托卡马克边缘湍流中带状流的负粘滞阻尼

基于Hasegawa-Wakatani湍流模型,数值模拟了托卡马克边缘等离子体中漂移波湍流和相关的反常粒子输运。从等离子体动量守恒方程出发导出了不采用常规的布辛涅斯克近似的带状流方程,论证了大振幅密度扰动和湍性粒子流对激发带状流的贡献可等效地对应于低阶负粘滞阻尼效果。数值模拟表明,大振幅密度扰动的非线性大大增强了带状流饱和振幅,从而有效抑制了湍性粒子输运。研究结果阐明了托卡马克边缘等离子体大振幅密度扰动的非线性对驱动等离子体旋转、动量输运和带状流的重要性。     

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基于Hasegawa-Wakatani湍流模型,数值模拟了托卡马克边缘等离子体中漂移波湍流和相关的反常粒子输运.从等离子体动量守恒方程出发导出了不采用常规的布辛涅斯克近似的带状流方程,论证了大振幅密度扰动和湍性粒子流对激发带状流的贡献可等效地对应于低阶负粘滞阻尼效果.数值模拟表明,大振幅密度扰动的非线性大大增强了带状流饱和振幅,从而有效抑制了湍性粒子输运.研究结果阐明了托卡马克边缘等离子体大振幅密度扰动的非线性对驱动等离子体旋转、动量输运和带状流的重要性.     

Mean and oscillating plasma flows and turbulence interactions across the L-H confinement transition

A complex interaction between turbulence driven E × B zonal flow oscillations, i.e., geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs), the turbulence, and mean equilibrium flows is observed during the low to high (L-H) plasma confinement mode transition in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. Below the L-H threshold at low densities a limit-cycle oscillation forms with competition between the turbulence level and the GAM flow shearing. At higher densities the cycle is diminished, while in the H mode the cycle duration becomes too short to sustain the GAM, which is replaced by large amplitude broadband flow perturbations. Initially GAM amplitude increases as the H-mode transition is approached, but is then suppressed in the H mode by enhanced mean flow shear.     

实验物理与工业控制系统平台在HL-2A主机测控系统中的应用

描述了利用实验物理与工业控制系统(EPICS)平台对HL-2A主机运行参数进行的集中测控系统开发。系统采用s7nodave设备驱动模块,实现了SoftIOC与各PLC的通讯,将各子系统的PLC集成到了EPICS控制系统中。通过对关系型数据库和应用层软件CSS中数据归档及报警等组件的扩展与配置,实现OPI层与各个子系统的实时通信。测控系统成功地将HL-2A主机参数集中在EPICS平台下运行,为下一代装置的主机集中测控系统设计打下了基础。     

HL-2A等离子体边缘极向剩余胁强的研究

首次报导了托卡马克等离子体边缘与湍流相关的极向剩余胁强剖面的测量结果。采用外中平面往复式静电探针阵列对HL-2A托卡马克边缘的极向湍流动量输运进行研究。在没有外部动量注入的欧姆放电下,剩余胁强为有限值、且其空间剖面在等离子体边缘具有明显的径向梯度,表明托卡马克等离子体边缘存在极向动量源。由动量源产生的动量主要以扩散形式向与剩余胁强相反的方向传播,最终的结果是等离子体边缘存在有限的雷诺胁强。在最后闭合磁面以内0.5~2cm区域,剩余胁强的梯度提供自发旋转的力矩,由该力矩引起的动量产生与由速度梯度引起的动量扩散共同导致了雷诺胁强出现负梯度,造成动量沉积,从而驱动极向平衡流。     

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用中平面往复快速扫描6探针组观测HL-2A装置边缘等离子体的扰动特性。在一次放电中能测量到边缘等离子体参数的时空分布及其涨落量，雷诺胁强与极向流和带状流的关系，以及静电涨落驱动的粒子通量和热通量的径向变化。在多发弹丸注入(MPI)和多脉冲超声分子束注入(SMBI)条件下，研究了边缘参数的涨落和相关特性。实验结果表明：SMBI和MPI等注入手段改变了边缘的扰动特性；雷诺胁强的径向梯度可以驱动带状流，抑制湍流输运。     

使用基于动态程序规划的时间延迟法分析直线磁化等离子体漂移波湍流角向传播速度和带状流结构

对等离子体湍流速度场的有效探测,有助于更加深入了解磁约束等离子体湍流以及实现对某些理论预言现象和结构(如带状流)的充分辨识.本文将基于动态程序规划的时间延迟估算技术成功应用于直线磁化等离子体装置中热阴极放电条件下的漂移波湍流角向速度涨落的实验分析,并且其结果清晰再现了漂移波湍流中通过非线性能量耦合自发产生的带状流结构.通过对采用不同频段等离子体湍流涨落通过基于动态程序规划的时间延迟估算分析所再现的带状流结构特征进行比较,进一步就该算法对载波信号中非相干噪声相对水平的抗干扰能力进行了定性评估.这些工作的成功开展,对于通过采用基于动态程序规划的时间延迟估算分析技术更为深入有效探索磁约束等离子体湍流行为特征,尤其是速度涨落场的演化提供了重要的借鉴和参考价值.     

