紊流对悬索桥动力特性的影响

文章研究了在风激励下,风中紊流对悬索桥动力特性的影响.悬索桥被处理为一个同时存在有两个相互耦合的振动模态的线性结构.当风高速吹桥时,风中的紊流可认为是一个宽带噪声,因此系统的响应是一个近似的马尔柯夫过程.运用随机平均法,可解出一组伊藤统计微分方程——从而确定系统运动稳定性条件.与只考虑一个振动模态的数学模型相比,本文结论更接近于实验结果.     

结构随机动力稳定性的定量分析方法

提出了结构随机动力稳定性的定量分析方法,讨论了经典的随机动力稳定性概念,指出结构动力稳定性不仅与结构参数有关,也与作用在结构上的外部载荷密切相关,据此引入了一种判定结构动力稳定性的新准则,明确了结构随机动力稳定性的基本涵义.在概率守恒原理基础上,推导了概率耗散系统的广义概率密度演化方程.引入结构动力失稳的物理机制作为引起概率耗散的驱动力,利用概率耗散系统概率密度演化方程、可以方便获得结构响应的概率密度演化过程,从而定量求解结构的动力稳定概率.据此,可以定量评价结构系统依概率为1或依给定概率意义上的结构随机动力稳定性.采用本文所建议方法对典型结构动力系统进行了随机动力稳定性分析,并与蒙特卡洛方法计算结果进行对比.数值结果表明了所建议方法的有效性.      

拟平稳高斯随机载荷作用下结构的可靠性估计

本文指出,许多随机载荷,诸如大气紊流、地面强风中紊流、路面不平度及海洋波浪产生的随机载荷,均可模型化为拟平稳高斯随机过程或场。在这种随机载荷作用下,线性结构的应力响应是一个拟平稳高斯随机场,可用一个含慢变参数的空间—时间互谱密度函数与一个这些慢变参数的联合概率密度函数来描述。在此情形下,结构的疲劳寿命与首次超越破坏的时间的概率密度函数与可靠性函数可由平稳高斯随机载荷下的相应结果加权平均得到,其权函数为应力响应谱密度函数中的慢变参数的联合概率密度函数。这样,大大地简化了在一大类统计特性缓慢变化的非平稳随机载荷作用下的结构的寿命与可靠性估计问题。     

随机参数超空泡射弹的动力稳定性和可靠性

针对轴向随机载荷作用下超空泡射弹结构的动力不稳定问题,建立超空泡射弹结构动力偏微分方程,利用Bolotin方法对其动力稳定性进行数值计算。考虑射弹结构参数随机性的影响,采用随机因子法求出随机参数射弹结构的动力不稳定区域边界,利用求解随机变量数字特征的代数综合法,推导出动力不稳定区域边界的均值和方差。在此基础上,对结构的非概率可靠性进行了分析,并讨论了参数的随机性对射弹结构动力不稳定性和非概率可靠性的影响。数值模拟结果表明,参数的随机性对射弹动力不稳定区域边界和非概率可靠性有一定的影响,其中,几何参数的随机性对射弹结构动力稳定性及可靠性影响较大。     

两铰弹性圆拱的动力屈曲

1 引言稳定性准则在系统稳定分析中占有极其重要的地位.对于保守系统而言,Budiansky-Roth 准则,或称运动方程法,是目前动力稳定数值分析中普遍采用的方法.对于弹性结构,若荷载参数的微小变化,引起响应幅值的巨大变化,则称结构丧失动力稳定性,即结构在Liapunov 意义上丧失稳定性.本文采用此准则判别弹性圆拱在均布突加阶跃荷载作用下的动力稳定性.     

