Kinetic study of isopropanol dehydration over silicoaluminophosphate catalyst

The catalytic dehydration of isopropanol has been studied over a solid acid silicoaluminophosphate type SAPO-5. The reaction was processed varying the temperature and weight hourly space velocity, using a fixed bed continous flow reactor. The isopropanol undergoes inter- and intramolecular dehydration, forming propylene and isopropyl ether, respectively. Nevertheless, the catalyst was selective to the olefin, with an activation energy of the order of 46.1 kJ/mol.     

Adsorption of isopropanol on a nickel catalyst

The adsorption isotherms of isopropanol on a Ni catalyst (15 wt % on SiO₂) in the temperature range of 273–303 K are determined. An increase in the isosteric heat of adsorption and entropy of adsorption after treating the catalyst with high frequency plasma in hydrogen and adding 1.5 wt % of Ce is detected, with treatment involving glow discharge plasma in Ar and O₂ having virtually no impact on these values. At a low degree of surface filling, the adsorption isotherms are described by the equation of induced adsorption. It is concluded that adsorbed isopropanol molecules are present in two forms: positively and negatively charged.     

New isopropanol dehydration catalyst based on tungsten carbide prepared by modified self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

The W₂C/C catalytic system with a high specific surface area (55 m²/g) was synthesized for the first time using modified self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The bulk and surface properties of the synthesized system were characterized using physicochemical methods and a model reaction of isopropanol conversion. It was found that the conversion of the alcohol with 100% selectivity occurs in the direction of dehydration with the formation of propylene and water. It was shown that active centers are the W(VI) surface ions of the carbide, whose activity is higher than the activity of tungsten as a constituent of the phase of WO₃.     

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyelectrolyte complex blend membrane for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was blended with soluble polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) made from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa). Crystallinity, thermal transition, and thermal stability of the PVA/PEC blends were characterized by using wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravity analysis (TGA), respectively. Surface morphology, cross-section and phase structure of the blend membranes were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface hydrophilicity and swelling behavior of the blend membranes were examined by water contact angle (CA) and swelling tests. Blend membranes were subjected to isopropanol dehydration, and effects of blend composition, feed composition and feed temperature on pervaporation performance are discussed in terms of phase structures of blend membranes. A performance of J = 1.35 kg/m² h, α = 1002, was obtained for blend membrane containing 50 wt% PEC in dehydrating 10 wt% water–isopropanol at 70 °C.     

Homogeneous polyimide/cyclodextrin composite membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol

Composite membranes with a sub-nanoscale homogeneous distribution of CD toroids in the Matrimid matrix were developed for dehydration of aqueous isopropanol. The composite membranes demonstrated separation factor far surpassing that of the neat Matrimid dense membrane. The heart of this innovation is the utilization of a CD derivative, ethylenediamine-β-cyclodextrin (EDA-β-CD), where the amine of CD could react with the imide of Matrimid and efficiently immobilize the CD rings during membrane formation. The superior separation properties for membranes embedded with 2–5% EDA-β-CD were attributed to the additional water channels created by the hydrophilic outer surface of CD and its interactions with the polymer matrix. FT-IR, density measurements and XRD have confirmed these hypotheses. Nevertheless, the separation factor exhibited an increasing then decreasing trend as a function of CD content and the opposite trend was observed with permeation flux. Investigation on the effect of feed water concentration showed that the neat Matrimid membrane possessed almost constant performance, but the Matrimid/EDA-β-CD (0.05) composite membrane exhibited an obvious increase in permeability and a decrease in selectivity at high water content. Even though the composite membrane swelled more at higher water content due to the intensified hydrophilicity ascribed to the introduction of CD structure, it always had much better separation factor. In addition, the Matrimid mixed matrix membranes embedded with 2–5% EDA-β-CD held reasonably tensile strength and modulus. The newly developed mixed matrix membrane approach may open up a new way to prepare next-generation high-performance asymmetric pervaporation membranes for isopropanol separation.     

焦磷酸盐-磷酸盐复合催化剂高效催化乳酸脱水制丙烯酸

利用沉淀法制得焦磷酸盐与磷酸盐在浆状态下复配制备成复合催化剂,并用于催化乳酸脱水制丙烯酸.实验发现催化剂的组成对乳酸的转化率及丙烯酸的选择性有着重要的影响,当磷酸盐/焦磷酸盐质量比在30∶70～50∶50范围内,可以获得较高的乳酸的转化率和丙烯酸的选择性.催化反应条件如反应温度,乳酸进料浓度,液空速也被详细地进行了考察.此外,考察了该复合催化剂的稳定性.当催化剂连续运行56 h后,乳酸的转化率保持在96%以上,丙烯酸的选择性也高达57%.为了进一步揭示催化剂的结构与催化性能之间的关系,利用X射线粉末衍射、热重、扫描电镜和傅立叶红外等对催化剂进行了表征.     

