even nuclei is consistent with the results reported for Platinum nuclei. The level structure of both these nuclei has been calculated assuming the particle-core interaction to be dipole-dipole and quadrupole-quadrupole type.     

Long-lived isomers in 190Ir

Long-lived isomeric states in ¹⁹⁰Ir have been investigated with the ¹⁹²Os(p,3n) ¹⁹⁰Ir and ¹⁹²Os(d,4n) ¹⁹⁰Ir reactions using beams of 18–31 MeV protons and 27.8 MeV deuterons, respectively. A series of measurements, including excitation functions, half lives, e⁻γ coincidences and e⁻e⁻ coincidences, was performed. Five new transitions were observed, and the results of e⁻γ and e⁻e⁻ coincidences indicate that these transitions are fed by the 148.7 keV M4 transition that depopulates the 11⁻ isomer. The previous decay scheme is shown to be incorrect, and the results allow the ground state parity and mass excess to be determined.     

Level scheme of 194Ir

Levels of ¹⁹⁴Ir were studied using neutron capture and (d, p) reaction spectroscopy. A pair spectrometer was used to measure the high-energy γ-ray spectrum from thermal-neutron capture in an enriched ¹⁹³Ir target over the energy range 4640–6100 keV. From the same reaction, low-energy γ-radiation was studied using curved-crystal spectrometers, and conversion electrons were observed with magnetic spectrometers. Prompt and delayed γγ-coincidences were measured using semiconductor and scintillation detectors. Averaged resonance capture measurements were performed with 2 keV and 24 keV neutrons for primary transitions leading to excitation energies from 0 to 580 keV. Using 22 MeV deuterons, the ¹⁹³Ir(d, p) high resolution spectra were observed with a magnetic spectrograph. The deduced nuclear level scheme of ¹⁹⁴Ir includes 38 levels connected by 184 transitions. Unambiguous spins and parities were determined for 25 levels. The rotor-plus-particle model was used for the interpretation of the level scheme assuming a strong mixing for Nilsson configurations having identical parities and K quantum numbers. IBFFM model calculations were performed and the obtained results were compared with the experimental level scheme.