回旋行波管收集极的热分析

为解决回旋管行波管收集极的散热问题,保障回旋行波管工作的可靠性和稳定性,利用CST电子仿真软件模拟出电子在回旋行波管中的运动轨迹,并因此确定了进入收集极的电子注的初始条件。利用ANSYS有限元软件对回旋行波管收集极的散热特性进行详细的模拟计算,分析比较了不同热流密度加载方式对收集极温度分布的影响。采用非均匀热流加载方式探究了水温和流速对收集极温度的影响,并对收集极的散热翼片的数目和尺寸进行了优化,最终得出了比较理想的结构。模拟结果优于经验值,说明了所用模型和方法的正确性。     

回旋行波管收集极的热分析

为解决回旋管行波管收集极的散热问题,保障回旋行波管工作的可靠性和稳定性,利用CST电子仿真软件模拟出电子在回旋行波管中的运动轨迹,并因此确定了进入收集极的电子注的初始条件。利用ANSYS有限元软件对回旋行波管收集极的散热特性进行详细的模拟计算,分析比较了不同热流密度加载方式对收集极温度分布的影响。采用非均匀热流加载方式探究了水温和流速对收集极温度的影响,并对收集极的散热翼片的数目和尺寸进行了优化,最终得出了比较理想的结构。模拟结果优于经验值,说明了所用模型和方法的正确性。     

W波段回旋行波管绝对不稳定性的分析

 绝对不稳定性是制约回旋行波管性能的主要因素之一。通过回旋行波管色散方程,详细分析了W波段基波回旋行波管绝对不稳定性的形成和特征,提出了采用多段损耗波导来抑制绝对不稳定性的方法。分析表明,绝对不稳定性的起振存在一定阈值,起振电流对电子注参数和电路参数极其敏感,确定起振电流是稳定器件工作的前提条件。通过PIC模拟,给出了采用无损耗波导结构,且工作电流为25 A和10 A条件下的放大器频谱图和功率图,结果表明绝对不稳定性的出现与否主要由工作电流是否超过起振的阈值电流决定,损耗波导是抑制绝对不稳定性的有效手段。     

W波段回旋行波管收集极热可靠性设计

利用粒子模拟软件和热分析软件,对W波段回旋行波管收集极区的电子轨迹和热分布进行了仿真计算。通过对收集极磁场参数的优化,调节了收集极区的电子分布,使得电子轰击区域从17.05cm2增加到28.52cm2,提高了67%,从而降低了单位面积的功率密度。通过对收集极内壁热分布的仿真分析,确定了1kW/cm2的功率密度及1.12L/s的冷却水流量,以确保收集极内壁温度低于材料熔点,不会产生物理损坏,使得收集极能够稳定工作,保证了管子的工作稳定性。通过热仿真计算验证了优化方案的可行性,并已应用于实际。     

Developing a high-current relativistic millimeter-wave gyrotron

A relativistic gyrotron fed by a 500 keV, 2 kA helical electron flow in the TE and TM modes is simulated on the basis of a self-consistent system of time-dependent equations with a non-fixed field structure and using a three-dimensional version of the KARAT PIC code. The possibility of reaching an output power 200–250 MW at a wavelength of 10 mm is shown.     

具有分布损耗波导结构的回旋行波放大器绝对不稳定性

 详细推导了具有分布损耗波导结构的回旋行波放大器的色散特性。通过绝对不稳定性振荡出现的条件,给出求解具有损耗波导结构回旋行波管放大器的绝对不稳定性起振电流的数值计算方法。研究结果表明：绝对不稳定性起振电流与损耗波导的集肤深度有关,选择有较大的集肤深度的损耗波导可以提高绝对不稳定性起振电流;绝对不稳定性起振电流同时也与工作磁场偏离饱和磁场的程度以及电子束的纵横速度比有关;通过设计具有分布损耗波导结构的注-波互作用电路,以及工作磁场、电子束的纵横速度比,可以在兼顾带宽、效率的条件下,保证回旋行波管放大器稳定工作。     

