Thermoluminescence in systems not subject to the usual approximations for first and second order kinetics

The properties of thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves have been studied in systems, containing one or more glow peaks, not restricted to the assumptions used to derive the usual first and second order glow peak kinetic expressions. If retrapping is negligible first order glow peaks are obtained whose peak temperature and shape are independent of other factors such as initial trapped charge concentrations. If retrapping occurs, glow peaks are obtained that are, in most cases, only approximated by first or second order kinetics. Also, in these cases the peak temperature, shape, relative intensity and other glow curve characteristics depend strongly on initial trapped charge concentrations, recombination and retrapping cross sections and other factors.     

A computer program for the deconvolution of the thermoluminescence glow curves by employing the interactive trap model

An efficient computer program has been developed to deconvolute thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks and optically stimulated (OSL) curves by employing a method of the interactive trap model (ITM). The program is designed to be used easily on the MS Windows-based computer with a graphical user interface. This program could be used to analyze the TL glow curves by using the traditional first-order kinetics (1OK), second-order kinetics (2OK), general order kinetics (GOK), mixed order kinetics (MOK) and the general approximation (GA) method as well as ITM. The program was tested with the generated data and the experimental results of deconvoluted TL glow curves of LiF TLD-100 by assigning five interacting traps and one recombination center. A complete version with full functionalities of this program can be downloaded from the web site http://physica.gnu.ac.kr/TLanal.     

A new method for the numerical analysis of thermoluminescence glow curve

A new method to analyze the thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve has been presented. It has been shown that this method is efficient and fast in generating the TL glow curves and can be adopted in a numerical curve fitting for obtaining the relevant TL parameters of a given TL glow curve data. This new method is based on a general approximation (GA) which assumes only that the concentration of the electrons in the conduction band is negligible when compared with the concentration of the electrons in the traps. The GA method has been tested against the reference glow curve data which was generated by the full iteration method without any prior approximation in the one-trap-one-recombination-centre model. By finding the best fit between the reference data and the curves generated by the GA method, the values of the kinetics parameters have been determined. Also, the general order kinetics (GOK) and the peak shape method have been examined. The fitted values of the activation energy and the initial concentration of electron by the GA method match reasonably well with the original value.     

Applications of the three points analysis method for obtaining the trap parameters and the separation of thermoluminescence glow curve into its components

Here, we apply a recently developed technique to separate a composite thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve into its individual components and to evaluate the trap parameters of the individual TL glow peaks. These parameters include the order of kinetics b, the activation energy E (eV) and the frequency factor S (s^?1) or the pre-exponential factor S″ (s^?1). Recently, a general equation was developed to estimate the order of kinetics b. The characteristic point of this equation is that any set of three data points in a TL glow curve can yield b. Using this characteristic, an improved procedure was suggested to separate a composite glow curve, which includes several overlapping peaks, into its individual components and to obtain the trap parameters of the individual glow peaks. The method was applied here to analyze and determine the trap parameters of the TL glow curve of the promising TL dosimetric material, double potassium yttrium fluoride (K₂YF₅) doped with praseodymium ions (Pr³⁺), in response to γ-irradiation.     

Two-point method for kinetic analysis of a thermoluminescence glow peak

We present a method for the estimation of defect (trap) physical parameters from thermoluminescence (TL) glow peaks. In this method, the order of kinetics b is determined using two values of TL intensity each of which corresponds to the same temperature (T ₁) on two separate glow peaks of a phosphor. The two glow peaks are obtained from two aliquots of the phosphor irradiated to same dose but read out at different heating rates. The proposed method requires a minimum of only two data points in contrast to standard peak shape (PS) methods that require three points corresponding to three different temperatures on the same glow peak. Once the order of kinetics b is determined, the activation energy E is calculated by taking a second point (T ₂) on any one of the two glow peaks. The values of b and E thus obtained are used to evaluate the frequency factor S ^′′ and the number of trapped electrons before the heating begins n _o. The validity of the method was checked using two numerically generated glow peaks. For the two cases, the method reproduced the input values reasonably well. The method was also used to analyse two experimental glow peaks. The results obtained provide a reasonably good fit to the experimental data. The kinetic parameters calculated using the present technique are comparable to those calculated using PS and initial rise methods. Initial guesses can easily be obtained for E and S ^′′ using the present technique when a glow curve is to be deconvoluted with a model consisting of many unknown parameters with E and S″ inclusive.     

