Cation distribution by Rietveld,spectral and magnetic studies of chromium-substituted nickel ferrites

Ultrafine crystals of chromium-substituted nickel ferrite were prepared by wet chemical co-precipitation method using sulphates of respective metal ions. Formation of these materials has been confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method. The fine crystal nature of these materials is evidenced from scanning electron microscope (SEM). Cation distribution has been investigated using X-ray diffraction technique. Cation distribution indicates that chromium occupy octahedral site for all the values of composition x. The saturation magnetization and magneton number both are decreasing with increase of chromium concentration x. The decrease in saturation magnetization and magneton number is attributed to the substitution of the Cr³⁺ ions. Curie temperature (T _C ) from susceptibility plot is found to decrease with Cr concentration x. Curie temperature of all the compositions are also obtained theoretically and it agrees with observed Curie temperature.     

Heat-induced retrieval of immunogold labeling for nucleobindin and osteoadherin from Lowicryl sections of bone

The main purpose of this study was to examine whether antigens can be retrieved by heating Lowicryl sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed (PFF) tissues. Thus the intensity of the immunogold signal for two bone proteins (Nucleobindin (Nuc) and osteoadherin (OSAD)) was compared in retrieved and non-retrieved sections of PFF rat bone. As an additional experiment, the effect of antigen retrieval (for Nuc) in sections of tissue primary stabilized by high pressure freezing with subsequent freeze substitution (HPF-FS) was studied. Finally, the tissue distribution patterns of Nuc labeling were compared in non-retrieved HPF-FS sections to that of retrieved and non-retrieved PFF sections. Antigen retrieval in Lowicryl sections of PFF tissues showed significantly enhanced labeling intensity for both proteins in all compartments where they are known to occur. Retrieved PFF Lowicryl sections showed only minor ultrastructural differences compared to non-retrieved ones. Retrieval of HPF-FS sections exhibited no enhancement of labeling but rather a slight reduction, which was significant in the cytoplasm and in cartilage. Furthermore, striking ultrastructural differences were observed in retrieved HPF-FS sections compared to non-retrieved ones with loss of coherence and structure in sections subjected to heating. Comparison of the distribution patterns of Nuc in the sections of PFF and HPF-FS tissues showed discrepancy in most compartments. Antigen retrieval by heating Lowicryl sections of PFF tissues significantly enhances immunogold labeling in all cell compartments where the bone proteins are known to occur. However, the procedure may distort the tissue distribution pattern of bone proteins.     

Optical study on intermediate-valence compounds Yb_(1-x)Lu_xAl_3

We report an optical spectroscopy study on intermediate valence system Yb_(1-x)Lu_xAl_3 with x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1. The Kondo temperature in the system is known to increase with increasing Lu concentration. Therefore, it is expected that the energy scale of the hybridization gap should increase with increasing Lu concentration based on the periodic Anderson model. On the contrary, we find that the spectral structure associated with the hybridization effect shifts monotonically to lower energy. Furthermore, the Lu substitution results in a substantial increase of the free carrier spectral weight and less pronounced plasma frequency reduction upon lowering temperature. We attribute the effect to the disruption of the Kondo lattice periodicity by the random substitution of Yb by Lu. The work highlights the importance of the lattice periodicity of the rare earth element for understanding the Kondo lattice phenomena.     

The influence of lanthanum doping on the physical and electrical properties of BTV ferroelectric thin films

In this study, the ferroelectricity of as-deposited Bi_3.9La_0.1Ti_2.9V_0.1O₁₂ (BLTV), Bi_3.9Ti_2.9V_0.1O₁₂ (BTV), and Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BIT) thin films was prepared and compared by rf magnetron sputtering technology. For the BLTV, BTV, and BIT thin films deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si and SiO₂/Si substrate, the physical and electrical characteristics of lanthanum doped BTV (BLTV) were better than those of BIT and BTV thin films. Regarding the physical properties, the micro-structure of as-deposited BTV and BLTV thin films were obtained and compared by XRD patterns and SEM images. The BLTV and BTV thin films were also exhibited clear the ferroelectricity. The remanent polarization (P _r ) of as-deposited BLTV thin films was 11 μC/cm² as the measured frequency of 100 kHz. It was higher than those of BTV thin films. Finally, the polarization of BLTV thin film capacitor decreased by 9%, while that of the BTV decreased by 15% after the fatigue test with 10⁹ switching cycles.     

