气化条件下灰的熔融行为及矿物质演变规律

本文利用XRD、SEM等测试手段,采用配气技术实验研究了高温气化条件下(29.9%H_2,66.2%CO,3.9%CO_2)高、低灰熔点煤灰及其混煤灰的熔融行为及矿物质演变规律。研究表明:气化条件下高灰熔点煤A含有较多的高岭石和石英,随着温度的升高,莫来石开始逐渐形成(960℃),当温度达到1300℃时煤灰A中的结晶矿物全部为莫来石;低灰熔点煤B含有较多的硬石膏和方解石,随着温度的升高,900～1200℃开始生成大量的钙长石、铁橄榄石、铁铝榴石等低熔矿物,在1300℃时煤灰B中的结晶矿物全部熔融;高温气化条件下,混煤灰A/B的熔融温度变化与其三元相图上相应的液相线温度具有良好的相似性,当混煤灰A/B的主要化学成分位于三元相图的二元共晶线或低熔融共晶点附近时熔融温度最低。     

煤燃烧过程矿物质行为研究

１前言煤中矿物质行为直接影响到煤灰熔融特性,影响到燃烧锅炉的结渣程度。以前曾对单种煤煤灰加热过程中矿物质行为特征［１,２］,以及混煤煤灰熔融行为与矿物形态间的关系［３,４］进行过研究。但这些研究均是以煤灰做为试样,静态加热处理并分析的基础性研究,而未考虑到燃烧锅炉内煤灰颗粒的加热燃烧速度、空间分布情况以及炉内温度分布。本研究将在四角燃烧炉内,煤燃烧过程中不同位置取出友样进行矿物质形态分析,并与煤灰静态加热过程矿物质组成及含量变化进行比较分析。２实验方法试样采用株州煤。制成８００”Ｃ灰样,株州煤的…     

煤粉加压气流床气化特性实验研究

煤气化技术由于具有高煤炭利用率和低污染排放,近年米得到快速发展.我国煤种灰熔点普遍偏高,约占保有储量的57%,无法满足现有液态排渣气流床气化技术的需要.为扩大该技术对我国高灰熔点煤种的适应性,本文在25kg/h规模的加压气流床气化装置上,对我国高灰熔点煤种进行了气化特性实验研究.研究结果表明:高温有利干气化反应向吸热方向进行,碳转化率升高,但过多氧气存在,使得气化炉内燃烧份额增加,导致合成气中 CO2和H2O的含量升高,CO、H2含量降低,冷煤气效率下降,因此,存在最佳气化温度.本实验条件下,最伟气化温度为1300～1350℃;1350℃连续运行1小时30分,此时气化炉底部和旋风分离器内的灰渣,整体上仍以固态形式存在,只有灰中部分低熔融成分发生熔融,其熔融部分在数μm左右.     

高钙煤的成灰特性研究

神木煤的含钙量较高,使得燃烧后煤灰中氧化钙含量也很高.研究高钙煤的成灰特性,以分析在何种工况下燃烧产生的煤灰更适于作为脱硫剂使用.选取1000℃和1100℃两个燃烧温度,各温度下分别通入的4种不同气氛组织燃烧,燃烧完全后对煤灰的物理特性进行研究.研究发现随着燃烧气氛中氧气质量浓度的增加,煤灰颗粒的尺寸逐渐减小,孔隙结构逐渐疏松.当燃烧温度升高时,所得煤灰颗粒的尺寸减小,孔隙结构变得致密.     

成灰温度对准东煤灰理化特性影响的实验研究

将3种新疆准东煤和4种对比煤种在不同温度下制灰,研究了成灰温度对灰理化特性的影响,并分析了准东煤的积灰结渣特性。研究表明:灰分量、灰成分、灰熔融性、灰挥发特性均与成灰温度密切相关,成灰温度过高会导致碱金属挥发,过低则灰中含有可燃成分。过高或过低的成灰温度均不能准确反映准东煤灰的理化特性,655℃成灰温度比较适合准东煤.提出了采用ST与碱金属含量相结合的结渣判定方法,提高了准东煤结渣判别的准确性.     

