Digital holography-assisted 3-D bright-field image reconstruction and refocusing

Optical Review - We propose an image reconstruction technique of a color 3-D object to perform image refocusing by combining information from bright-field image and digital holography. The key...     

3-D measurement of 2-D jet by 3-D 3-C SPIV

Journal of Visualization - The stereo PIV, commonly known as the SPIV, is capable of measuring all the three velocity components in a two-dimensional measurement plane and thus classified as 2-D...     

Holographic thin-beam reconstruction technique for the study of 3-D refractive-index field

A thin-beam holographic reconstruction technique to study the 3-D refractive index field of a phase object is described. The advantages and drawbacks of this method are discussed.     

Recognition of a light line pattern by Hu moments for 3-D reconstruction of a rotated object

A simple technique of a light line projection for 3-D shape detection of rotated objects is presented. In this technique, an object is rotated around its symmetrical axis four times at an angle by using an electromechanical device and scanned by a light line. Four views of the object surface are extracted from each one of these rotations by processing a set of light line images. These views are connected using rotation angle and origin coordinates to obtain the complete 3-D shape. Angle and origin are calculated by recognition of a light line pattern. Light line pattern is recognized by Hu moments. In this manner, measurement errors on setup are avoided. It is an advantage over common methods, where these two parameters are measured directly on the setup to obtain the 3-D shape. Local profilometric method is based on the perturbation that the light line suffers when it is projected on the object surface. This perturbation is observed on an image plane due to the different direction between light line projector and viewer. These perturbations are measured by using Gaussian functions. In this technique the light line images are processed in very fast form. The technique and processing time are presented in detail. This technique is tested with objects, which have little information and its experimental results are also presented.     

多功能宽带超声检测和三维成像技术研究

利用直接数字成像和程控采样扫描技术,完成了THMUT—l型多功能宽带超声检测仪研制工作。一台机器可同时完成A、B、C(多断层)、声显微镜等多种功能。工作频带为5—105MHz,对样品只需进行一次检测,即可将结果显示在微机终端屏幕,还可进行分析、处理。利用表面成像法,把THMUT—l所得多断层C扫描测试结果重建出—幅三维图像。上述技术在工业和医学上可望有较广泛应用。     

用改进的共轭斜量迭代法重建三维折射率场

本文通过计算机模拟运算,结合折射率场(温度场)的先验知识,考查了改进的共轭斜量迭代法用于全息干涉计量三维折射率场的重建精度及视角范围和数据噪声的影响,并介绍了一种抑制较大噪声的算法.作为一个应用实例,计算了某一截面火焰温度场的分布,并与热电偶测量的值进行了比较.     

Non-rigid landmark-based large-scale image registration in 3-D reconstruction of mouse and rat kidney nephrons

BackgroundSerial histological sections are suffering from mechanical distortions that disturb the reconstruction of 3-D objects. We have corrected such artifacts with a non-rigid landmark-based method that respects the original geometry in the tissue block. The method is exemplified on a large scale in the registration of semi-thin serial sections of the mouse and rat kidneys, and has been tested on FFPE-sections.AimIn this study of mouse and rat kidneys, we have measured and characterized the deformations introduced in the preparation of 2.5-μm-thick Epon sections and then eliminated them by a landmark-based non-rigid transformation (NRT).MethodsWe obtained 2.5-μm-thick serial Epon sections from three mouse kidneys and three rat kidneys for 3-D reconstruction of the nephron tubules. First, the images from 3000 serial mouse and 13,000 serial rat sections underwent a classic rigid registration (CRR), and the distortions were measured and indexed. The section images underwent a further NRT in order to compensate for the deformations. The NRT used is a classic interactive landmark-based approach. The quality of the NRT was verified by comparing the geometry of the transformed images with corresponding block images.ResultsAfter CRR, the 2.5-μm-thick sections had a linear deformation of up to 2%, the tubular lengths were overestimated with up to 1.5×, and it was most difficult to trace the tubules from section to section. After the additional NRT, the geometry of the images reflected the original geometry in the block, the tubular lengths were no longer overestimated, and the NRT highly facilitated the tracing of the tubular system.ConclusionsNRT has facilitated the tracing of the tubular system in kidneys, a tracing, which would otherwise have been most difficult to perform. NRT has yielded substantial new knowledge to segmental and spatial nephron organization in the mouse and rat kidneys.     

