改性壳聚糖膜用于醇水混合液分离的研究(Ⅱ)─壳聚糖－羧甲基纤维素共混物膜

制备了壳聚糖(CS)─羧甲基纤维素(CMC)共混物膜(I-2),对其成膜反应、溶胀度、交联度及拉伸强度进行了研究,结果表明,壳聚糖与羧甲基纤维素共混物在成膜的同时还发生交联反应;当CS/CMC=1时,交联度最大,此时共混物膜不溶于稀醋酸水溶液。首次将此共混物膜用于乙醇/水混合液的分离,该膜具有优良的醇水分离性能,当CS/CMC=1时,渗透通量和分离因子皆达到最大值[J=0.9kg/(m²·h),a=800,90wt%乙醇,45℃],且该膜的分离因子基本上不随温度变化,醇水透过I-2膜的表现活化能△E为32.6kJ/mol.对CS/CMC2+2+2+2+次序递增,分离因子变化次序则刚好相反。     

酯化交联聚乙烯醇膜用于渗透气化法分离EtoH／H2O的研究

合成了一系列磷酸和二元羧酸酯化交联改性的聚乙烯醇(PVA)膜,研究了它们用于水-乙醇混合液的渗透气化分离规律。磷酸改性的PVA膜具有较大的通量,当料液浓度为50%时,通量可达1200g/m~2·hr.,分离系数α_(H_2O/EtOH)=10。丙二酸改性PVA膜在料液浓度为50%时,通量可达800g/m~2·hr.,且α_(H_2O/EtOH)=18。并作了这两种膜的通量和分离系数随料液浓度的变化曲线。草酸交联的PVA膜具有较高的分离系数,但通量很小。求出了水、乙醇及总的表现渗透活化能。     

壳聚糖膜结构与乙醇／水混合液的渗透汽化性能

用渗透汽化膜分离混合液体,纤维素、赛璐玢等作醇/水分离膜有较高的渗透通量,但分离系数低.甲壳素是广泛存在于自然界的一类天然高分子.前文报道了用甲壳素脱乙酰基的产物壳聚糖(CS)作醇/水渗透汽化(PV)分离膜,在一定的原料液浓度下具有较好的选择渗透性.本文讨论CS膜结构对乙醇/水混合液PV性能的影响,并探讨了提高选择性的途径.     

明胶膜醇／水分离特性

明胶(Gelatin)曾用于与其它高聚物共混制备分离膜材料,但迄今未见单独成膜用于膜分离的报道.本文首次报道高纯牛骨胶经Cr_2(SO_4)_3交联后制膜的方法,并成功地用于醇/水渗透蒸发分离.采用渗透蒸发分离醇/水混合物,既节能又简便.     

聚乙烯醇(PVA)/壳聚糖(CS)合金膜的醇-水渗透汽化分离性能研究

在表征了PVA/CS共混体系相容性的基础上,本文报导MeOH-H_2O,EtOH-H_2O和i-PrOH-H_2O体系在PVA,CS及其合金膜中的渗透汽化行为。讨论了温度、料液浓度、合金膜的组成对分离性质的影响。从膜的分子和聚集态结构出发对相关的渗透行为进行了解释。对于PVA、CS及其合金膜来说,膜内自由体积大小看来是影响分离性能的主要因素,小分子在膜中的渗透性质主要是由扩散控制的。     

莫来石管上丝光沸石膜的合成与渗透汽化性能

采用不添加有机模板剂、配比为n_(Na_2O):n_(Al_2O_3):n_(SiO_3):n_(H_2O)=0.25:0.015～0.1:1:15～60溶胶,在涂有晶种的多孔莫来石管上水热合成出了丝光沸石膜。制备的膜经XRD和SEM表征。考察了合成时间、硅铝比、水硅比和硅源等因素对膜生长及其性能的影响。合成时间的延长有利于丝光沸石c轴方向的优先生长,然而优先取向生长膜层并未提高膜在水/乙醇分离体系中的渗透通量和选择性。优化条件下合成的膜具有较高的渗透汽化性能,在348 K、水/乙醇(10/90,W/W)混合溶液中的渗透通量和分离因子分别为0.70 kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。和860。基于XRD和SEM表征结果,高的渗透汽化性能可归结于在莫来石支撑层与较为疏松的表面晶体层之间形成的致密中间层。     

