具有半导体制冷的新型膜蒸馏组件性能实验研究

设计了一种新型的半导体制冷空气隙膜蒸馏系统,将具有半导体制冷的冷腔与膜蒸馏系统的热腔有机地结合起来。实验研究了半导体输入电流、冷却水流量及热液温度对通量的影响。实验表明:冷却水流量900 L/h,输入电流8 A时的冷壁温度平均为5℃,制冷面各测点的温差最大只有0.5℃,制冷面温度均匀;实验工况8~12 A,冷却水流量300L/h时,膜通量随半导体输入电流的增大而增大。本文的研究为小型半导体制冷空气隙膜蒸馏系统的理论与应用研究奠定了基础。     

高通量空气隙膜蒸馏传热研究

本文研究了空气隙膜蒸馏的传热过程,给出了其主要的传热计算公式。实验结果表明热腔内进液流量的增加,使传热强化,膜通量增加,但提高膜通量最有效的方式还是提高进液的温度。针对膜蒸馏热腔内切向旋转入流的特点,本文认为采用近似对流外掠平板的经验公式更加合适,并根据实验结果拟合出热腔对流换热的经验公式,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。空气隙厚度大于3mm后,由于空气隙内自然对流换热的影响,空气隙传递的热量反而增加,并且进液温度越高,自然对流换热对总热流密度的影响越大。根据实验结果给出了水蒸气在冷壁表面凝结换热的表面传热系数计算公式。     

空气隙膜蒸馏系统中超声应用研究

首次将超声激励技术用于膜蒸馏系统以提高蒸馏通量,并采用连续和间隙性超声激励研究超声参数对传质传热的影响并探讨其影响机理．结果表明。（１）蒸馏通量随着超声功率的增大而增加;本实验的超声激励可使蒸馏通量提高３０％;连续激励比间隙激励效果好．（２）超声空化、声学流和膜面振动改善了温度和浓度极化并清洗了膜面,这是超声激励提高蒸馏通量的主要机理,其中声学流与空化对温度和浓度极化的改善更为重要．本文还证实了文献１０提出的关于膜蒸馏通量的理论计算公式也适用于有超声激励的情况．     

膜蒸馏装置热容腔流场数值模拟的可行性分析

本文运用CFD软件,采用水作为工质,在第Ⅲ代膜组件基础上,对旋转切向入流空气隙膜蒸馏热容腔内的流场进行了模拟计算,通过数值模拟结果与实验数据的比较分析,验证了针对膜组件热容腔进行理论模拟所设置的物理模型和边界条件是符合实际的,理论模拟值和实验值的误差在20%范围内,其结果较为理想.     

气隙式膜蒸馏中空气隙内流动与换热研究

本文针对膜蒸馏实验中开放式的窄空气隙,研究其内流动与换热机理.研究发现,对于开放式的大宽隙比(120:1)空气隙,即使其厚度仅为 1 mm,也会形成向上流动的流场,其流动状态为层流,温度分布为直线分布.空气隙内按实验结果求得的热流密度大于按导热公式计算的结果.本文给出的数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

离心泵叶片压力面固液两相流的边界层分析

给出了离心泵叶片压力表面固液两相流体边界层控制方程和叶片压力面边界层分离参考点位置估算的一种方法,通过实例计算分析了相关的边界层参数,计算结果说明固液两相流的边界层厚度δ2随叶片弯曲系数Kν的减低和随质量浓度ρm的增加而减薄,并给出了对比试验的验证结果,结果是大于临界速度系数的叶片将使测试泵的性能有不同程度的下降,并且测试浓度的增加有抑制边界层分离的作用。它说明离心泵叶片压力面两相流边界层分离点的位置是随叶片形状的改变而移动的,是可以控制的。     

R134a/R245fa非共沸混合工质流动沸腾液膜蒸发特性研究

本文针对水平矩形通道内非共沸混合工质的流动沸腾分层流状态,同时考虑靠近其气液界面处气相与液相浓度边界层的存在,对液相浓度边界层的传质系数进行了修正,构建了对应的流动沸腾液膜蒸发模型,以R134a/R245fa混合工质为研究对象,探讨了不同入口组分质量、质量流速及热流密度等条件下液膜蒸发过程的热质传递规律,以气液相浓度边界层内的组分质量差作为气液相传质阻力的表征,界面温度和主流饱和温度之差为传热阻力的表征,深入分析了传热阻力、传质阻力与混合工质传热特性之间的内在联系.     