拉索预应力巨型网格结构参激振动及动力稳定性研究

针对拉索预应力巨型网格结构的参激振动及动力稳定性问题进行了研究。首先建立索-拱简化模型,分析了桁架拱拉索参激振动的诱发机制与特征,并利用ANSYS软件进一步探究了参激振动的影响因素,然后对简谐荷载作用下拉索预应力桁架拱及整体结构的动力稳定性进行了分析。研究表明：当结构振动频率为索基频的2倍左右时,拉索会发生参激振动,振动响应特征与激励幅值、阻尼、拉索初张力、支承方式等相关;拉索预应力桁架拱在水平简谐荷载作用下一般会发生动力失稳破坏,在竖向简谐荷载作用下发生动力强度破坏,拉索预应力巨型网格整体结构在简谐荷载作用下通常发生动力失稳破坏。     

复合应力作用下强度退化的应力一强度干涉模型可靠性统计分析

在考虑随机复合应力作用下强度随使用时间不断退化时，研究了应力一强度干涉模型下的可靠性统计推断问题，给出了一个随机复合应力一强度退化干涉失效模型和模型未知参数的估计方法，该模型考虑了应力与强度退化的相关性，文章的最后利用算例验证了该模型的有效性。     

多次循环干涉型光纤陀螺仪的实验研究

详细介绍了循环干涉型光纤陀螺仪的实验装置及测试结果，给出了无源和有源补偿的两种敏感环结构下陀蛇分辨率公式。在实验装置中采用了大功率光源和低耦合比输入耦合器，以提高光波在敏感环中的循环次数。实验结果表明：光束在敏感环中循环了2－3次，并达到了较好的零偏稳定性。     

受随机激励作用结构的演化设计算法

提出了研究受随机激励作用的结构动力优化的演化设计方法，演化模型以随机激力作用下结构的位移方差为约束，寻求最优的构件尺寸使结构的重量最轻。演化算法采用多种群遗传与搜索空间收缩策略，并利用高效的虚拟随机激励法进行随机响应重分析和准精确罚函数处理约束，保证了算法稳定而迅速地收敛于最优解，算例显示出本文方法的有效性。     

随机振动讲座(四)

应用统计方法对结构的动力响应作理论分析,其最终目的是评价所设计的或检验现存的结构在经受随机荷载作用下的可靠性。这里可靠性的定义是指成功的(或安全的)概率,或是     

Dynamic wind loads and wake characteristics of a wind turbine model in an atmospheric boundary layer wind

An experimental study was conducted to characterize the dynamic wind loads and evolution of the unsteady vortex and turbulent flow structures in the near wake of a horizontal axis wind turbine model placed in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. In addition to measuring dynamic wind loads (i.e., aerodynamic forces and bending moments) acting on the wind turbine model by using a high-sensitive force-moment sensor unit, a high-resolution digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) system was used to achieve flow field measurements to quantify the characteristics of the turbulent vortex flow in the near wake of the wind turbine model. Besides conducting “free-run” PIV measurements to determine the ensemble-averaged statistics of the flow quantities such as mean velocity, Reynolds stress, and turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) distributions in the wake flow, “phase-locked” PIV measurements were also performed to elucidate further details about evolution of the unsteady vortex structures in the wake flow in relation to the position of the rotating turbine blades. The effects of the tip-speed-ratio of the wind turbine model on the dynamic wind loads and wake flow characteristics were quantified in the terms of the variations of the aerodynamic thrust and bending moment coefficients of the wind turbine model, the evolution of the helical tip vortices and the unsteady vortices shedding from the blade roots and turbine nacelle, the deceleration of the incoming airflows after passing the rotation disk of the turbine blades, the TKE and Reynolds stress distributions in the near wake of the wind turbine model. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the dynamic wind load measurements to elucidate underlying physics in order to gain further insight into the characteristics of the dynamic wind loads and turbulent vortex flows in the wakes of wind turbines for the optimal design of the wind turbines operating in atmospheric boundary layer winds.     