等离子体湍流理论研究的最新进展

评述和分析了磁约束核聚变理论研究、数值模拟和实验研究等方面最近几年共同关心的一个重要问题——寻找托卡马克等离子体湍流中的带状剪切流（zonal flows）。简要介绍了作者最近对电阻性-重力模湍流中的带状剪切流的研究结果。 Progress of the research on the zonal flows in tokamak plasma turbulence is surveyed, especially it is reviewed that the zonal flows observed in the experiments and numerical simulations on atmosphere turbulence and ocean turbulence and the discovery of H-mode in tokamak experiments how lead the researchers in magnetic confinement fusion community to find out the existence of the zonal flow in tokamak plasma turbulence and subsequently give the experimental verification of its existence. Finally, the results of our research on zonal flow generation and evolution in resistive-g mode turbulence are presented in brief.     

Direct numerical simulations of second-order Stokes wave driven smooth-walled oscillatory channel: investigation of net current formation

In wall-bounded time-periodic flows, nonlinearity, associated with higher harmonic term(s) in velocity and/or acceleration outside the boundary layer, can significantly change the wall turbulence compared with that in the linear Stokes Boundary Layer. A significant feature of a nonlinear wall-bounded turbulent time-periodic flow is the formation of a net current which has not yet been mechanistically explained. This study investigates the effects of asymmetric velocity outside the boundary layer on wall turbulence and net current formation through Direct Numerical Simulations of a smooth-walled planar channel driven by the Second-order Stokes Wave. Simulation results suggest that net current characteristics depend on whether developed turbulence is present. When turbulence is developed, asymmetric viscous length scale is found to be the primary reason of the net current whereby a vertical offset between negative and positive Reynolds shear stress profiles, associated with forward and reverse flows, respectively, is created in a cycle. After averaging over a cycle, residual Reynolds shear stress, which drives the net current, is observed to be within the offset layer.     

Simulation studies of high-field EPR spectra of spin-labeled lipids in membranes

The high-field (i.e., 94 GHz) membrane EPR spectra of lipids spin labeled in their fatty acid chains have been simulated by using two limiting motional models. The aim was to identify the dynamic origin of the residual (g(xx) - g(yy)) anisotropy observed in the nonaxial EPR spectra of cholesterol-containing membranes. It is concluded that the residual spectral anisotropy arises from in-plane ordering of the lipid chains by cholesterol. The partial averaging of the (g(xx) - g(yy)) anisotropy was best described by restricted axial rotation with a frequency in the region of tau(-1)(R||) approximately 0.5-1 x 10(9) s(-1). Simulations for slower axial rotation of unrestricted amplitude produced less satisfactory fits. In phospholipid membranes not containing cholesterol, the nonaxial anisotropy is completely averaged in the fluid phase and substantially reduced even in the gel phase. The unrestricted axial rotation in the gel phase is of comparable frequency to that of the limited axial rotation in the liquid-ordered phase of membranes containing cholesterol. These results on in-plane ordering by cholesterol in the liquid-ordered phase could be significant for current proposals regarding domain formation in cellular membranes.     

Edge temperature gradient as intrinsic rotation drive in Alcator C-Mod tokamak plasmas

Intrinsic rotation has been observed in I-mode plasmas from the C-Mod tokamak, and is found to be similar to that in H mode, both in its edge origin and in the scaling with global pressure. Since both plasmas have similar edge ?T, but completely different edge ?n, it may be concluded that the drive of the intrinsic rotation is the edge ?T rather than ?P. Evidence suggests that the connection between gradients and rotation is the residual stress, and a scaling for the rotation from conversion of free energy to macroscopic flow is calculated.     

Role of the zonal flow in multi-scale multi-mode turbulence with small-scale shear flow in tokamak plasmas

The structural characteristics of zonal flows and their roles in the nonlinear interaction of multi-scale multi-mode turbulence are investigated numerically via a self-consistent Landau-fluid model. The multi-mode turbulence here is composed of a shorter wavelength electromagnetic (EM) ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode and a Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability with long wavelengths excited by externally imposed small-scale shear flows. For strong shear flow, a prominent periodic intermittency of fluctuation intensity except for dominant ITG component is revealed in turbulence evolution, which onset time depends on the ion temperature gradient and the shear flow amplitudes corresponding to different KH instabilities. It is identified that the intermittency phenomenon results from the zonal flow dynamics, which is mainly generated by the KH mode and back-reacts on it. It is demonstrated that the odd symmetric components of zonal flow (same symmetry as the external flow) make the radial parity of the KH mode alteration through adjusting the drift velocities at two sides of the resonant surface so that the KH mode becomes bursty first. Afterwards, the ITG intermittency follows due to nonlinear mode coupling. Parametric dependences of the features of the intermittency are elaborated. Finally, associated turbulent heat transport is evaluated.     