微细通道内蒸发薄液膜区壁面滑移及微流动特性

基于扩展Young-Laplace方程和动力学理论研究微通道中蒸发薄液膜区固液界面附近流动和传热特性,考虑压力特征、壁面滑移和温度跳跃建立物理模型.利用边界层近似,提出一种计算固液界面吸附微液层热阻的方法,导得固液界面的热阻和温度.数值模拟结果表明,壁面微流动会降低毛细压力梯度,增加壁面热阻,降低液相过热度,恶化液膜铺展和传热性能,在薄液膜区不可忽略.阐明壁面微流动含义,指出滑移系数与吸附流动微液层厚度的关系.     

射流冲击泡沫金属流动液膜传热的实验研究

薄液膜蒸发由于其优良的传热特性而被广泛应用于工业领域。在流动液膜上表面覆盖铜质泡沫金属,并耦合空气射流冲击,能够进一步强化传热。多孔泡沫金属提供的毛细驱动力能够有效控制流动液膜的厚度以避免干涸,同时多孔材料特殊的固体骨架构造可以扩大固液、气液传热面积。为了研究射流冲击条件下多孔介质覆盖流动液膜的传热特性,本文通过实验方法,对包括液膜流速Vf、空气射流速度Va、液膜厚度δf和多孔介质孔隙率ε在内的影响因素进行分析,研究并对比这些因素对加热壁面温度Tw、表面传热系数hw以及传热系数提升率的影响。     

电场对空气分子浓度分布的影响

被极化的空气分子受到电场的作用具有向场强大的地方运动的趋势,另一方面,由于分子热运动的作用将破坏这种趋势,最终结果导致场强大的地方分子浓度高,场强弱的地方分子浓度低．但高压输电线附近的空气分子浓度比别处高吗？本文由玻尔兹曼分布律推导出电场中气体分子浓度随场强变化的公式,发现电场对空气分子浓度分布的影响非常微弱．     

纤维膜在膜蒸馏过程中的膜内毛细冷凝现象

膜蒸馏过程中的膜内冷凝现象是该技术在实际应用中不可忽视的一个重要问题。本文以疏水化改性处理的纤维膜作为研究对象,采用实验现象观察和理论分析并用的方法,研究了纤维膜在膜蒸馏过程发生膜内毛细管冷凝的影响因素包括膜蒸馏模块结构、蒸馏膜参数、热力学参数,探讨了毛细冷凝对膜蒸馏的影响。实验表明毛细冷凝可以在膜蒸馏过程中发生,但并不终止膜蒸馏过程,而是减小了传质系数。毛细冷凝容易发生在蒸馏膜厚度小、热料液温度高、冷却液温度低或气隙小的情况下。实验结果和理论分析表明,传质系数实验值的降低可作为膜孔内发生毛细冷凝的判定依据。通过简化蒸气在疏水多孔介质的传递过程,建立了膜蒸馏过程发生毛细冷凝时的传质平衡模型。     

A particle trapping chip using the wide and uniform slit formed by a deformable membrane with air bubble plugs

We present a high-efficient particle trapping chip, where a wide and uniform slit is formed by a deformable membrane barrier with air bubble plugs. The previous particle trapping methods based on membrane barriers resulted in low trapping efficiency due to the non-uniform slit gap between the membrane and the substrate, especially at the side walls of rectangular channel. In the present method, the air bubble plugs remained in the extended microchannel during sample filling process, block the particle passage at the both side ends of the membrane, thus all particles flow through the uniform slit gap. Therefore, high-efficient particle trapping without particle loss can be achieved. The present particle trapping chip was composed of three layers: pneumatic (top), membrane and channel (bottom) layers. The membrane was deformed by the pneumatic pressure applied from the top layer. In the experimental study using 10.3 μm-diameter polystyrene beads, the membrane barrier with the air bubble plugs successfully trapped the injected beads with the trapping efficiency of 100% at the flow rate of 10 μl/min, while the barrier without the air bubble plugs showed low efficiency of 20%. At the increased flow rate of 20 μl/min, beads were still trapped with trapping efficiency over 98% in the present device. By using a mixture of 5.7 and 10.3 μm-diameter beads, we also verified the present method was capable to trap and release the beads selectively according to their size with the release efficiency of 95.1%. The present simple and effective particle trapping device is applicable for the high-efficient bioparticle isolation and recovery in the micro total analysis system.     

Acoustic streaming in an ultrasonic air pump with three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain analysis and comparison to the measurement

The direct finite-difference fluid simulation of acoustic streaming on a fine-meshed three-dimensional model using a graphics processing unit (GPU)-based calculation array is discussed. Airflows are induced by an acoustic traveling wave when an intense sound field is generated in a gap between a bending transducer and a reflector. The calculation results showed good agreement with measurements in a pressure distribution. Several flow vortices were observed near the boundary layer of the reflector and the transducer, which have often been observed near the boundary of acoustic tubes, but have not been observed in previous calculations for this type of ultrasonic air pump.     