Monte-Carlo method for determining the quenching function from variable heating rate measurements

In thermoluminescence (TL) measurements radiative recombination takes place at various temperatures. Typically, the quantum efficiency of luminescence decreases with increasing temperature. We call this mechanism the thermal quenching. There is no simple method to ‘restore’ unquenched TL data. This paper presents an algorithm, based on the Monte-Carlo method, for calculating the quenching function and restoring the unquenched TL curve. For this purpose we use a series of TL glow curves measured at the same initial conditions with variable heating rates. The method is quite general and no particular kinetic model of TL need to be assumed. The reliability of the method is tested using computer generated TL glow curves obeying the simple trap model (STM) kinetics.     

Determination of thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of thulium doped lithium calcium borate

For the first time kinetic parameters of thulium doped Lithium calcium borate (LCB) Thermoluminescence (TL) material are reported here. Irradiated LCB:Tm³⁺ powder has revealed two intense TL glow peaks one at 510 (peak 1) and the other at 660 K (peak 2). Activation energy (E), frequency factor (s) and order of kinetics (b) of these peaks were determined by various heating rate (VHR), initial rise (IR), and peak shape (PS) methods. The trap depth and frequency factor determined for peaks 1 and 2 of LCB:Tm phosphor using VHR and IR methods are in good agreement. The average activation energy of peaks 1 and 2 obtained by these methods is 1.62 and 1.91 eV respectively. The frequency factors of peaks 1 and 2 are in the range of 10^13–16 and 10^12–14 sec⁻¹ respectively. The E and s values estimated using the glow peak shape dependent parameters are relatively less compared to the values obtained from other methods. The large difference in these values is due to the complex nature of the glow curves. The order of the kinetics process for complex glow curve peaks could not be assigned on the basis of shape parameters alone but T_m response on absorbed dose is to be considered for final confirmation. Glow peaks 1 and 2 of LCB:Tm³⁺ obey first and general order kinetics respectively.     

Thermoluminescence in two varieties of jadeite: Irradiation effects and application to high dose dosimetry

The thermoluminescence properties of white (WJ) and green (GJ) mineral jadeite have been investigated with a view to be of use in high dose dosimetry. WJ presented glow curve with 110, 190 and 235 °C peaks. All these peaks grow with radiation dose. The glow curve of GJ the green variety has TL peaks at 140, 210, 250 and 330 °C. We also observed that there is a difference between the TL glow curves for both samples, irradiated with gamma and electron. As expected the green jadeite can be used for measurement of dose as high as 50 kGy.     

Reconstruction of thermally quenched glow curves in quartz

The experimentally measured thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves of quartz samples are influenced by the presence of the thermal quenching effect, which involves a variation of the luminescence efficiency as a function of temperature. The real shape of the thermally unquenched TL glow curves is completely unknown. In the present work an attempt is made to reconstruct these unquenched glow curves from the quenched experimental data, and for two different types of quartz samples. The reconstruction is based on the values of the thermal quenching parameter W (activation energy) and C (a dimensionless constant), which are known from recent experimental work on these two samples. A computerized glow-curve deconvolution (CGCD) analysis was performed twice for both the reconstructed and the experimental TL glow curves. Special attention was paid to check for consistency between the results of these two independent CGCD analyses. The investigation showed that the reconstruction attempt was successful, and it is concluded that the analysis of reconstructed TL glow curves can provide improved values of the kinetic parameters E, s for the glow peaks of quartz. This also leads to a better evaluation of the half-lives of electron trapping levels used for dosimetry and luminescence dating.     