Wake impacts on aerodynamic and aeroelastic behaviors of a horizontal axis wind turbine blade for sheared and turbulent flow conditions

The magnitude and temporal variations of wind speed considerably influence aerodynamic and structural responses of MW-sized horizontal axis wind turbines. Thus, this paper investigates the variations in airloads and blade behavior of a wind turbine blade resulting from operations in sheared and turbulent flow conditions. First, in order to validate the present methods, comparisons of aerodynamic results were made among the blade element momentum method, free-wake method, and numerical results from the previous studies. Then, the validated methods were applied to a national renewable energy laboratory 5 MW reference wind turbine model for fluid–structure interaction analyses. From the numerical simulations, it can be clearly seen that unfavorable airloads and blade deformations occur due to the sheared and turbulent flow conditions. In addition, it is clear that wake impacts are not as substantial at those of high wind speeds; however, the effects obviously affect the aerodynamic and structural behaviors of the blade at lower wind speeds. Therefore, it is concluded that the numerical results markedly indicate the demand for accurate assessment of wake dynamics for accurate estimations of the aerodynamic and structural responses for sheared and turbulent flow environments.     

横摆角下汽车尾部湍流特征量的PIV试验分析

汽车尾部湍流场是汽车压差阻力的主要来源,在HD-2汽车模型风洞中,首先使用测力天平和测压系统,对横摆角工况下汽车模型的气动六分力和纵对称截面48个测点的表面压力进行了测量,然后利用PIV测量技术对模型在横摆角分别为0°、15°的尾部湍流场进行了测量,获得该模型尾流场的速度场、涡量场和雷诺应力流场信息,通过计算得出尾流场区域空间相关系数和湍流积分尺度。结果表明:在横摆角工况下,汽车模型尾部涡流的结构呈现向上发展的趋势;尾流场拖拽涡的范围和强度的增大导致了模型气动力出现较大的增加;湍流积分尺度的变化表明,尾部涡流区的分离噪声与涡流分离位置有关,在汽车尾部造型设计中,要尽量推迟尾部涡流的分离。     

桥梁颤振气动导数在均匀流与紊流作用下的统一辨识理论研究

桥梁断面颤振气动导数的准确识别是桥梁空气动力稳定性研究的基础,一直是桥梁风工程研究领域的前沿课题。基于工况模态分析理论,本文首先导出了紊流条件下桥梁颤振气动导数辨识的完整方法;其次,将上述数据处理方式运用到由均匀流条件引起的自由衰减振动中,得出与紊流情况类似的结果。本文提出的方法能够用同样的辨识原理、同一个数据处理程序统一地对紊流和均匀流下的桥梁气动导数进行辨识;最后,利用数值仿真算例验证上述理论。     

Modelling of inflow-conditions for vortex particle methods to simulate atmospheric turbulence and its induced aerodynamic admittance on line-like bluff bodies

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a novel method for the simulation of aerodynamic admittance of turbulent wind on bluff line-like structures using a pseudo 3D model of Vortex Particle Method (VPM). The method is a computationally efficient extension of the 2D VPM, where a coupled set of simulation slices accounts for the 3D nature of the oncoming wind flow. Pre-computed vortex particles are seeded in each of the parallel 2D simulation slices in order to model the turbulent velocity perturbations. Here, the modelling of the inflow seeding particles is enhanced, reducing the computational cost and allowing extendibility into quasi 3D domain. This a priori computation of the seeding vortex particles is based on modelling the atmospheric turbulence characteristics. The method is applied to simulate turbulent flow around an infinitesimally thin flat-plate, to asses its validity at the viscous-rotational boundary layer, which is important for accurate fluid-structure Interaction simulations. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis to different attributes is assessed     

An experimental study of a high-rise building model in tornado-like winds

An experimental study was conducted to quantify the characteristics of wake vortex and flow structures around a high-rise building model as well as the resultant wind loads (both forces and moments) acting on the test model in tornado-like winds. In addition to measuring wind loads acting on the tested high-rise building model using a high-sensitivity load cell, a digital Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system was used to conduct detailed flow field measurements to quantify the evolution of the unsteady vortex and turbulent flow structures around the test model in tornado-like winds. The measurement results revealed clearly that the evolution of the wake vortex and turbulent flow structures around the test model as well as the resultant wind loads induced by tornado-like winds were significantly different from those in conventional straight-line winds. The detailed flow field measurements were correlated with the wind load measurement data to elucidate the underlying physics to gain further insight into the flow-structure interactions between the tested high-rise building model and tornado-like vortex. The new findings derived from the present study could be used to provide more accurate prediction of wind damage potential to built environment with the ultimate goal of reducing life loss, injury casualty, and economic loss that results from tornados.     