真空冷冻干燥机冷阱中的气体换热分析

从理论上分析了螺旋盘管式冻干机冷阱中气体的换热。对真空冷阱中处于滑流区的气体换热 ,应考虑温度跳跃和速度滑移对换热的影响。基于冷阱内表面定热流和恒壁温的假设 ,建立了相应的分析模型 ,导出了冻干机冷阱内处于滑流区的气体换热 Nusselt数表达式 ,认为随着冷阱压力的降低 ,换热 Nusselt数将不断减小     

Influence of sputtering pressure on the giant magnetoresistance and structure in Fe–Cu–Ni granular thin films

Composition, structure and giant magnetoresistance in Fe_xCu_yNi_z films prepared at different sputtering pressures were investigated. X-ray diffraction studies showed only Cu (1 1 1) peak from the Cu grain. The shifts in the d-spacing d₁₁₁ of Cu indicates a progressive substitution of Ni in the Cu lattice. Similar trends in d₁₁₁ of Cu observed for the samples prepared at different sputtering pressures indicate that the structural behaviour of the samples is nearly independent of the sputtering pressure. A significant enhancement of magnetoresistance (MR) for the samples sputtered at 0.001 mbar as compared to that sputtered at 0.02 mbar is attributed to the reduced role of residual gas impurities in the films upon lowering the sputtering pressure. An interesting observation is that the MR did not significantly decrease even with a large substitution of Ni in the Cu grains.     

Indium-substitution and indium-less case effects on structural and magnetic properties of yttrium-iron garnet

The effect of indium (In) substitution in the dynamics of structure and ferrimagnetism of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) employing sintering temperature as a temporary agent of composition and structural changes was reported in this study. The nanoparticles of YIG powder samples with various In content (x=0.0–0.4) were prepared via the mechanical alloying (MA) technique. A brief, yet revealing characterization of the samples was carried out via transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, B–H Hysteresisgraph, and LCR-metre. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples prepared via the MA indicates the formation of single phase YIG structure at much lower sintering temperature than that in the conventional ceramic technique. The lattice constant increases as In content increases which obeys Vegard's Law due to the larger In³⁺ ions replacing the smaller Fe³⁺ ions. The saturation induction increased reaching about 699.1 G for x=0.3 and decreased with further In substitution. Three stages of ordered magnetism formation were identified which attributed to development of crystallinity and larger grains for magnetic domain accommodation. The Curie temperature shows a decrement in their values with In content due to weakening of superexchange interactions. Raman shifts from 268.1 to 272.2 cm⁻¹ with increasing In content were observed due to stress developed in the YIG crystal structure.     

Dielectric behaviour of Cu---Cr ferrites

Samples of the system CuFe_2−xCr_xO₄ where x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 were prepared. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were measured at different frequencies and temperatures from room temperature to 600 K. The dielectric constant was measured using the phase detector technique (lock-in amplifier). The results showed that the dielectric loss decreases with increasing frequency and Cr substitution. The dielectric constant decreases with both increasing frequency and Cr substitution at room temperature. At moderate temperatures, the dielectric constant shows a dispersion peak ′_max, and this peak shifted to higher frequency with increasing temperature. The results are explained in the light of the fact that the dielectric polarization process is similar to that of conduction. The appearance of the dispersion peak is related to the contribution of two types of charge carriers.     