煤燃烧中无机矿物向颗粒物的转化规律

为深入理解燃煤颗粒物的形成机理,利用计算机控制扫描电镜技术对煤及其颗粒物中的无机矿物进行了详细表征,研究了煤燃烧过程中主要矿物向颗粒物的转化规律.结果表明煤中粘土矿物由于含有K、Na、Ca、Mg和Fe等杂质元素,容易在较低温度下发生熔融和聚合,从而使颗粒粒径变大.黄铁矿在燃烧中易发生分解、破碎而使颗粒粒径减小,Fe氧化物与硅酸盐发生反应形成富Fe硅酸盐.方解石和铁白云石在高温条件下分解生成对应的氧化物,也可与硅酸盐发生反应形成富Ca或富Fe硅酸盐.石膏在燃烧过程中会经历脱水和分解反应,生成的CaO可与SO3和熔融硅酸盐发生竞争反应.     

混煤煤灰熔融特性及矿物质形态的研究

本文对混煤熔融特性温度进行测定，并利用X-射线衍射分析对混煤煤灰的矿物组成进行试验分析，结果表明：混煤可改变原煤的结渣程度；混煤灰熔点与混煤比不成线性关系变化是混煤煤灰的低温共熔现象所致；在变形温度T1下煤灰中矿物质莫来石对煤灰熔融特性温度影响较大，莫来石含量越高，灰熔点越高．     

煤灰相变及其机理的研究

煤灰的熔融和结渣特性就是影响燃煤锅炉正常运行的主要原因,煤灰燃烧过程中的相变的研究对分析锅炉低温共熔和结焦有重要意义.本文分别对灰样和加入助熔剂的灰样进行热重分析,结合TG、DTG、DSC曲线在DDSC曲线上判别发生相变的温度段,然后利用X-射线衍射法对其机理进行分析并验证热重实验的结论.XRD法分析结果验证了TG-DSC法的DDSC曲线能够判别煤灰中的相变温度段,证明运用TG-DSC分析煤灰发生相变的温度段是有一定可行性的,而且把TG-DSC和XRD两种方法结合起来研究煤灰相变机理的技术是有效的.     

利用CCSEM对煤中矿物特性及其燃烧转化行为的研究

利用计算机控制扫描电镜技术(Computer Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy,CCSEM)研究了煤中矿物特性及其在燃烧过程中的转化行为.结果表明原煤中矿物主要为粘土和黄铁矿,且主要以外在矿物的形式存在,粒径多在10 μm以上,而内在矿物绝大部分小于10 μm.不同矿物具有不同的粒径分布和内在/外在特性,显示煤中矿物分布的非均一性.煤灰主要由莫来石、铁、钙和钠的铝硅酸盐组成.通过K、Fe、Ca和Na在原煤及其产物所含矿物中的质量分布对比,揭示了它们在燃烧过程中的转化行为.煤灰粒径的变大是矿物颗粒熔融聚合的结果.     

用XPS研究高灰熔融温度煤灰的矿物结构转化

高灰熔点X煤通过添加钙镁复配(W_CaO/W_MgO=1)助熔剂降低灰熔点,在模拟煤气化过程中制备灰渣,用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析不同温度点灰渣中O,Si,Al,Ca,Mg的存在形态及演化过程。认为钙镁复配助熔剂降低灰熔点主要是作用在硅、铝、氧结构变化上,表现为铝元素结构中铝氧配位方式的变化,即四配位的铝氧四面体[AlO₄]和六配位的铝氧八面体[AlO₆]随温度的变化而变化;硅元素结构中SiO₂链的破坏,Ca2+和Mg2+加入会破坏SiO₂链,使得桥氧硅变为非桥氧硅;以及氧元素结构中桥氧键断裂和非桥氧键形成。结合Factsage热力学分析软件,分析了添加钙镁复配助熔剂后,煤灰渣的高温相平衡组成,从矿物的结构变化研究助熔剂的助熔机理。结果表明,添加钙镁复配助熔剂后,Ca2+和Mg2+易与硅氧和铝氧四面体以及铝氧八面体中非桥氧键结合,生成低熔点的长石类矿物和镁质矿物,从而降低煤灰熔融温度。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.