Accelerating Diffusion‐Ordered NMR Spectroscopy by Joint Sparse Sampling of Diffusion and Time Dimensions

Diffusion‐ordered multidimensional NMR spectroscopy is a valuable technique for the analysis of complex chemical mixtures. However, this method is very time‐consuming because of the costly sampling of a multidimensional signal. Various sparse sampling techniques have been proposed to accelerate such measurements, but they have always been limited to frequency dimensions of NMR spectra. It is now revealed how sparse sampling can be extended to diffusion dimensions.     

Variable Temperature Single‐Molecule Dynamics of MEH‐PPV

Herein, we continue our investigation of the single‐molecule spectroscopy of the conjugated polymer poly[2‐methoxy,5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene‐vinylene] (MEH‐PPV) at cryogenic temperatures. First, the low temperature microsecond dynamics of single MEH‐PPV conjugated polymer molecules are compared to the dynamics at room temperature revealing no detectible temperature dependence. The lack of temperature dependence is consistent with the previous assignment of the dynamics to a mechanism that involves intersystem crossing and triplet–triplet annihilation. Second, the fluorescence spectra of single MEH‐PPV molecules at low temperature are studied as a function of excitation wavelength (i.e. 488, 543, and 568 nm). These results exhibit nearly identical fluorescence spectra for different excitation wavelengths. This strongly suggests that electronic energy transfer occurs efficiently to a small number of low‐energy sites in the multichromophoric MEH‐PPV chains.     

Application of two‐dimensional near‐infrared (2D‐NIR) correlation spectroscopy to the discrimination of three species of Dendrobium

The objective of this paper was to apply two‐dimensional (2D) near‐infrared (NIR) correlation spectroscopy to the discrimination of three species of Dendrobium. Generalized 2D‐NIR correlation spectroscopy was able to enhance spectral resolution, simplify the spectrum with overlapped bands and provide information about temperature‐induced spectral intensity variations that was hard to obtain from one‐dimensional NIR spectroscopy. The FT‐NIR spectra were measured over a temperature range of 30–140°C. The 2D synchronous and asynchronous spectra showed remarkable differences within the range of 5600–4750 cm⁻¹ between different species of Dendrobium. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accelerated NMR Spectroscopy with Low‐Rank Reconstruction

Accelerated multi‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy is a prerequisite for high‐throughput applications, studying short‐lived molecular systems and monitoring chemical reactions in real time. Non‐uniform sampling is a common approach to reduce the measurement time. Here, a new method for high‐quality spectra reconstruction from non‐uniformly sampled data is introduced, which is based on recent developments in the field of signal processing theory and uses the so far unexploited general property of the NMR signal, its low rank. Using experimental and simulated data, we demonstrate that the low‐rank reconstruction is a viable alternative to the current state‐of‐the‐art technique compressed sensing. In particular, the low‐rank approach is good in preserving of low‐intensity broad peaks, and thus increases the effective sensitivity in the reconstructed spectra.     

SBA‐15‐Oxynitrides as a Solid‐Base Catalyst: Effect of Nitridation Temperature on Catalytic Activity

Solid bases, such as SBA‐15‐oxynitrides, have attracted considerable interest for potential applications as catalysts in important industrial processes. Reported herein is that by simply tuning the temperature of nitridation (ammonolysis), the catalytic activity of these solid bases can be enhanced. Solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and XPS studies provided the reasoning behind this change in activity.     

Modelling Ion‐Pair Geometries and Dynamics in a 1‐Ethyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium‐Based Ion‐Conductive Crystal

Full conformational and energy explorations are conducted on an organic ionic plastic crystal, 1‐ethyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidium tetrafluoroborate [C₂mpyr][BF₄]. The onsets of various stages of dynamic behaviour, which appear to account for low‐temperature solid–solid phase transitions, are investigated by using quantum‐chemical simulations. It is suggested that pseudorotation of the pyrrolidine ring occurs in the first instance; the partial rotation of the entire cation subsequently occurs and may be accompanied by reorientation of the ethyl chain as the temperature increases further. A cation–anion configuration, whereby BF₄^? interacts with the C₂mpy cation from the side of the ring, is the most likely structure in the low‐temperature phase IV region. These interpretations are supported by ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical‐shift analysis.     

Superoxide Compounds of the Large Pseudo‐Alkali‐Metal Ions Tetramethylammonium, ‐Phosphonium,and ‐Arsonium