真空冷冻干燥结合微乳液法制备纳米ZnO

真空冷冻干燥技术结合反相微乳液法制备了纳米ZnO粉体。利用XRD、TEM及表面积分析仪对制备过程、粉体的结构、形貌、比表面积、孔容进行了表征。探讨了煅烧温度、干燥方式及真空冷冻干燥的主要参数对纳米ZnO的影响。结果表明:该方法较常规方法制备的纳米ZnO粒径小(平均19nm)、分散性好、比表面积大(567.9m2.g-1),对亚甲基蓝溶液的降解(降解率98.6%)具有较高的光催化活性。     

低温诱导桑蚕体内腺体相行为的高分辨^13C固体核磁共振研究

为什么蚕在常温常压水溶液条件下即能纺出力学性能优异的蚕丝纤维, 一直是科学家们感兴趣的问题. 在过去的几十年, 人们曾用多种表征手段, 如双折射、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和电子散射等, 在界观尺度下对蚕在吐丝过程中腺体的相行为进行研究. 发现腺体在靠近吐丝口时呈液晶态, 并认为这是导致蚕丝力学性能的重要因素. 本文则在分子水平尺度下利用核磁共振方法, 对五龄蚕活体在常温和6 ℃下存储数天后解剖的腺体进行研究. 经对化学位移及其线型的各向异性分析发现, 当将体内腺体沿吐丝方向分为3部, 即后部、中部及靠近吐丝口的前部时, 常温下, 腺体后部和中后部分子呈无规线团, 而腺体中中部、中前部和前部分子呈液晶态. 6 ℃时, 中后部分子亦呈液晶态, 前部分子排列则各向异性更大, 说明更为有序. 这种液晶态呈分形结构, 在小于纳米尺度下为无规线团, 大于纳米尺度呈有序排列. 这表明, 降温过程可使呈无规线团的丝素蛋白分子转变为液晶态, 其效果如同蚕在吐丝过程中对其腺体施加的剪切应力. 该结果对于人们探索人工合成高性能类丝素纤维的纺丝工艺和条件将有启发和指导作用.     

Effect of the substitution of S for Se on the structure of the glasses in the system Ge0.23Sb0.07S0.70−xSex

Glasses in the system Ge-Sb-S/Se, expected to have high nonlinear index, have been elaborated with different S/Se ratio in order to increase the nonlinear optical properties of these glasses. We report results of a systematic study examining the relationship of the physical properties to the structure of the glasses in the system Ge_0.23Sb_0.07S_0.70−xSe_x with x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 0.70 where the substitution of S for Se has been made. The decrease of the glass transition temperature and the increase of the density with the progressive substitution of S for Se have been correlated, in accordance with the red shift of the absorption band gap, to the progressive decrease of corner-sharing GeS_4/2 units for 0.05<x<0.50 and of the progressive increase of corner-sharing GeSe_4/2 units and Ge-Se-Ge when x>0.50.     

High temperature XRD studies of nanoscale AgI-CuI solid solutions

A preliminary high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) study of the nanometer-sized solid solution phases in the AgI-CuI system is reported through an extended range of temperatures (300-723K) covering phase transitions in both AgI and CuI. A major feature of this work is the observation of the coexistence of the zincblende and base-centred cubic phases of AgI over an extended range of temperatures the temperature width being a function of Cu content in the binary. The lattice parameters derived from HT-XRD data reflect systematics of phase transitions with progressive Cu substitution of AgI. The present results are discussed together with our earlier ionic conductivity, dilatometry and DSC data which have helped deduce phase diagrams for both the Ag-rich and Cu-rich regions of the binary.     

Lack of self-averaging in neutral evolution of proteins

We simulate neutral evolution of proteins imposing conservation of the thermodynamic stability of the native state in the framework of an effective model of folding thermodynamics. This procedure generates evolutionary trajectories in sequence space which share two universal features for all of the examined proteins. First, the number of neutral mutations fluctuates broadly from one sequence to another, leading to a non-Poissonian substitution process. Second, the number of neutral mutations displays strong correlations along the trajectory, thus causing the breakdown of self-averaging of the resulting evolutionary substitution process.     