Computerized glow curve deconvolution of thermoluminescent emission from polyminerals of Jamaica Mexican flower

The aim of this work is to study the main thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of the inorganic polyminerals extracted from dehydrated Jamaica flower or roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) belonging to Malvaceae family of Mexican origin. TL emission properties of the polymineral fraction in powder were studied using the initial rise (IR) method. The complex structure and kinetic parameters of the glow curves have been analysed accurately using the computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) assuming an exponential distribution of trapping levels. The extension of the IR method to the case of a continuous and exponential distribution of traps is reported, such as the derivation of the TL glow curve deconvolution functions for continuous trap distribution. CGCD is performed both in the case of frequency factor, s, temperature independent, and in the case with the s function of temperature.     

Thermoluminescence kinetics analysis of α-Al2O3:C at different dose levels and populations of trapping states and a model for its dose response

Kinetic analysis of a α-Al₂O₃ (TLD-500) thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeter was performed following irradiating the samples with ⁶⁰Co gamma rays. The number of glow peaks contained in the complex glow curve of this phosphor was identified using the T_m ? T_stop method, which demonstrates three component glow peaks. A computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) program was used to determine the trapping parameters of the three constituent glow peaks obtained at different dose levels and different populations of trapping states. To analyze the number of constituent glow peaks, we used a kinetic model to describe both the irradiation and heating stages. The predictions of the model for the TL response agreed well with the experimental data when three dosimetry traps were incorporated.     

The analysis of thermoluminescent glow peaks of copper doped ZnS thin films after β-irradiation

In the given study, the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of copper (Cu)-doped ZnS thin films were investigated after β-irradiation at room temperature (RT). It was observed that the glow curve of this material has two broad TL peaks, in which one of them was centered at about 110 °C and the other at about 170 °C for a heating rate of 1 °C s⁻¹ in the temperature range from RT to 350 °C. The additive dose (AD), T_m(E_a)−T_stop, repeated initial rise (RIR), variable heating rate (VHR) and computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) methods were used to analyze its glow curves. These methods indicated that the glow curve of this material is the superposition of a number of first- and general-order glow peaks, or at least due to the distribution of traps. The dose responses and fading process of both peaks were also examined, and it was observed that the dose responses of both peaks have similar pattern. First they follow a good linearity with different slopes and then saturate at approximately same dose level (2 kGy). The low-temperature broad peak nearly disappeared after 1 week storage in the dark at RT. On the other hand, the intensity of the high-temperature broad peak was approximately reduced to 50% of its original value. The TL emission spectrum of this material has two main emission bands, namely, the blue and green bands. The first glow peak emits predominantly in blue region, whereas the second glow peak in the green region.     

X-ray induced thermoluminescence in urea

The thermoluminescence (TL) spectrum of X-irradiated urea in the interval between N₂ liquid temperature and room temperature was obtained. Both the “initial rise” and the May and Partridge methods were used for analyzing the three glow peaks which are characteristic of urea, thus obtaining the values of the thermo-ionization energy and the kinetic order of the TL process. A hypothesis for identifying the nature of the defects responsible for the observed glow peaks was made.     

Thermoluminescence glow curve involving any extent of retrapping or any order of kinetics

Adirovitch set of equations has been modified to explain the mechanisms involved in thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve. A simple model is proposed which explains the occurrence of TL glow curve involving any extent of retrapping or any order of kinetics. It has been observed that the extents of recombination and simultaneous rewrapping decide the order of kinetics involved. TL decay parameters, order of kinetics and initial concentration of trapped electrons per unit volume are evaluated easily and conveniently. It has been observed that retrapping increases with increasing order of kinetics.     

Effect of ion irradiation on the thermoluminescence properties of K2Ca2(SO4)3 phosphor

This paper presents the thermoluminescence (TL) studies of ion-irradiated potassium–calcium mixed sulfate phosphor. The sample was prepared by the solid-state diffusion method. The X-ray diffraction study of the prepared sample suggests an orthorhombic structure with an average particle size of 0.16 μ m. The samples were irradiated with 1.2 MeV argon ions at fluences varying between 10¹¹ and 10¹⁵ ions/cm². The argon ions penetrate to a depth of 1.93 μ m and lose their energy mainly via electronic stopping. Due to ion irradiation, a large number of defects such as oxygen vacancies, radicals and color centers are formed in the sample. TL glow curves were recorded for each of the ion fluences. A linear increase in the intensity of TL glow peaks was found with an increase in the ion dose from 72 kGy to 720 MGy. The kinetic parameters associated with the prominent glow peaks were calculated using glow curve deconvolution, different glow curve shapes and sample heating rate methods.     