Fast imaging and other motion artifact reduction schemes: a pictorial overview

Since 1982, a number of techniques have been introduced for the purpose of reducing motion artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging. These are reviewed with an emphasis on effectiveness and clinical practicality. Physical restraints, data averaging, and gradient moment nulling are widely used at present. Fast imaging techniques, particularly with the advent of saturation pulses (to diminish arterial and venous pulsation artifacts), may be utilized in the future to obtain diagnostic quality abdominal and pelvic images during breath holding.     

Fundamentals of natural computing: an overview

Natural computing is a terminology introduced to encompass three classes of methods: (1) those that take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques; (2) those that are based on the use of computers to synthesize natural phenomena; and (3) those that employ natural materials (e.g., molecules) to compute. The main fields of research that compose these three branches are the artificial neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, artificial immune systems, fractal geometry, artificial life, DNA computing, and quantum computing, among others. This paper provides an overview of the fundamentals of natural computing, particularly the fields listed above, emphasizing the biological motivation, some design principles, their scope of applications, current research trends and open problems. The presentation is concluded with a discussion about natural computing, and when it should be used.     

3-D microbattery electrolyte by self-assembly of oligomers

This paper reports the preparation and characterization of novel thin film electrolytes by UV cross-linking of poly(propylene glycol) diacrylate in the presence of polyetheramine (glyceryl poly(oxypropylene)triamine) and LiTFSI. The oligomeric surfactant polyetheramine facilitates self-assembly of the electrolyte, enabling it to be applied conformally onto a complex substrate which is necessary for 3D-microbatteries, while the acrylate network supplies mechanical stability. Conformal coatings onto LiFePO₄ electrodes and Cu nanopillars were confirmed by SEM. Ionic conductivities of 3.5 × 10^− 6 and 5.8 × 10^− 5 S/cm were measured at room temperature and 60 °C, respectively, at Li:O = 1:20 and PEA:PPGDA = 2:1 ratios. The electrochemical stability window test showed that the electrolyte is stable above 5.0 V vs. Li/Li⁺. Thermal analyses by TGA and DSC demonstrated that the polymer electrolyte is amorphous and thermally stable up to 300 °C.     

1-D and 2-D NMR of broad-line solids: an application to quasicrystals

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for measuring one-dimensional absorption spectra and two-dimensional exchange spectra of solids with extremely inhomogeneously broadened lines are discussed. Among various “broad-line” solids, quasicrystals represent alloys of metallic elements, the structures of which include “forbidden” symmetry elements. NMR absorption lines of quasicrystals exhibit a strong electric-quadrupole-induced inhomogeneous broadening that originates from the lack of translational periodicity of the otherwise perfectly long-range-ordered quasiperiodic lattice. Recording an NMR spectrum of a quasicrystalline sample requires a magnetic field-sweep technique. The two-dimensional exchange experiment on quasicrystals can be performed on selectively excited portions of the NMR spectrum only. Due to the off-resonance effects in a selective excitation, the use of a simple three-pulse stimulated-echo exchange sequence is preferred. The²⁷Al spectra of the Al-Pd-Mn and Al-Pd-Re families show interesting features like temperature-dependent frequency shifts and exchange effects due to atomic motion.     