低温诱导桑蚕体内腺体相行为的高分辨13C固体核磁共振研究

为什么蚕在常温常压水溶液条件下即能纺出力学性能优异的蚕丝纤维,一直是科学家们感兴趣的问题. 在过去的几十年,人们曾用多种表征手段,如双折射、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和电子散射等,在界观尺度下对蚕在吐丝过程中腺体的相行为进行研究. 发现腺体在靠近吐丝口时呈液晶态,并认为这是导致蚕丝力学性能的重要因素. 本文则在分子水平尺度下利用核磁共振方法, 对五龄蚕活体在常温和6 ℃下存储数天后解剖的腺体进行研究. 经对化学位移及其线型的各向异性分析发现,当将体内腺体沿吐丝方向分为3部,即后部、中部及靠近吐丝口的前部时,常温下,腺体后部和中后部分子呈无规线团,而腺体中中部、中前部和前部分子呈液晶态. 6 ℃时, 中后部分子亦呈液晶态,前部分子排列则各向异性更大,说明更为有序. 这种液晶态呈分形结构,在小于纳米尺度下为无规线团,大于纳米尺度呈有序排列. 这表明,降温过程可使呈无规线团的丝素蛋白分子转变为液晶态,其效果如同蚕在吐丝过程中对其腺体施加的剪切应力. 该结果对于人们探索人工合成高性能类丝素纤维的纺丝工艺和条件将有启发和指导作用.      

A conductivity study of polyelectrolytes based on 4-vinyl pyridine and butylmethacrylate

Abstract  In this paper, the chain flexibility of P4-VP was tried to increase by lowering its glass transition temperature (T _g) and by increasing its amorphous region by copolymerizing with butyl methacrylate. The copolymers were prepared in five different feed molar ratios to optimize the required properties such as higher room temperature conductivity and film-forming capacity. The conductivity and conduction behavior of the copolymers, as well as their hydrochloride and hydrobromide salts, have been reported. The copolymers were prepared by solution polymerization technique, using tetrahydrofuran as solvent at 60 °C, and the salts were prepared by simple acidification. The copolymers and their salts were characterized by scanning electron micrographs, infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric, differential scanning calorimetry and AC impedance measurements. There was about 10³- to 10⁴-fold increase in room temperature conductivity of these plasticized polyelectrolytes. The conduction behavior was found to be predominantly ionic. The scientific importance of this paper is that, unlike polymer electrolytes, no external salt is used; instead the virgin polymer and polyelectrolytes are used for conductivity measurements.     

Comparative study of optical parameters of fullerene C60 film at different temperatures

Fullerene C₆₀ thin films on glass substrate (around 2000 ? thickness) were prepared by thermal evaporation technique. The structural, surface morphology and optical properties of the films were studied. The optical properties of fullerene C₆₀ were investigated in the spectral range 200 nm to 900 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at room temperature as well as at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The optical band gap at room temperature is found to be 2.30 eV, which gradually decreases with lowering the temperature and reaches to 2.27 at 77 K. The thickness and refractive index of fullerene C₆₀ film were calculated by ellipsometry. From the X-ray analysis, we have calculated the grain size, dislocation density, number of crystallite per unit area, and strain of the film at room temperature. The surface morphology of film was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The present result show that the fullerene C₆₀ film becomes more conducting at low temperature.     

