杂化电子的离域和轨道杂化的起因

从杂化电子离域的角度讨论轨道杂化的产生,提出电子交换是轨道杂化的根本原因。同时提出分子相对离域能和绝对离域能的概念及计算方法,说明相邻原子轨道之间的电子离域对体系稳定的重要性,并用电子离域的观点对杂化分子的许多现象进行了解释。     

多烯链平均π电子离域能的递变函数研究

离域能或共振能ED是一个共轭多烯体系中π电子能Eπ与相应数目n个孤立乙烯双键中π电子能总和nEπ之差量[1],即ED=Eπ-nEπ(c=c),由于离域能随双键数目增加而逐渐增大,大小不同的多烯链化合物总离域能不便比较.蒋明谦曾提出了著名的有机结构型性能的同系线性规律,他用多烯链每一个碳碳键上的平均离域能(或每个碳碳双键上的平均离域能)对同系因子(1/α)2/n作图,发现二者均具有良好的直线关系,如H(CH=CH)nH系列,碳碳双键上的平均离域能与同系因子成线性关系,相关系数为0.994,H(CH=CH)nC+H2系列,碳碳键上的平均离域能与同系因子线性相关,相关系数亦为0.994[2].但对于不同系列而言,碳碳键上的离域能和碳碳双键上的离域能不便比较.     

复合酸掺杂导电聚苯胺的性能研究

以苯胺为单体、过硫酸胺为氧化剂,由化学氧化聚合法在磺基水杨酸和硫酸的复合酸的水溶液中合成导电聚苯胺,并通过压片法、激光粒度分析、扫描电镜、差热分析及红外光谱对掺杂态聚苯胺的电导率、表面形貌及结构进行了研究.结果表明,复合酸掺杂聚苯胺的热稳定性比仅用硫酸掺杂聚苯胺的有了很大的提高;所得导电聚苯胺的粒度分布比较均匀(平均粒径约15.4μm);复合酸掺杂使聚苯胺分子链上的电荷呈离域化,掺杂程度提高.     

聚硅烷研究进展：（Ⅱ）聚硅烷的电子结构与电子光谱特性

聚硅烷的独特性质与其电子在主链上离域有密切关系，本文就聚硅烷的电子结构及电子光谱特性的研究作一综述。     

聚3-辛基噻吩/MWNTs复合材料的导电性能研究

采用在氯仿溶液中超声共混, 制备聚3-辛基噻吩(P3OT)和多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)复合材料. 当MWNTs掺杂量为3%时复合材料的电导率为1.43 S•m－1, 达到纯MWNTs的电导率水平. 用FTIR光谱, TG, UV-Vis光谱, XPS和FESEM进行研究分析, 认为MWNTs的离域电子与P3OT主链上的π电子之间形成π-π共轭, 增加了P3OT主链的有效共轭度, 被掺杂的P3OT具有很高的电导率, 提高了复合材料的导电性能. MWNTs与被掺杂的P3OT组成相对独立的导体单元, 对复合材料的导电网络形成起着主要作用.     

有机杂环分子的双光子吸收特性

利用少态模型和密度泛函理论计算了新近合成的三个具有有机杂环结构的苯并噻唑衍生物的非线性光学性质. 计算结果表明，随着有机分子的分子电子离域结构的增大，最大吸收峰红移.当共轭链较长时，共轭链的增长对增强分子双光子吸收截面的影响远大于吸电子基强度变化的影响.该类分子具有较好的双光子吸收特性.最后给出了三个分子的电荷转移过程.     

聚邻甲苯胺的质子酸掺杂

采用不同种类质子酸对聚邻甲苯进行进行掺杂, 发现质子酸的酸性, 分子尺寸和氧化性均不同程度地影响其掺杂率和电导率。大分子尺寸有机强酸掺杂可诱导掺杂态聚合物的溶解性。ESR测量结果表明, 中性聚邻甲苯胺的自旋电子主要定或 杂原子上; 质子酸掺杂导致氮原子上的电子产生重新组态, 并部分离域到邻近的芳环上, 显示出芳香π-电子的特性。电阻与压力依赖性研究揭示出质子酸掺杂聚邻甲苯胺的导电类型为电子型。     

可溶性聚[3-(2,2,3,3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩]的光谱性质

研究了中性和经FeCl_3掺杂后聚[3-(2,2,3,3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩](P3FT)溶液的光谱性质.中性P3FT具有特殊的溶剂色效应,其甲醇溶液的溶剂化吸收带强度随P3FT浓度增大而增强,该吸收带是高分子链与链之间的相互作用(即聚合物的聚集态结构)的反映.用电子光谱跟踪FeCl_3掺杂P3FT的过程,结果表明,P3FT随着掺杂程度的增大,载流子由极化子转变成双极化子,且双极化子的能级位于禁带中间,与孤子相似.     