基于光学三维形貌数字重建的不规则表面的参数测量

针对不规则形状物体表面参数测量困难的问题,提出了一种利用光学三维形貌数字重建技术来获取待测物体表面三维数字信息的方法。首先利用傅里叶变换得到反映三维物体表面高度的相位数据,在计算机中重建三维待测物体,然后再利用Matlab软件编写面向用户的人机交互界面,通过计算机鼠标指定待测量的表面区域,最后运用Matlab软件对鼠标所指定区域的三维数字信息进行处理,根据几何关系计算出指定区域的表面积、两点间的曲线长度等参数,实现人机交互式的非接触测量。     

A group of glycosphingolipids found in an invertebrate: Their structures and biological significance

A novel group of glycosphingolipids was identified in the nervous tissue and skin of the mollusc, Aplysia kurodai, which lacks gangliosides. More than 30 glycolipids were detected on HPTLC plates and the structures of 9 major glycolipids were determined. They were pentaosylglycosphingolipids and their common core structure was GalNAcα1→3Galβ1→4Glcβ1→1ceramide, except for one glycolipid in which Galβ of the core structure was replaced by Galα. 3-O-MeGalβ or 4-O-MeGlcNAcα or 3,4-O-carboxyethylideneGalβ was at their non-reducing ends. Galα or Fucα binds to Gal of the core structure at 2C as a side chain sugar. One to three 2-aminoethylphosphonic acids and/or phosphoethanolamine link to the glycolipids. Immunohistochemically, glycolipids having carboxyethylideneGal at their non-reducing ends were localized exclusively in nerve bundles. Glycolipids activated cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the rat brain and may directly activate cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a manner similar, but not identical, to that of cAMP. The biological functions of glycolipids may share neurobiological functions proposed for gangliosides in vertebrates.     

Modeling of an EMP simulator using a 3-D FDTD code

Performed self-consistent, three-dimensional (3-D), time-domain calculations for a bounded-wave electromagnetic pulse simulator. The simulator consists of a constant-impedance transverse electromagnetic structure driven by a charged capacitor, discharging through a fast closing switch. These simulations yield the detailed 3-D electromagnetic field structure in the vicinity of the simulator. The prepulse seen in these simulations can be explained quantitatively in terms of capacitive coupling across the switch and the known charging waveform across the capacitor. Placement of a test object within the simulator significantly modifies the electric fields within the test volume, in terms of field strength as well as the frequency spectrum. This means that, for a given simulator, larger objects would be subjected to somewhat lower frequencies. The E-field waveform experienced by a small test object is reasonably close to that for free-space illumination, but the mismatch increases with object size. The use of a resistive sheet as a matching termination significantly reduces radiation leakage as compared to two parallel resistive rods. For a given termination, larger test objects marginally reduce leakage. A physical interpretation of these conclusions is also included. This work is a first step toward full-fledged optimization of such simulators using 3-D modeling.     

基于同步辐射光刻的三维微细加工方法

同步辐射光刻的三维聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（Polymethyl Methacrylate,PMMA）微结构制造对X射线光刻掩膜板的吸收体形状和PMMA所吸收的X射线能量分布有直接影响,即三维PMMA微结构形状取决于X射线光刻掩膜板的吸收体形状。如果不对X射线光刻掩膜板进行补偿,在被曝光的结构中可观察到结构侧面的变形。研究了引起这种结构侧面变形的各种原因并提出X射线剂量对刻蚀深度非线性曲线是最直接的原因。基于X射线光刻掩膜板图形形状和实际制造的三维PMMA微结构的误差,X射线光刻掩膜板从双直角三角形变为双半圆图形使得微注射针阵列的强度得到增强。为了量化实际制造的三维PMMA微结构的误差,给出了X射线吸收能量分布与微结构的结构形状数据。     

Vibrational spectra of styrene-H8, -D3, -D5, and -D8

Infrared and Raman spectra of C₆H₅CHCH₂, C₆H₅CDCD₂, C₆D₅CHCH₂, and C₆D₅CDCD₂ liquids are analyzed to assign their fundamental vibrations.     

BRIEFING: beam reconstruction by iteration of an electromagnetic field with an induced nonlinearity gauge

Measurement of the local intensity and phase distributions in the small focal waist of a laser beam with the use of a thin nonlinear-optical layer is discussed. We suggested and tested in a computer experiment the beam reconstruction by iteration of an electromagnetic field with an induced nonlinear gauge (BRIEFING) algorithm, which allows one to extract the absolute intensity (in watts per square centimeter) and phase distributions from two intensity patterns in the far-field zone: with and without nonlinearity.