A cryogenic scanning force microscope for the characterization of frozen biological samples

We present the design of a new scanning force microscope specially suited for the investigation of soft matter, particularly biological, in an ultrahigh vacuum. The key point is that the samples are immobilized by shock freezing in order to maintain their native structure before they are introduced into the vacuum system. The vacuum system itself consists of a transfer chamber, which allows an exchange of the cold sample with cryo-electron microscopes, a preparation chamber including a stage for in-situ freeze drying, freeze etching, or freeze fracturing, and the analysis chamber with the microscope. Sample cooling is maintained in all chambers. The microscope is mounted on a commercially available vibration isolation system; a flow cryostat cools the sample to the temperature of liquid nitrogen, while the tip is scanned. Besides measurements on test samples, which demonstrate the imaging capabilities of the instrument, first results on T4-bacteriophages (viruses) are shown. Received: 2 September 2002 / Accepted: 2 September 2002 / Published online: 5 March 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +49-40/42838-6188, E-mail: wiesendanger@physnet.uni-hamburg.de     

Characterization and scanning electron microscopic investigation of crosslinked freeze dried gelatin matrices for study of drug diffusivity and release kinetics

Drug delivery is a promising technique to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. However, properties of carrier materials require intense improvement for effective transport of drug molecules. In the current study, attempts have been made to develop freeze dried gelatin matrices cross linked with genipin at various temperatures (5°C, 15°C and 25°C) prior to freeze-drying (-80°C). The freeze dried matrices thus obtained at the said temperatures are characterized for crosslinking density, compression strength, swelling behaviors. The matrix crosslinked at 25°C showed highest Flory-Rehner crosslinking density (467 ± 46) (p<0.05), highest compressive strength (12.36 ± 0.12) (p<0.05) and lowest equilibrium water content. In this context, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to study the surface morphology (size and shape of pores) of the crosslinked matrices. These images were further processed for quantitative analysis of morphological features, viz., areas, radius, ferret diameter, length of major and minor axis and eccentricity using MATLAB toolboxes. These quantitative analyses correlate transport and the release kinetics of model anti-inflammatory drug (indomethacin) from crosslinked matrices in vitro to tune as a controllable delivery system. The diffusional exponent (n) for all constructs ranging from 0.61 to 0.69 (p<0.05) (0.45相似文献   

Thermo-Hydraulic Behavior of Microchannel Heat Exchanger System

This article presents an experimental study of thermo-hydrodynamic phenomena in a microchannel heat exchanger system. The aim of this investigation is to develop correlations between flow/thermal characteristics in the manifolds and the heat transfer performance of the microchannel. A rectangular microchannel fabricated by a laser-machining technique with channel width and hydraulic diameter of 87 μm and 0.17 mm, respectively, and a trapezoidal-shaped manifold are used in this study. The heat sink is subjected to iso-flux heating condition with liquid convective cooling through the channels. The temporal and spatial evolutions of temperature as well as total pressure drop across the system are monitored using appropriate sensors. Data obtained from this study were used to establish relationships between parameters such as longitudinal wall conduction factor, residence and switching time, and thermal spreading resistance with Reynolds number. Result shows that there exist an optimum Reynolds number and conditions for the microchannel heat exchanger system to result in maximum heat transfer performance. The condition in which the inlet manifold temperature surpasses the exit fluid temperature results in lower junction temperature. It further shows that for a high Reynolds number, the longitudinal wall conduction parameter is greater than unity and that the fluid has sufficient dwelling time to absorb heat from the wall of the manifold, leading to high thermal performance.     

Rapid communication: Permeability of hydrogen in two-dimensional graphene and hexagonal boron nitride sheets

This paper concerns an application to optimal energy by incorporating thermal equilibrium on MHD-generalised non-Newtonian fluid model with melting heat effect. Highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations is simplified to a nonlinear system using boundary layer approach and similarity transformations. Numerical solutions of velocity and temperature profile are obtained by using shooting method. The contribution of entropy generation is appraised on thermal and fluid velocities. Physical features of relevant parameters have been discussed by plotting graphs and tables. Some noteworthy findings are: Prandtl number, power law index and Weissenberg number contribute in lowering mass boundary layer thickness and entropy effect and enlarging thermal boundary layer thickness. However, an increasing mass boundary layer effect is only due to melting heat parameter. Moreover, thermal boundary layers have same trend for all parameters, i.e., temperature enhances with increase in values of significant parameters. Similarly, Hartman and Weissenberg numbers enhance Bejan number.