聚苯胺的质子酸掺杂机制的研究

木文用FT-IR、ESR、XPS等研究了聚苯胺的质子酸掺杂机制。结果表明聚苯胺掺杂时的质子化反应优先发生在分子链中的醌亚胺结构单元的氮原子上,并产生了分子内氧化还原反应而形成阳离子自由基。质子所带的电荷由于共轭作用能较好地离域到邻近苯环及对位氮原子上。     

可溶性聚[3-(2,2,3,3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩]的光谱性质

研究了中性和经FeCI3掺杂后聚[3-(2, 2, 3, 3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩](P3FT)溶液的光谱性质。中性P3FT具有特殊的溶剂色效应, 其甲醇 溶液的溶剂化吸收带强度随P3FT浓度增大而增强, 该吸收带是高分子链与链之间的相互作用(即聚合物的聚集态结构)的反映。用电子光谱跟踪FeCI3掺杂P3FT的过程, 结果表明, P3DT随着掺杂程度的增大, 载流子由极化子转变成双极化子, 且双极化子的能级位于禁带中间, 与孤子相似。     

Electronic structure of oligoaniline doped by inorganic and organic acids

The electronic structure of doped‐oligoaniline with various dopants is investigated by means of DFT method. After doping by hydrochloric acid (HCl) and camphorsulfonic acid (HCSA), the alternation of bond‐lengths is decreased and the co‐planarity of adjacent aromatic rings is increased. The π‐conjugating effect is increased in the electronic nature of Ph‐N system because the electrons can be delocalized along the backbone of oligoaniline where the hydrogen bonds as a bridge transfer the electrons. The electronic structure of polaron and bipolaron conformation and their relative stability is discussed, indicating that the preferable conformation is dependant on various dopants. The calculation results reveal that there is a relatively stronger interaction between the organic dopant of HCSA and N atoms of PANI, and more charge transfer between PANI and HCSA is a reason for the fact that the conductivity of HCSA‐doped PANI is higher than that of HCl‐doped PANI. The doping mechanism is proposed based on the calculation results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008     

Donor-mediated band gap reduction in a homologous series of conjugated polymers

A family of six donor-acceptor-donor monomers was synthesized using combinations of thiophene, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and 3,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole as donor moieties, and cyanovinylene as the acceptor moiety, to understand the effects of modified donor ability on the optoelectronic and redox properties of the resulting electropolymerized materials. Spectroelectrochemistry, differential pulse voltammetry, and cyclic voltammetry results indicate band gaps ranging from 1.1 to 1.6 eV and suggest that these polymers can be both p-type and n-type doped at accessible potentials. In situ conductivity results indicate that the n-type conductivity magnitude is modest, and the conductivity profile indicates a redox conductivity mechanism as opposed to a delocalized electronic band mechanism as observed for p-type doping.     

高能球磨法固相掺杂制备樟脑磺酸掺杂聚苯胺

通过高能球磨方法引发樟脑磺酸(CSA)对本征态聚苯胺(PANI)的固相掺杂反应, 制备了樟脑磺酸掺杂聚苯胺(PANI-CSA)粉末. 采用SEM, XRD, FT-IR等分析方法对所得的PANI-CSA进行了形貌和结构表征, 采用四点探针法对电导率进行了测定. FT-IR图谱的变化反映了聚苯胺的质子化过程, 而XRD谱图表明, 聚苯胺分子链在外力诱导下形成了有利于电荷传导的取向排列. 系统地研究了球磨时间对掺杂率和电导率的影响规律. 结果表明, 固相掺杂具有较高的掺杂速率, 其电导率和掺杂率均随球磨时间先增大后减小, 其最高电导率可达到3.25 S/cm, 对应掺杂率为0.31.     

PHOTO-INDUCED DOPED POLYANILINE BY THE VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE AND METHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER AS PHOTO ACID GENERATOR

The emeraldine base form of polyaniline (PANI) can be doped by a photo-induceddoping method. In this method a copolymer of vinylidene chloride and methyl acrylate(VCMAC) was used as photo acid generator which can release proton when it is exposedto ultraviolet light (λ= 254 nm). The structure of PANI-VCMAC system before and afterirradiation was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, XPS, and SEM images. Resultsobtained indicate that the photo-induced doping characteristics, such as doping positionand type of charge carriers, are similar to that of PANI doped with HCl. The poor room-temperature conductivity (～10~(-5)S/cm) of PANI-VCMAC system after irradiation maybe due to low doping degree (～pH= 3) and the difference in morphology as compared withPANI-HCl film.     