混合溶剂中多组分电解质溶液热力学性质的研究——Ⅲ.HCl-NaCl-i-PrOH-H_2O体系(5—45℃)

在恒定溶液总离子强度I=1.00mol·kg~(-1), 改变异丙醇在混合溶剂中的摩尔分数x=0.025、0.075和0.100条件下,测定了无液接界电池(A)和电池(B)的电动势。 Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCl(m),i-PrOH(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag (A) Pt,H_2(1.013×10~5Pa)|HCl(m_A),NaCl(m_B),i-PrOH(x),H_2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag(B) 根据电池(A)的电动势,确定混合溶剂中Ag-AgCl电极的标准电极电势,讨论了HCl的迁移性质。利用电池(B)的电动势,确定HCl活度系数γ_A。结果表明,在恒定I为1.00mol·kg~(-1)时,HCl的活度系数仍然服从Harned规则。在恒定溶液组成时,lgγ_A对热力学温度的倒数1/T作图,具有良好直线关系。进一步讨论了混合物中HCl的相对偏摩尔焓和HCl的溶剂化数及介质效应。     

聚合物支撑的金属有机骨架膜的制备及其气体分离性能

由于MOF(金属有机骨架)膜与基底之间的作用力较薄弱,所以制备具有高的H_2渗透性和H_2/CO_2选择性的致密连续的大面积金属有机骨架膜仍具有巨大挑战。本文选取多孔Al_2O_3作为基底,在表面涂覆一层PIM-1(一种固有微孔聚合物),并对其进行羧基化处理,使得表面具有大量的羧基基团,随后利用羧基与金属之间的相互作用,原位生长得到了两种致密连续的聚合物支撑的MOF膜(PIM-1-COOH/ZIF-8和PIM-1-COOH/HKUST-1)。通过XRD的表征可以看出MOF膜是纯相的并且具有较高的结晶性;SEM的测试结果表明MOF膜是致密连续的并且MOF膜与基底之间紧密结合。气体分离测试结果表明,这两种MOF膜对H_2具有较高的渗透性以及H_2/CO_2选择性。在常温常压下,对于PIM-1-COOH/ZIF-8和PIM-1-COOH/HKUST-1膜,H_2/CO_2双组分气体的分离系数分别为7.32、9.69,并且它们H_2的渗透通量分别高于3.16×10~(-6)、1.14×10~(-6) mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1)。在单组份测试中,这两种MOF膜的H_2/CO_2的理想分离系数分别为7.70、12.04;H_2的渗透通量分别高达3.73×10~(-6)、3.86×10~(-6) mol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)·Pa~(-1),这就表明这两种MOF膜有望在H_2的纯化和分离方面广泛应用。     

层状α-Zr(HPO_4)_2·H_2O交联过程的研究

以有机硅CH_3Si(OC_2H_5)_3和NH_2(CH_2)_3Si(OC_2H_5)_3为交联剂,对层状化合物α-Zr(HPO_4)_2·H_2O进行交联,经灼烧分别得到2种不同层间距的层柱型分子筛SiO_2-Zr(HPO_4)_2。用XRD、GC、NMR等方法对交联反应过程进行了研究,结果表明,交联剂在反应过程中发生水解、缩聚。某种聚合态硅选择性地嵌入α-Zr(HPO_4)_2·H_2O层间。     

纳米α-Fe_2O_3-TiO_2改性海藻酸钠/壳聚糖双极膜制备与表征

在壳聚糖(CS)阴离子交换膜中添加纳米复合半导体材料α-Fe2O3-TiO2,制备了PVA-SA/α-Fe2O3-TiO2-CS双极膜(PVA:聚乙烯醇;SA:海藻酸钠),并用扫描电镜、热重分析、电子万能试验机和接触角测定仪等对其进行了表征。研究结果表明,添加纳米α-Fe2O3-TiO2可提高双极膜的亲水性、热稳定性和机械性能。纳米α-Fe2O3-TiO2复合半导体材料较纳米α-Fe2O3或纳米TiO2单一半导体材料具有更强的光催化双极膜中间界面层水解离能力,在高压汞灯照射下能大大降低双极膜的膜阻抗和膜电阻压降(IR降)。     