Thermoluminescence Kinetic Parameters of TLD-600 and TLD-700 after ~(252)Cf Neutron+Gamma and ~(90)Sr-~(90)Y Beta Radiations

The thermoluminescent(TL) properties such as glow curve structure, relative thermoluminescence sensitivity,dose response linearity of lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters 6 LiF:Ti,Mg(TLD-600) and 7 LiF:Ti,Mg(TLD-700) are investigated after irradiation ~(252)Cf neutron+gamma and ~(90)Sr-~(90)Y beta sources at room temperature and then the obtained results are compared. The kinetic parameters, namely the order of kinetics b,activation energy Ea and the frequency factor s,are calculated using the computerized glow curve deconvolution(CGCD) program. The effect of heating rate on the glow curves of dosimeters is also investigated. The maximum TL peak intensities and the total area under the glow curves decrease with the increasing heating rate. There is no agreement with the kinetic parameters calculated by the CGCD program for both radiation sources.     

Thermoluminescence kinetic study of binary lead-silicate glasses

This paper describes a detailed experimental study of the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of four binary lead-silicate glasses, with PbO concentrations ranging from 32% to 62% in mole percent. The TL glow peaks between room temperature and 300 °C were analyzed using a systematic thermal cleaning technique. The T_max-T_stop and E-T_stop methods of analysis were used to identify the number of peaks under the glow curves, and to obtain the activation energy E for each TL trap. A computerized glow curve fitting analysis is used to fit the experimental data to four first-order peaks with maxima at temperatures of 54, 80, 110 and 210 °C, as measured with a heating rate of 2 °C/s. The kinetic parameters of the glow-peak at 210 °C were confirmed by using phosphorescence decay methods of analysis. The TL traps associated with the low-temperature TL peak at 54 °C are found to depend strongly on the PbO concentration of the samples, while the higher-temperature TL peaks show a behavior independent of the PbO concentration. The activation energy E and frequency factor s of the low-temperature TL trap associated with the peak at 54 °C are consistent with a trap involving a delocalized transition through the conduction band. However, the activation energies and frequency factors for the higher-temperature TL traps are consistent with traps involving localized transitions via an excited state below the conduction band. The data suggest that these higher-temperature TL traps are associated with the common silicate matrix in these binary silicate glasses.     

Thermoluminescence glow curve deconvolution of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si with more realistic kinetic models

Thermoluminescence (TL) glow curves of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si were deconvoluted with the introduction of enhanced physical model which envisages that both electrons and holes, produced by ionization radiation and trapped at the respective traps, can be thermally released into the conduction and the valence band, respectively and the holes may also radiatively recombine with electrons at the electron recombination centers. The model is more generalized than the ordinary trap interaction model which only permits the traffic of electrons through the conduction band. An effective numerical analysis method was developed to calculate the glow curve to be compatible with the measured curves. The validity of the numerical method was verified through artificially generated TL glow curves for a wide range of trap parameters. In order to identify TL kinetics of LiF:Mg,Cu,Si with higher accuracy, its glow curves were deconvoluted for two more generalized models, namely, the Schön–Klasens model and the Chen–Pagonis–Lawless model as well as the ordinary trap interactive model. The parameters in the more generalized multi-trap multi-recombination center (MTMR) model were found to be consistent with the quasi-static approximation(QSA) method.     

α-Al2O3单晶的热释光和光释光特性

研究了纯α-Al₂O₃单晶的热释光发光曲线和三维发光谱，以及光释光衰变曲线，对它们的发光机理和剂量学特性进行了分析和讨论.实验观察到α-Al₂O₃单晶β射线照射后立即测量的热释光发光曲线，有峰温为76℃和207℃两个发光峰.经γ射线照射数小时后测量的三维发光谱，只有峰温207℃波长为416 nm发光峰，它与α-Al₂O₃:C晶体的发光波长基本相同，是受热激发到导带的电子与F< 关键词： 2O₃')" href="#">α-Al₂O₃ 三维发光谱 TL/OSL剂量响应