两不等直径圆柱高雷诺数时均风力场的数值模拟

圆柱间气动干扰研究具有重要的理论和现实意义. 尽管国内外开展了圆柱组合风效应的风洞试验研究, 但主要针对等直径圆柱, 并且雷诺数多为10$^{5}$以下. 考虑到工程结构风场的高雷诺数特征, 采用数值模拟方法, 模拟两不等直径圆柱在串列、并列及交错排列下的高雷诺数($Re=4.5\times 10^{5}$)时均绕流场. 通过改变组合的间距和风向, 分析探讨两柱阻力、升力及总风力的变化规律.     

高雷诺数湍流风场大涡模拟的并行直接求解方法

在环境流体力学中,风场是风沙流、风雪流等自然环境特性问题研究的动力源和基础. 通常采用壁湍流模型进行风场大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)计算,但受到计算规模的限制使得 高雷诺数风场的模拟计算难以实现. 并行计算技术是解决大规模高雷诺数风场大涡模拟的关键技术之一. 在不可压湍流风场的LES模拟中,压力泊松方程的并行计算技术是进行规模并行计算的困难点. 根据风场流动模拟计算的特点,采用水平网格等距而垂直于地面网格非等距,在解决规模并行计算中求解压力泊松方程的难点问题时,利用FFT解耦三维泊松方程使其变为垂向的一维三对角方程, 并利用可并行的三对角方程PDD求解技术,可建立三维泊松方程的直接并行求解技术. 结合其它容易并行的动量方程计算,本文建立风场LES模拟的并行直接求解方法(parallel direct method-LES, PDM-LES). 在超级计算机上对新方法进行并行效率测试,并行计算效率达到90${\%}$. 新的方法可用于进行湍流风场大涡模拟的大规模并行计算. 计算结果表明,湍流风场瞬时速度分布近壁面存在条带状的拟序结构,平均场的速度分布符合速度对数律特性,风场湍流特性基本合理.      

敞开式大跨空间桁架结构风荷载分布特性研究

敞开式空间结构的桁架由于直接受气流作用,其流场空间分布复杂,风荷载确定困难,且风洞试验受模型缩尺比限制难于获取桁架结构上的气动力．借助数值风洞技术,利用高性能计算平台,本文数值求解了敞开式桁架结构的空间流场及风荷载分布．敞开式空间桁架结构整体风荷载表现为水平向为主,竖向不显著的特点,该点与封闭式桁架结构整体通常表现出竖向较强吸力作用明显不同．敞开式空间桁架结构整体风荷载对风向角表现并不敏感,其原因在于敞开式空间桁架的流场多处分离且相互干扰严重,其整体特征紊流不易在某个风向角下特别占优．     

CFD在飞翼标模支撑干扰影响研究中的应用

支撑干扰修正一直是风洞试验的一个重点和难点,特别是对于尾部扁平的飞翼布局飞行器,阻力和俯仰力矩是一个小量,进行风洞试验时,尾部需要局部放大,对阻力和俯仰力矩的影响相对较大,这就使得风洞试验时对支撑影响修正方法提出了更高的要求。本文采用CFD数值模拟手段针对小展弦比飞翼标模开展了网格收敛性和支撑干扰影响研究,分析了尾支撑对飞翼气动特性、压力分布和流场结构的影响,为进一步开展风洞试验的支撑干扰修正提供了依据。在典型工况下,支撑干扰会导致升力系数减小,阻力系数减小,抬头力矩增大;试验模型后体放大和支撑存在会导致飞翼标模上表面压力增大,激波强度变弱,尾部分离区域减小。