Effect of the marangoni convection on the injection mechanism of instability

Electroconvective instability of a nonisothermal layer of a weakly conductive liquid with a free boundary whose surface tension depends linearly on temperature is considered for the case where charge injection is performed through this surface. When calculating the unperturbed stationary distribution of the charge and field, we supposed that the injector is separated from the liquid by an air gap of finite thickness. It was, however, assumed when analyzing the stability of the system that the motion in the air gap has no effect on the motion in the liquid phase and the disturbances of the electric field and charge in the air gap decay rapidly because of its high conductivity.     

Towards improving efficiency of control for blowing into a boundary layer through a permeable wall

The results of experimental and numerical investigations of the efficiency of control by an incompressible turbulent boundary layer with the help air blowing through a permeable wall fabricated with maintenance of most of the necessary requirements for the quality and configuration of microapertures and having a low effective roughness are analyzed. Various cases of modeling the process of air blowing into the boundary layer through a specified hi-tech finely perforated surface are considered, and the data for average parameters and characteristics of turbulence of the flow types under investigation are presented. A substantial decrease in the skin-friction coefficient along the model length, which can achieve 90% with increasing the blowing coefficient, is shown. The estimate of the energy consumption for the process of blowing under terrestrial conditions testifies to the high potential of this method of control capable to provide 4–5% gain in the total aerodynamic drag of a simple modeling configuration.     

Formation of the turbulent boundary layer at air blowing through a wall with an abrupt change in boundary conditions

Development of an incompressible turbulent boundary layer with air blowing through a finely perforated flat surface, consisting of a permeable region and impermeable region behind, was studied experimentally. The mass flow rate of injected air Q per an area unit was varied from 0 to 0.2 (kg/s)/m². Detailed data about the internal structure of the boundary layer in the flow region, characterized by an abrupt change in the flow conditions at the boundary of permeable and impermeable regions, were obtained. A consistent decrease in the local values of skin friction coefficient along a permeable sample and with an increase in the values of Q, reaching 90% at maximal Q, is shown. The role of the flow region behind the zone with an abrupt change in the boundary conditions, essential from the viewpoint of skin friction reduction, is revealed.     

A theoretical investigation of flow-induced instabilities in compliant coatings

The flow-induced instabilities of a fairly general class of compliant coatings are investigated theoretically. The coatings are of finite length and consist of elastic plates or membranes stretched over a fluid substrate having a density which may be different from the main flow. Provision is also made for the plate to be backed by an elastic foundation of arbitrary spring stiffness. Fairly standard aeroelastic methods are followed. The aerodynamic forces generated by the main flow are calculated by using thin aerofoil theory with a correction factor to allow for the presence of a boundary layer. The pressure induced in the substrate fluid is calculated by assuming potential flow and applying the method of images. A single-mode analysis shows that coatings with laminar boundary layers suffer a divergence-type instability in contrast to turbulent boundary layers which always give rise to a flutter-type instability with a higher critical velocity. The order of the most dangerous mode is calculated and found to rise with an increase in equivalent spring stiffness for fixed tension or flexural rigidity. Results are presented for plates and membrane coatings with an air stream over air and water substrates. Taking account of the substrate fluid dynamics reduces the growth rate of the instability by an order of magnitude and completely suppresses flutter with water substrates. Single-, double- and triple-mode analyses are carried out and the results compared. The critical velocity is adequately predicted by single-mode analysis but a coupling of odd and even modes can lead to flutter even with a laminar boundary layer.     

Coolant Wetting Simulation on Simplified Stator Coil Model by the Phase-Field Lattice Boltzmann Method

Stator coils of automobiles in operation generate heat and are cooled by coolant poured from above. The flow characteristic of the coolant depends on the coil structure, flow condition, solid–fluid interaction, and fluid property, which has not been clarified due to its complexities. Since straight coils are aligned and layered with an angle at the coolant-touchdown region, the coil structure is simplified to a horizontal square rod array referring to an actual coil size. To obtain the flow and wetting characteristics, two-phase fluid flow simulations are conducted by using the phase-field lattice Boltzmann method. First, the flow onto the single-layered rod array is discussed. The wetting area is affected both by the rod gap and the wettability, which is normalized by the gap and the averaged boundary layer thickness. Then, the flow onto the multi-layered rod arrays is investigated with different rod gaps. The top layer wetting becomes longitudinal due to the reduction of the flow advection by the second layer. The wetting area jumps up at the second layer and increases proportionally to the below layers. These become remarkable at the narrow rod gap case, and finally, the dimensionless wetting area is discussed at each layer.