Segmented polymers — A new class of doped non-conjugated polymers with enhanced electrical conductivity

A new class of segmented non-conjugated dopable polymers, built up from short conjugated blocks connected with flexible chains (spacers), has been proposed. After the redox reaction of doping these polymers exhibit properties similar to those of the fully conjugated polymers and increase considerably their electrical conductivity. A solid state polymer effect has been observed. It has been found that the conjugated building units (biphenyl, diphenyl ether and 1,3,4-oxadiazole) do not interact with the dopant when included in a low molecular weight substance. When these units are incorporated in a polymer chain they change their reactivity and the polymer can be doped. The doping process takes place only when the polymer is in the solid state and the nature of this phase is of considerable importance. The phenomenon observed, i.e. doping of non-conjugated polymers with segmented structure could be explained with a favourable arrangement of the conjugated blocks in the solid phase, leading to enhanced π-π - interaction (equivalent to extended conjugation). By the collective interaction of several conjugated blocks with the dopant the polymer is partially oxidized and charge carriers are formed. The result is enhanced electrical conductivity.     

Revealing the effect of oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains on n-doping process in FBDPPV-based polymers

The low doping efficiency of n-doped systems limits the development of n-type organic conducting materials. Oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) as the flexible chain in conjugated small molecules and polymers may improve doping efficiency. However, OEG side chains also bring unexpected low mobility and poor film morphology. Herein, we propose the stronger solution-state aggregation plays a dominated role in charge transport and morphology of OEG-substituted polymer. The solution-state aggregation also affects doping process. Therefore, we develop a series of polymers based on 3,7-bis((E)-7-fluoro-1-(2-octyldodecyl)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-2,6-dione (FBDPPV) with different ratios of OEG side chain to investigate the effect of side chain on solution-state aggregation and n-doping process. After n-doped by hexahydro-1H,3a1H,4H,7H-3a,6a,9a-triazaphenalene (TAM), FBDPPV with 50% OEG affords the highest doping efficiency and conductivity, while FBDPPV with 100% OEG shows lower conductivity. Combination of ultraviolet–visible–near infrared absorption spectra, grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy, we reveal that serious aggregated extent in solution of OEG-substituted polymer result in phase separation and rough morphology, which are the origins of poor conductivity. Our work provides a new perspective on the effect of the OEG side chain on the doped polymer systems, suggesting suitable solution-state aggregation is crucial to high doping efficiency and high conductivity.     

Extrinsic and intrinsic structural change during heat treatment of polyaniline

HCl doped polyaniline (PAni) was synthesized electrochemically and heat treated at 150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C for 30 min in vacuum. Different intrinsic and extrinsic structural changes due to heat treatment were determined from XRD, TGA, FT-IR, conductivity and solubility measurement. When HCl doped PAni is subjected to heat treatment, different changes are taking place in the system like doping, dedoping (extrinsic), oxidation, chain scission, cross-linking and changes in crystal structure (intrinsic). Mechanism for doping, dedoping, oxidation, chain scission and cross-linking is proposed.     

Fabrication and optimization of proton conductive polybenzimidazole electrospun nanofiber membranes

Phosphoric acid (PA)–doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) proton exchange membranes have received attention because of their good mechanical properties, moderate gas permeability, and superior proton conductivity under high temperature operation. Among PBI‐based film membranes, nanofibrous membranes withstand to higher strain because of strongly oriented polymer chains while exhibiting higher specific surface area with increased number of proton‐conducting sites. In this study, PBI electrospun nanofibers were produced and doped with PA to operate as high temperature proton exchange membrane, while changes in proton conductivity and morphologies were monitored. Proton conductive PBI nanofiber membranes by using the process parameters of 15 kV and 100 μL/h at 15 wt% PBI/dimethylacetamide polymer concentration were prepared by varying PA doping time as 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The morphological changes associated with PA doping addressed that acid doping significantly caused swelling and 2‐fold increase in mean fiber diameter. Tensile strength of the membranes is found to be increased by doping level, whereas the strain at break (15%) decreased because of the brittle nature of H‐bond network. 72 hour doped PBI membranes demonstrated highest proton conductivity whereas the decrease on conductivity for 96‐hour doped PBI membranes, which could be attributed to the morphological changes due to H‐bond network and acid leaking, was noted. Overall, the results suggested that of 72‐hour doped PBI membranes with proton conductivity of 123 mS/cm could be a potential candidate for proton exchange membrane fuel cell.     

Heavily Doped and Highly Conductive Hierarchical Nanoporous Graphene for Electrochemical Hydrogen Production

Heavy chemical doping and high electrical conductivity are two key factors for metal‐free graphene electrocatalysts to realize superior catalytic performance toward hydrogen evolution. However, heavy chemical doping usually leads to the reduction of electrical conductivity because the catalytically active dopants give rise to additional electron scattering and hence increased electrical resistance. A hierarchical nanoporous graphene, which is comprised of heavily chemical doped domains and a highly conductive pure graphene substrate, is reported. The hierarchical nanoporous graphene can host a remarkably high concentration of N and S dopants up to 9.0 at % without sacrificing the excellent electrical conductivity of graphene. The combination of heavy chemical doping and high conductivity results in high catalytic activity toward electrochemical hydrogen production. This study has an important implication in developing multi‐functional electrocatalysts by 3D nanoarchitecture design.