Blended chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol membranes for the pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol

Homogeneous membranes were prepared by casting the solution of blended chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on a glass plate. The percent weight of chitosan in the membrane was varied from 0 to 100%. The membrane thickness was in the range of 15–30 μm. The membranes were heat treated at 150 °C for an hour. After that the membranes were crosslinked by glutaraldehyde and sulfuric acid in acetone aqueous solution. The membranes were tested at 30–60 °C for dehydration performance of 50–95% isopropanol aqueous solutions. At around 90% of isopropanol in the feed mixture, permeate flux increased whereas the percent of water in permeate tended to decrease when the feed temperature increased for all membranes, except that the water content in permeate from the membrane containing 75 wt.% chitosan remained constant. The swelling degree in water and the total flux increased with increasing chitosan content in membranes. The effect of temperature on permeate flux followed the Arrhenius relationship. The permeate flux decreased when isopropanol in the feed increased for all membranes. However, water content in permeate and isopropanol concentration in the feed formed complex relationship for different chitosan content membranes. Sorption did not appear to have significant effects on separation. The membrane containing chitosan 75% performed the best. For a feed solution containing 90% isopropanol at 60 °C, the permeate flux was 644 g/m² h with water content of nearly 100% in the permeate. At 55% isopropanol in the feed at 60 °C, the permeate flux was 3812 g/m² h. In the range of 55–95% of isopropanol in the feed, the water content in permeate was more than 99.5%. This membrane showed very excellent performance with good mechanical strength. It is promising to develop this membrane for industrial uses.     

Layer-by-layer self-assembly of polyelectrolyte complexes and their multilayer films for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol

Two negatively charged polyelectrolyte complex colloidal nanoparticles (PEC⁻) and one positively charged nanoparticle (PEC⁺) were prepared and used as novel layer-by-layer (LbL) building blocks. These PEC nanoparticles include poly(2-methacryloyloxy ethyl trimethylammonium chloride)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (PDMC/CMCNa PEC⁻), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/CMCNa (PDDA/CMCNa PEC⁻) and PDDA/poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PDDA/PSS PEC⁺). LbL multilayer films based on (PEC⁺/PEC⁻) were constructed on both quartz slides and modified polyamide (MPA) reverse osmosis support membranes. UV–vis spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were utilized to follow the thickness growth and morphology evolution of these multilayer films with increasing bi-layer numbers. LbL multilayer films deposited on MPA support membranes were subjected to pervaporation dehydration of 10 wt% water–isopropanol and effect of bi-layer numbers and feed temperature on pervaporation performance was studied. Generally, PEC⁺/PEC⁻ can be LbL self-assembled successfully on both substrates with a thickness growth rate ca. 200 nm/bi-layer. Moreover, PEC⁺/PEC⁻ multilayer films show high pervaporation performance with film thickness up to several micrometers. For example, performance of the multilayer films in dehydrating 10 wt% water–isopropanol at 50 °C is J = 1.18 kg/m² h, α = 1013 for (PEC⁺/PDMC-CMCNa PEC⁻)₂₄ and J = 1.36 kg/m² h, α = 938 for (PEC⁺/PDMC-CMCNa PEC⁻)₂₅, respectively.     

Investigation of catalytic conversions of isopropanol and cyclic hydrocarbons on titanium dioxide (anatase) by means of a differential thermocouple

Summary With the aid of a differential thermocouple it was possible to show that the gradual carbonization of the anatase surface occurring during an experiment completely suppressed the dehydrogenation of isopropanol and promoted its dehydration with the total activity of the catalyst remaining unchanged, suppressed the irreversible catalytic reaction of cyclohexene and cyclohexadiene, and promoted the dehydrogenation of cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene, and cyclohexane.     

