Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 2003-2005

This review article with 304 references describes recent developments in CE of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (Hutterer, K., Dolník, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3998-4012) through Spring 2005. It covers topics related to CE of proteins, including modeling of the electrophoretic migration of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, special electrophoretic techniques such as affinity CE, CIEF, and applications of CE to the analysis of proteins in real-world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals, and recombinant protein preparations.     

Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 1999-2001

This review article with 223 references describes recent developments in capillary electrophoresis (CE) of proteins and covers papers published during last two years, from the previous review (V. Dolnik, Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 3106-3115) through Spring 2001. It describes the topics related to CE of proteins including modeling of the electrophoretic properties of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving selectivity, detection, special electrophoretic techniques, and applications.     

Capillary electrophoresis of proteins 2005-2007

This review article with 239 references describes recent developments in capillary electrophoresis of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (V. Dolník, Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 126-141) through spring 2007. It includes topics related to CE of proteins, such as sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, and special electrophoretic techniques including ACE, CIEF, capillary ITP, and CEC. The paper describes applications of CE to analysis of proteins in real-world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals and recombinant protein preparations.     

Fundamental aspects of chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis

A review is presented that surveys the basic theory of direct separation of enantiomers by capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These separations are based on the formation of diastereomeric complexes between the enantiomeric analytes and a chiral selector added to the electrolyte solution. The review covers a comprehensive treatment of the equations needed for optimization of selectivity coefficients, resolution and analysis time in the zone electrophoretic mode. In this context, it takes into account combined equilibria of complexation and protonation/deprotonation as well as complexation and paritition into micelles. On the basis of these equations, the benefits of charged selectors and the optimization potential inherent to pH tuning can be documented. In addition, the review deals with some basic aspects of chiral isoelectric focusing and briefly discusses indirect enantioseparation. In a subsequent section a survey is given on particularfeatures of the various types of chiral selectors. Finally, the recent developments in preparative enantioseparation in continuous free-flow system and by use of isoelectric membranes are discussed.     

Capillary zone electrophoresis of natural organic matter

This paper presents an in-depth look at the use of capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques for the fingerprinting and characterization of humic substances and natural organic matter. These materials are highly heterogeneous in structure and show all characteristics of mixtures unliked in analytical chemistry. The electrophoretic approach, however, allows the determination of mobility distributions in different solution conditions, representative of the effective charge and size distribution status of the components present. A tabulated review covers over 50 references on the subject and highlights the possibilities and problems encountered in the analysis of such polydisperse materials with CE methods. In a second part of the article the consequences of experimental and buffer parameters on the behavior of humic materials in CE are presented.     

Progress in the methodological strategies for the detection in real samples of desmosine and isodesmosine, two biological markers of elastin degradation

Desmosines are crosslinking amino acids unique to mature elastin in humans. Owing to this unicity, they have been discussed as potentially attractive indicators of connective tissue disorders whose clinical manifestations are mostly the result of elastin degradation. This review covers advances in immunochemical, chromatographic, and electrophoretic procedures applied in the last 25 years to detect and quantitate these crosslinksin a variety of biological samples. Recent applications of CE with LIF detection (CE-LIF) for investigating the content of desmosines in different fluids will also be discussed.     

Separation of muscle proteins

This review covers various methods used in the separation and isolation of individual muscle contractile proteins. It is shown which methods have been most useful for the separation of contractile proteins and their fragments and in extending our knowledge of muscle biochemistry and physiology.     

Recent developments in capillary zone electrophoresis of proteins.

This review article with 125 references describes recent developments in capillary zone electrophoresis of proteins. It encompasses approximately the last two years, from the previous review (V. Dolník, Electrophoresis 1997, 18, 2353-2361) through Spring 1999. Topics covered include modeling of the electrophoretic properties of proteins, sample preconcentration and derivatization, wall coatings, improving selectivity, special detection techniques, and applications.     

The biosynthesis, molecular genetics and enzymology of the polyketide-derived metabolites

This review covers the biosynthesis of aliphatic and aromatic polyketides as well as mixed polyketide/NRPS metabolites, and discusses the molecular genetics and enzymology of the proteins responsible for their formation.     

Recent innovations in protein separation on microchips by electrophoretic methods

Microchips for analytical purposes have attracted great attention over the last 20 years. In the present review, we focus on the most recent development of microchips for electrophoretic separation of proteins. This review starts with a short recalling about the microchips covering the basic microchip layout for CE and the commercial chips and microchip platforms. A short paragraph is dedicated to the surface treatment of microchips, which is of paramount importance in protein analysis. One section is dedicated to on-line sample pretreatment in microchips and summarizes different strategies to pre-concentrate or to purify proteins from complex matrixes. Most of the common modes used for CE of proteins have already been adapted to the chip format, while multidimensional approaches are still in progress. The different routes to achieve detection in microchip are also presented with a special attention to derivatization or labeling of proteins. Finally, several recent applications are mentioned. They highlight the great potential of electrophoretic separations of proteins in numerous fields such as biological, pharmaceutical or agricultural and food analysis. A bibliography with 151 references is provided covering papers published from 2000 to the early 2007.     