具有分布损耗波导结构的回旋行波放大器绝对不稳定性

详细推导了具有分布损耗波导结构的回旋行波放大器的色散特性。通过绝对不稳定性振荡出现的条件,给出求解具有损耗波导结构回旋行波管放大器的绝对不稳定性起振电流的数值计算方法。研究结果表明：绝对不稳定性起振电流与损耗波导的集肤深度有关,选择有较大的集肤深度的损耗波导可以提高绝对不稳定性起振电流;绝对不稳定性起振电流同时也与工作磁场偏离饱和磁场的程度以及电子束的纵横速度比有关;通过设计具有分布损耗波导结构的注-波互作用电路,以及工作磁场、电子束的纵横速度比,可以在兼顾带宽、效率的条件下,保证回旋行波管放大器稳定工作。     

Diocotron instability of the electron beam in the drift tube of a gyrotron

A cold fluid model is used to investigate instabilities associated with a velocity shear due to the self fields of a relativistic electron beam inside the beam tunnel of a gyrotron. General statements concerning the stability of an electron beam like the frequency and the growth rate are possible. The growth is expressed as a length that can be compared with the geometry in the gun-tube-resonator system.     

Mode competition, suppression, and efficiency enhancement in overmoded gyrotron oscillators

Gyrotron oscillators are of great interest as sources of high power mm wave radiation for electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive in magnetic fusion research devices. Gyrotrons capable of efficiently generating cw power 1 megawatt will be required in future magnetic fusion studies. However, as gyrotron power approaches the megawatt level, a very large, overmoded cavity must be employed in order to keep ohmic power losses in the cavity at an acceptable level, and the problem of mode overpopulation becomes severe. Also, it becomes increasingly important to optimize gyrotron efficiency for a number of important reasons including minimizing the problem of collecting the electron beam energy. In the present paper, a detailed experimental and theoretical study of mode competition and mode locking in an overmoded gyrotron is presented. Efficiency enhancement (to 60%) and high peak power (430 kW) were achieved in the TE_2,4,1 mode using magnetostatic profiling in the cavity. With selective mode suppression, peak power of 475 kW was generated in the TE_0,4,1 mode.This work was performed at the Naval Research Laboratory. Some of the authors have affiliations with other institutions, as indicated:     

Calculation of the noise factor of a traveling-wave gyrotron

The problem of calculating the noise factor of a traveling-wave gyrotron is solved for a model of a thin annular multistart-helical electron flux taking into account the effect of the quasistatic space-charge field. Plots of the gain and the noise factor of the traveling-wave gyrotron versus the electrical parameters of the amplifier are obtained. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 130–132 (February 1998)     

Startup and mode competition in a 150 GHz gyrotron

Conclusion The startup of a gyrotron with a tapered resonator section operating at 150 GHz in the TE03-mode has been investigated with special emphasis on mode competition. Calculations show that multimoding occurs only for high currents and a small range of magnetic field strengths. Thus pure TE03 operation with powers exceeding 200 kW seems to be possible for tapered resonatorsThe pulse shape of the power supplies has a great influence on the startup of the gyrotron, and should therefore always be considered in the study of mode competition.To better predict experiments gyrotron theory should be self-consistent. Recent work at the KfK [14] shows progress in this field. For the above diagrams some quantitative changes are expected, but the two main results of this work on multimoding and the influence of the power supply will remain valid. Experiments on the gyrotron, which started recently should confirm the predictions and give impulses for further developments in gyrotron theory.     

分布损耗加载回旋行波管多模稳态注波互作用理论与比较证实

基于目前国际上实验研究的均匀介质加载和周期介质加载结构,建立了一种分布式损耗加载回旋行波管(gyro-TWT)多模稳态注波互作用理论.利用这一理论,以TE01模式基波gyro-TWT注波互作用为例,将Ka和W波段的理论结果与实验和软件仿真进行比较,以证实理论的合理性.     