A polymer-anchored cobalt(II) complex as a reusable catalyst for oxidation of benzene,ethylbenzene and cyclohexane

A polymer-supported cobalt complex of 2,6-bis(benzimidazolyl)pyridine (BBP) was synthesized by immobilization of BBP on chloromethylated polystyrene cross-linked with 6.5 % divinylbenzene, followed by complexation with CoCl₂ in methanol, and characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The polymer-bound Co(PS–BBP)Cl₂ was found to be more stable compared to free Co(BBP)Cl₂ as determined by TGA analyses. The catalytic activity of Co(PS–BBP)Cl₂ was investigated towards oxidation of benzene, ethylbenzene and cyclohexane using tert-butylhydroperoxide as oxidant. At optimum conditions, benzene showed 72.6 % conversion with 100 % selectivity towards phenol; ethylbenzene exhibited 97.0 % conversion with 82.5 and 17.4 % selectivity towards benzaldehyde and acetophenone, respectively, whilst conversion of cyclohexane was 60.0 with 75.8 and 24.1 % selectivity towards cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone. The unsupported complex Co(BBP)Cl₂ showed lower activities and selectivities compared to the polymer-supported complex. Co(PS–BBP)Cl₂ was found to be very active and reusable, giving high yields of the desired products. A possible reaction mechanism is proposed for these oxidation reactions.     

间歇式水热合成制备丝光沸石膜及其异丙醇脱水应用

采用市售廉价大孔α-Al₂O₃管作为基质材料,通过热浸渍法在管外表面涂敷晶种,随后在无模板剂体系下,利用新型的间歇式水热合成法制备丝光沸石膜。对比了传统加热和间歇式加热对丝光沸石膜形貌、结构及渗透蒸发异丙醇脱水分离性能的差异。考察了合成液中Na₂O/SiO₂、SiO₂/Al₂O₃和NaF/SiO₂物质的量之比在间歇式水热合成下对丝光沸石膜的影响。研究结果表明,当合成液中Na₂O/SiO₂、SiO₂/Al₂O₃和NaF/SiO₂物质的量之比分别为0.24、16.7和0.25时,制备的丝光沸石膜渗透蒸发异丙醇脱水分离性能最佳,在75℃下,对异丙醇/水(9:1,w/w)的渗透通量达5.60 kg·m^-2·h^-1,水对异丙醇的分离因数大于10 00...     

间歇式水热合成制备丝光沸石膜及其异丙醇脱水应用

采用市售廉价大孔α-Al₂O₃管作为基质材料,通过热浸渍法在管外表面涂敷晶种,随后在无模板剂体系下,利用新型的间歇式水热合成法制备丝光沸石膜。对比了传统加热和间歇式加热对丝光沸石膜形貌、结构及渗透蒸发异丙醇脱水分离性能的差异。考察了合成液中Na₂O/SiO₂、SiO₂/Al₂O₃和NaF/SiO₂物质的量之比在间歇式水热合成下对丝光沸石膜的影响。研究结果表明,当合成液中Na₂O/SiO₂、SiO₂/Al₂O₃和NaF/SiO₂物质的量之比分别为0.24、16.7和0.25时,制备的丝光沸石膜渗透蒸发异丙醇脱水分离性能最佳,在75℃下,对异丙醇/水(9∶1,w/w)的渗透通量达5.60 kg·m^-2·h^-1,水对异丙醇的分离因数大于10 000。     

乙苯氧化脱氢反应Fex/TiO2的催化性能研究

新型氧化钛负载铁催化剂Fex/TiO2在低温乙苯空气氧化脱氢制苯乙烯反应中具有良好的催化活性。350 ℃,使用Fe7/TiO2催化剂,当Fe的质量分数为7%时,可获得14.6%乙苯单程转化率和99.0%的苯乙烯选择性。通过X衍射、表面吸附、热分析及扫描电镜仪器分析表征,考察氧化钛负载铁催化剂在乙苯低温氧化脱氢反应中的催化作用。350 ℃乙苯可被活化,催化剂活性的高低取决于活性物种Fe(III)的分布状态和质量分数。     

一种高效的多孔氮掺杂碳基气凝胶催化剂及其催化乙苯氧化性能

通过水热合成和高温煅烧的方法制备了多孔氮掺杂碳基复合气凝胶,其可作为一种高效的催化剂.该方法是以蒲绒和石墨烯气凝胶作为碳源和模板,尿素作为氮源.分别采用XRD,FT-IR,Raman和TEM对这些催化剂进行表征分析.以叔丁基过氧化氢为氧化剂,探究该复合气凝胶在乙苯选择性氧化生成苯乙酮的反应体系中的催化性能,实验结果表明,该复合气凝胶在该体系中具有优异的催化活性,苯乙酮的选择性可达92%以上.这是由于复合气凝胶中的多孔结构,氮元素的掺杂以及蒲绒和石墨烯气凝胶之间的相互作用.将生物质蒲绒转化为高催化活性碳材料,这种新颖的方法为寻找高性能催化氧化乙苯的催化剂提供了新的设计前景.