离子温度梯度模湍流的带状流最小自由度模型

在离子温度梯度模(ITG)湍流背景中,通过最小自由度模型中模耦合方式产生带状流,对此模型做了动力学稳定性分析及数值求解.并在此基础上初步探讨了湍流中漂移波与带状流的能量转移,以及雷诺协强与带状流的关系. 关键词： 等离子体 离子温度梯度模 湍流 带状流     

Transport bifurcation in a rotating tokamak plasma

The effect of flow shear on turbulent transport in tokamaks is studied numerically in the experimentally relevant limit of zero magnetic shear. It is found that the plasma is linearly stable for all nonzero flow shear values, but that subcritical turbulence can be sustained nonlinearly at a wide range of temperature gradients. Flow shear increases the nonlinear temperature gradient threshold for turbulence but also increases the sensitivity of the heat flux to changes in the temperature gradient, except over a small range near the threshold where the sensitivity is decreased. A bifurcation in the equilibrium gradients is found: for a given input of heat, it is possible, by varying the applied torque, to trigger a transition to significantly higher temperature and flow gradients.     

Nondiffusive transport in tokamaks: three-dimensional structure of bursts and the role of zonal flows

Large scale transport events are studied in simulations of resistive ballooning turbulence in a tokamak plasma. The spatial structure of the turbulent flux is analyzed, indicating radially elongated structures (streamers) at the low field side which are distorted by magnetic shear at different toroidal positions. The interplay between self-generated zonal flows and transport events is investigated, resulting in significant modifications of the frequency and the amplitude of bursts. The propagation of bursts is studied in the presence of a transport barrier generated by a strong shear flow.     

Self-regulation of E x B flow shear via plasma turbulence

The momentum balance has been applied to the ExB flow in the edge region of a reversed field pinch (RFP) configuration. All terms, including those involving fluctuations, have been measured in stationary condition in the edge region of the Extrap-T2R RFP experiment. It is found that the component of the Reynolds stress driven by electrostatic fluctuations is the term playing the major role in driving the shear of the ExB flow to a value marginal for turbulent suppression, so that the results are in favor of a turbulence self-regulating mechanism underlying the momentum balance at the edge. Balancing the sheared flow driving and damping terms, the plasma viscosity is found anomalous and consistent with the diffusivity due to electrostatic turbulence.     

Role of zonal flow predator-prey oscillations in triggering the transition to H-mode confinement

Direct evidence of zonal flow (ZF) predator-prey oscillations and the synergistic roles of ZF- and equilibrium E×B flow shear in triggering the low- to high-confinement (L- to H-mode) transition in the DIII-D tokamak is presented. Periodic turbulence suppression is first observed in a narrow layer at and just inside the separatrix when the shearing rate transiently exceeds the turbulence decorrelation rate. The final transition to H mode with sustained turbulence and transport reduction is controlled by equilibrium E×B shear due to the increasing ion pressure gradient.     

L-mode to H-mode transition triggered by sawtooth-induced heat flux in EAST

H-modes induced by sawtooth events can be often observed in discharges with marginal auxiliary power injection in EAST. Poloidal flow shear at the very plasma edge, increasing ∼25% up to the threshold value, is observed just before the L-H transition by means of a fast reciprocating probe array in EAST. This suddenly risen poloidal flow shear, caused by the increased turbulent driven Reynolds force, is motived by the heat pulse originally released by a sawtooth crash at the plasma core. Associated with the critical poloidal flow shear, the local turbulent decorrelation rate increases significantly. The increased turbulent decorrelation rate compensated by nonlinear energy transfer rate from the turbulence to the low-frequency shear flows, exceeding the turbulence energy input rate, is sustained for several hundred microseconds till the turbulence quench happening.     

Intrinsic toroidal rotation, density peaking, and turbulence regimes in the core of tokamak plasmas

Observations in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak show a correlation between the gradient of the intrinsic toroidal rotation profile and the logarithmic gradient of the electron density profile. The intrinsic toroidal rotation in the center of the plasma reverses from co- to countercurrent when the logarithmic density gradients are large, and the turbulence is either dominated by trapped electron modes or is at the transition between ion temperature gradient and trapped electron modes. A study based on local gyrokinetic calculations suggests that the dominant trend in the observations can be explained by the combination of residual stresses produced by E × B and profile shearing mechanisms.     

磁场剪切对离子温度梯度模带状流产生的影响

对离子温度梯度模湍流非线性流体方程进行了解耦处理,得到包含磁场剪切效应的带状流与漂移波相互作用的非线性动力学方程.采用调制不稳定性的四波相互作用模型,研究了磁场剪切对带状流产生的影响.研究表明,在k_//值较小的范围内,当|k_//|增加时,带状流的增长率也呈增加的趋势. 关键词： 托卡马克等离子体 离子温度梯度模湍流 带状流 磁场剪切