壳聚糖膜的有机物－水溶液渗透汽化分离性能

使用均质和复合壳聚糖膜对二氧六环-水和丙酮-水溶液的渗透汽化分离性能进行了研究。结果显示,该膜对两种混合物的分离有很高的选择性和渗透速率。考察料液组成和温度对均质膜分离的影响,随温度升高,分离系数与通量同时增加。从渗透速率与温度的Arrhenius关系求得总的和各组分的表现渗透活化能,复合膜在保持高选择性的同时,渗透速率大幅度提高。     

A novel composite chitosan membrane for the separation of alcohol-water mixtures

A novel alcohol dehydration membrane with a three layer structure has been prepared. The top layer is a thin dense film of chitosan (CS), and the support layer is made of microporous polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Between the dense and microporous layer, there is an intermolecular cross-linking layer. This novel composite membrane has a high separation factor of more than 8000 and a good permeation rate of 0.26 kg/m² h for the pervaporation of 90 wt% ethanol aqueous solution at 60°C, 0.8 kg/m² h flux for a n-PrOH/water system and around 1 kg/m² h flux for an i-PrOH/water system using 80 wt% alcohol concentration at 60°C. The separation factor for both cases is more than 10⁵. The separation performance varies with feed composition, operating temperature and conditions of membrane preparation. The results show that the separation factor and flux of this membrane increase with raising the operating temperature. At the same time, the crosslinking layer improves durability of the composite membrane, and the pervaporation performance can be adjusted by changing the structure of the cross-linking layer. The cross section of the composite membrane has been examined by SEM.     

An improved process for separation of proteins using modified chitosan-silica cross-linked charged ultrafilter membranes under coupled driving forces: isoelectric separation of proteins

Functionalized chitosan namely as N-methylene phosphonic chitosan (PC) and quaternized chitosan (QC) silica composite charged ultrafilter membranes were prepared by acid catalyzed sol-gel method in the aqueous media and gelated in methanol for tailoring their pore structure. These membranes were employed for developing a simple membrane process for pH sensitive protein fractionation under coupled driving forces (pressure and electric gradient). Protein transmission (selectivity) and membrane throughput across both membranes were studied using binary mixture of protein under different gradients at pH points: 2.0, 4.8, 10.7, and 13.0. It was concluded that separation from the binary mixture of BSA-LYS, separation LYS at pH 4.8 (pI of BSA) using negatively charged PC-Si membrane or separation BSA at pH 10.7 (pI of LYS) using positively charged QC-Si membrane, was possible with high selectivity. Also in all cases, due to coupling of driving forces, filtrate flux and selectivity were enhanced by several folds. Furthermore, applied electric gradient progressively increased the separation factor values, which was close to 10 for PC-Si and 15 for QC-Si membranes. Relatively high separation value of individual protein from binary mixture and filtrate velocity suggests the practical usefulness of this novel process and biopolymer membranes.     

Pervaporation with chitosan membranes II. Blend membranes of chitosan and polyacrylic acid and comparison of homogeneous and composite membrane based on polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and polyacrylic acid for the separation of ethanol-water mixtures

Three different types of blend membranes based on chitosan and polyacrylic acid were prepared from homogeneous polymer solution and their performance on the pervaporation separation of water-ethanol mixtures was investigated. It was found that all membranes are highly water-selective. The temperature dependence of membrane permselectivity for the feed solutions of higher water content (>30 wt%) was unusual in that both permeability and separation factor increased with increase in temperature. This phenomenon might be explained from the aspect of activation energy and suggested that the sorption contribution to activation energy of permeation should not always be ignored when strong interaction occurs in the pervaporation membrane system.A comparison of pervaporation performance between composite and homogeneous membranes was also studied. Typical pervaporation results at 30°C for a 95 wt% ethanol aqueous solution were: for the homogeneous membrane, permeation flux = 33 g/m² h, separation factor = 2216; and for the composite membrane, permeation flux = 132 g/m² h, separation factor = 1008. A transport model consisting of dense layer and porous substrate in series was developed to describe the effect of porous substrate on pervaporation performance.     