High-performance capillary electrophoresis of meat, dairy, and cereal proteins

Food proteins play important roles in food functionality, nutrition, and human health. For these reasons, new analytical methods are continually being developed to separate and characterize these important proteins. High-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) is one of the latest analytical methods to be applied to the separation of food proteins. This review covers methods and applications for the separation of three major groups of food proteins, meat, dairy, and cereal proteins.     

嗜硫色谱纯化抗体技术的研究进展

嗜硫色谱在高盐环境下对抗体及其他某些蛋白质产生特异性吸附,再在低盐条件下洗脱,可获得高纯度及高回收率的蛋白质产品,是一种新型蛋白质纯化技术。该文对嗜硫色谱及其在抗体纯化中的应用做了综述。     

Reactions of glutaraldehyde with dipolar ions of amino acids and proteins

The review covers studies of the reactions of glutaraldehyde with dipolar ions of amino acids and proteins in neutral aqueous solutions. The formation of imines and the accompanying aldol condensation of glutaraldehyde are acid-catalyzed reactions.     

Review applications of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of biotechnology-derived therapeutic proteins

The number of proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology continues to grow at a rapid pace. In this review, the emphasis is on proteins that are of therapeutic interest. Aspects of protein analysis, such as glycoform separation of proteins produced in mammalian cells and the separation of oligosaccharides for structure elucidation, are covered. The use of antibodies as therapeutic proteins is growing and currently antibodies are the largest class of proteins produced by biotechnology. This has merited a separate section on analysis of antibodies by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Applications of mass spectrometry as an ancillary technique, used in conjunction with CE, are also covered briefly. This review covers the literature since 1999.     

Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides

This review summarizes applications of CEC for the analysis of proteins and peptides. This "hybrid" technique is useful for the analysis of a broad spectrum of proteins and peptides and is a complementary approach to liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic analysis. All modes of CEC are described--granular packed columns, monolithic stationary phases as well as open-tubular CEC. Attention is also paid to pressurized CEC and the chip-based platform.     

Recent developments in DNA sequencing by capillary and microdevice electrophoresis

The present review covers papers published in the years 1997 and 1998 on DNA sequencing by capillary and microdevice electrophoresis. The article does not include other electrophoretic DNA applications such as analysis of oligonucleotides, genotyping, and mutational analysis. Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) is starting to become a viable competitor to slab gel electrophoresis for DNA sequencing. Commercially available multicapillary array sequencers are now entering sequencing facilities which to date have totally relied on traditional slab gel technology. CGE research on DNA sequencing therefore becomes increasingly concerned with the critical task of fine-tuning the operational parameters to create robust sequencing systems. Electrophoretic microdevices are being considered the next technological step in DNA sequencing by electrophoresis.     

Carbon nanotubes in capillary electrophoresis, capillary electrochromatography and microchip electrophoresis

Carbon nanotubes are among the plethora of novel nanostructures developed since the 1980s. Nanotubes have attracted considerable interest by the scientific community thanks to their extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Research areas have flourished in recent years and now include the nano-electronic, (bio)sensor and analytical field along with many others. This review covers applications of carbon nanotubes in capillary electrophoresis, capillary electrochromatography and microchip electrophoresis. First, carbon nanotubes and a range of electrophoretic techniques are briefly introduced and key references are mentioned. Next, a comprehensive survey of achievements in the field is presented and critically assessed. The merits and downsides of carbon nanotube addition to the various capillary electrophoretic modes are addressed. The different schemes for fabricating electrochromatographic stationary phases based on carbon nanotubes are discussed. Finally, some future perspectives are offered.      

Cathodic electrodeposition of ceramic and organoceramic materials. Fundamental aspects

Electrodeposition of ceramic materials can be performed by electrophoretic (EPD) or electrolytic (ELD) deposition. Electrophoretic deposition is achieved via motion of charged particles towards an electrode under an applied electric field. Electrolytic deposition produces colloidal particles in cathodic reactions for subsequent deposition. Various electrochemical strategies and deposition mechanisms have been developed for electrodeposition of ceramic and organoceramic films, and are discussed in the present article. Electrode-position of ceramic and organoceramic materials includes mass transport, accumulation of particles near the electrode and their coagulation to form a cathodic deposit. Various types of interparticle forces that govern colloidal stability in the absence and presence of processing additives are discussed. Novel theoretical contributions towards an interpretation of particle coagulation near the electrode surface are reviewed. Background information is given on the methods of particle charging, stabilization of colloids in aqueous and non-aqueous media, electrophoretic mobility of ceramic particles and polyelectrolytes, and electrode reactions. This review also covers recent developments in the electrodeposition of ceramic and organoceramic materials.     

Novel analytical procedures for screening of drug residues in water, waste water, sediment and sludge

Traces of pharmaceuticals are continuously introduced into the aquatic environment mainly by sewage treatment plant effluents. Final data about their impact on the ecosystem are still partly missing. Progress in instrumental analytical chemistry has resulted in the availability of methods that allow a monitoring of these pollutants at ng L⁻¹ levels. In this review the state-of-the-art of residue analysis of pharmaceuticals by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques is summarized. Improvements in detection limits over the past years have mainly been due to sophisticated mass spectrometric detection techniques. Furthermore, robust sample preparation and preconcentration protocols based on solid-phase extraction and related procedures have contributed significantly to the achievements observed so far. This review also covers several immunochemical approaches which may serve as an inexpensive alternative for quick screening of samples.