Mode competition in a high harmonic tunable gyrotron

The nature of the competition between a fundamental mode and a second harmonic mode depends on whether their azimuthal mode numbers are the same or different. If they are the same, the second harmonic may aid the excitation of the fundamental and eventually, at high beam currents, be suppressed by the fundamental, if the azimuthal mode numbers are different, the two modes may grow together.     

行波管放大器中的电子混沌现象

用自洽方程模拟了波-粒相互作用过程中的电子混沌行为.结果表明：随着电流的增大，电子在相空间的运动轨道将变得混沌，混沌轨道受失谐量的影响.在时间上，电子混沌比场的极限环和混沌振荡出现要早.与场出现极限环振荡的电流阈值相比,出现电子混沌的电流阈值要小；在场呈极限环状态的“软”非线性区域，电子的混沌轨道占据大部分相空间；而在场混沌的“硬”非线性区域，混沌轨道则弥漫在整个相空间.当电流一定时,电子的混沌运动图样是不变的；在一定的电流范围内， 场的极限环和混沌振荡特征是确定的， 但它们的输出功率是不确定的. 关键词： 行波管放大器 电子混沌 相空间轨道 非线性相互作用     

Mode competition and control in higher-power gyrotron oscillators

One of the most important problems in the design of high-power millimeter-wave sources such as gyrotron oscillators is insuring that the device operates in the desired mode. For high-power and short-wavelength devices the effective mode density is high, in that the current is above threshold for many modes. One then is led to ask whether operation in a single mode is possible and what steps must be taken to maximize the electronic efficiency of the device while ensuring single-mode operation. The answer to the first question has been determined to be yes. Provided that certain conditions are met, single-mode operation is stable. The present results emphasize time-dependent multimode simulations showing how these stable states can be accessed. In particular, the accessibility to the stable single mode with maximum efficiency is studied. Regions of parameter space for which stable single-mode operation is possible are plotted for an annular beam for a closed-cavity gyrotron operating at a high-order whispering-gallery mode (TE_80.4). These results also apply to the quasioptical gyrotron with a pencil electron beam     

Parasitic oscillation in and suppression of a gyrotron backwardwave mode in a low-Q 8 GHz gyrotron

The parasitic oscillation of the TE°₂₁ gyrotron backward-wave (gyro BW) mode is observed in a low-Q, 8 GHz TE°₀₁₁, gyrotron. At low power (P_BW<5 kW), the oscillation of the gyro BW mode, simultaneously with the gyrotron mode, results in a maximum TE°₀₁₁, mode efficiency of less than 0.25. The parasitic oscillation is suppressed by operating the gyrotron with a negative magnetic field gradient along the electron beam, which allows the maximum efficiency to reach 0.40 and the output power to be multiplied by a factor varying from 1.4 to 1.7. The optimum efficiency curve of the TE°₀₁₁ mode indicates that the low-Q cavity behaves as a much higher Q_diff cavity. Excessive values of magnetic field gradient and α favor the TE°₀₁₂ , longitudinal mode, which oscillates in place of the TE°₀₁₁ mode and limits its maximum output power. This competitive process is responsible for the high-Q-like behavior of the optimum efficiency curve     

Study on a W-band modified V-shaped microstrip meander-line traveling-wave tube

The study on a miniaturized,low-voltage,wide-bandwidth,high-efficiency modified V-shaped microstrip meanderline slow-wave structure is presented.This structure is evolved from the original U-shaped microstrip meander-line slowwave structure,combining the advantages of a traditional microstrip and a rectangular helix.In this paper,simulations of the electromagnetic characteristics and the beam-wave interaction of this structure are carried out.Our study shows that when the design voltage and the current of a sheet electron beam are set to be 4700 V and 100 mA,respectively,this miniature millimeter-wave power amplifier is capable of delivering 160-W output power with a corresponding gain of 37.3 dB and a maximum interaction efficiency of 34% at 97 GHz.