Pervaporation separation of methanol/methyl t-butyl ether through chitosan composite membrane modified with surfactants

We investigated the efficiency of pervaporation separation of methanol/methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) mixture through chitosan composite membrane modified with sulfuric acid and four surfactants. Effects of feed concentration, temperature, crosslinking degree and type of surfactants were studied. The chitosan composite membrane modified with sulfuric acid showed the pervaporation performance of over 70 wt% methanol in the permeate and flux of 100 g/m² h measured at 25°C. At 50°C, the separation factor decreased while the flux increased exceeding 300 g/m² h. For the membrane complexed with surfactants, the permeate showed 98.3 wt% methanol concentration and 470 g/m² h of permeate flux at 25°C. With increasing operating temperature, the permeate flux remarkably increased to 1170 g/m² h and the permeate showed 97.8 wt% methanol concentrations.     

ZSM-5分子筛填充壳聚糖膜的制备与性能研究

采用液相共混的方法制备了ZSM-5分子筛填充壳聚糖膜.扫描电镜表征表明分子筛在膜中分散均匀,膜表面没有明显缺陷.考察了填充膜在碳酸二甲酯/甲醇混合液中的溶胀和吸附行为,探讨了填充膜中分子筛含量及操作温度对渗透汽化膜分离性能的影响.结果表明膜优先吸附甲醇,其分离性能主要由溶解过程控制;随着膜中分子筛含量的增加,膜的溶胀度增大,渗透通量大幅度提高;渗透通量与操作温度符合Arrhenius关系式.与壳聚糖均质膜相比,ZSM-5分子筛填充壳聚糖膜对甲醇和碳酸二甲酯混合物具有更好的分离效果.     

Chitosan/poly(tetrafluoroethylene) composite membranes using in pervaporation dehydration processes

Chitosan/PTFE composite membranes were prepared from casting a γ-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS)-containing chitosan solution on poly(styrene sulfuric acid) grafted expended poly(tetrafluoroethylene) film surface. The adhesion between the chitosan skin layer and the PTFE substrate was pretty good to warrant the high performance of chitosan/PTFE composite membranes using in pervaporation dehydration processes on isopropanol. The chitosan/PTFE membrane exhibited a permeation flux of 1730 g/m² h and a separation factor of 775 at 70 °C on pervaporation dehydration of a 70 wt% isopropanol aqueous solution. The membrane also survived after a long-term operation test in 45 days.     

Development of polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and phosphotungstic acid as pervaporation membranes for dehydration of isopropanol

Using a solution technique, chitosan-based polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) were developed as pervaporation membranes by incorporating phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The resulting membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Membranes were tested for their ability to separate water–isopropanol mixtures by pervaporation in the temperature range of 30–50 °C. The experimental results demonstrated that both flux and selectivity were increased simultaneously with increasing PTA content in the membrane. The permeation flux of pure chitosan membrane was increased dramatically from 4.13 to 11.70 × 10⁻² kg/m² h and correspondingly its separation factor was increased from 4490 to 11,241 and then decreased to 7490 at 30 °C for 10 mass% of water in the feed. The total flux and flux of water were found to be almost overlapping particularly for PECs membranes, suggesting that these could be used effectively to break the azeotropic point of water–isopropanol mixtures. From the temperature dependency of diffusion and permeation values, the Arrhenius activation parameters were estimated and discussed in the context of membranes efficiency. The pure chitosan and a small amount of PTA-incorporated PECs membranes exhibited positive heat of sorption while other PECs membranes exhibited negative heat of sorption, giving exothermic contribution.     

壳聚糖膜的处理方法与其渗透汽化性能间的关系

对壳聚糖均质膜折脱酸处理、干燥方法与所得膜的渗透汽化性能间的关系进行了研究。结果表明，处理方法的不同直接影响到膜的透过、分离性能。用含３ｗｔ．％ＮａＯＨ的醇水溶液（乙醇／水＝５０／５０（ｗｔ．／ｗｔ．））进行脱酸处理的膜，其α水／乙醇值，在料液温度为５５－７５℃的范围内几乎不变。