Compounds of the three large cations tetramethylammonium, tetramethylphosphonium, and tetramethylarsonium with the superoxide radical anion were synthesized by either metathesis or ion exchange in liquid ammonia. They were obtained from concentrated solutions as ammoniates in the form of long needle‐shaped single crystals. [N(CH₃)₄]‐(O₂)?3NH₃ crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, whereas the two compounds [E(CH₃)₄](O₂)?2NH₃ (E=P, As) are isostructural and belong to the orthorhombic crystal system. The cation–anion packing in all three crystal structures is related to the sodium chloride structure. All structures contain hydrogen bonds between the ammonia molecules and between ammonia and the superoxide. The solvent of crystallization was easily released from the crystals upon complete removal of the solvent from the reaction vessel, leading to polycrystalline samples. The Raman spectra of all three solvent‐free compounds show the symmetric stretching mode of the superoxide ion at about 1123 cm^?1. The desolvated [N(CH₃)₄](O₂) was investigated by powder X‐ray diffraction, and the crystal structure was solved by ab initio simulated annealing methods by using rigid‐body models of the constituent molecular ions. The superoxide ion shows rotational disorder. The magnetic susceptibility of tetramethylammonium superoxide follows the Curie–Weiss law with a high‐temperature effective magnetic moment of 1.66(3) μ_B and a paramagnetic Curie temperature of Θ=?13(6) K. Complementary electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the average g factor is temperature‐dependent. It decreased from 2.15 at 10 K to 1.66 at 100 K, possibly due to the onset of rotational motion of the superoxide ion and in accordance with the lower‐than‐expected effective magnetic moment.     

NMR Spectroscopic Study of the Self‐Aggregation of 3‐Hexen‐1,5‐diyne Derivatives

The self‐assembly of polycatenar molecules derived from 1,6‐diphenyl‐3,4‐dipropyl‐3‐hexen‐1,5‐diyne has been studied in detail by solution NMR spectroscopy. The analysis of the concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent evolution of the chemical shifts and the diffusion coefficients in [D₁₂]cyclohexane agrees well with an isodesmic model of association in this solvent. The association constants for the stacking and entropy and enthalpy of the process have been obtained. The driving force for the aggregation process is provided by a negative enthalpy (ΔH), which is partially compensated by a negative entropy (ΔS). A structural study of the self‐assembly in solution has been carried out with the help of NOESY NMR spectroscopic experiments.     

X‐Ray Near‐Edge Absorption Study of Temperature‐Induced Low‐Spin‐to‐High‐Spin Change in Metallo‐Supramolecular Assemblies

X‐ray absorption near the iron K edge (XANES) was used to investigate the characteristics of temperature‐induced low‐spin‐to‐high‐spin change (SC) in metallo‐supramolecular polyelectrolyte amphiphile complexes (PAC) containing FeN₆ octahedra attached to two or six amphiphilic molecules. Compared to the typical spin‐crossover material Fe(phen)₂(NCS)₂ XANES spectra of PAC show fingerprint features restricted to the near‐edge region which mainly measures multiple scattering (MS) events. The changes of the XANES profiles during SC are thus attributed to the structure changes due to different MS path lengths. Our results can be interpreted by a uniaxial deformation of FeN₆ octahedra in PAC. This is in agreement with the prediction that SC is originated by a structural phase transition in the amphiphilic matrix of PAC, but in contrast to Fe(phen)₂(NCS)₂, showing the typical spin crossover being associated with shortening of all the metal–ligand distances.     

Effects of Adsorbate Coverage and Bond‐Length Disorder on the d‐Band Center of Carbon‐Supported Pt Catalysts

Determination of the factors that affect the d‐band center of catalysts is required to explain their catalytic properties. Resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (RIXS) enables direct imaging of electronic transitions in the d‐band of Pt catalysts in real time and in realistic environmental conditions. Through a combination of in situ, temperature‐resolved RIXS measurements and theoretical simulations we isolated and quantified the effects of bond‐length disorder and adsorbate coverage (CO and H₂) on the d‐band center of 1.25 nm size Pt catalysts supported on carbon. We found that the decrease in adsorbate coverage at elevated temperatures is responsible for the d band shifts towards higher energies relative to the Fermi level, whereas the effect of the increase in bond‐length disorder on the d‐band center is negligible. Although these results were obtained for a specific case of non‐interacting support and weak temperature dependence of the metal–metal bond length in a model catalyst, this work can be extended to a broad range of real catalysts.     

Coverage‐ and Temperature‐Dependent Metalation and Dehydrogenation of Tetraphenylporphyrin on Cu(111)

Using temperature‐programmed desorption, supported by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, a comprehensive overview of the main reactions of 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenyl‐21H,23H‐porphyrin (2HTPP) on Cu(111) as a function of coverage and temperature is obtained. Three reactions were identified: metalation with Cu substrate atoms, stepwise partial dehydrogenation, and finally complete dehydrogenation. At low coverage the reactions are independent of coverage, but at higher coverage metalation becomes faster and partial dehydrogenation slower. This behavior is explained by a weaker interaction between the iminic nitrogen atoms and the Cu(111) surface in the high‐coverage checkerboard structure, leading to faster metalation, and the stabilizing effect of T‐type interactions in the CuTPP islands formed at high coverage after metalation, leading to slower dehydrogenation. Based on the amount of hydrogen released and the appearance in STM, a structure of the partially dehydrogenated molecule is suggested.     

A New 3D Manganese(II) Coordination Polymer with 4,4‐Dicarboxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine and 1,10‐Phenanthroline: Synthesis,Structural, and Magnetic Properties

A new 3D Mn^II metal‐organic framework compound {Mn(phen)(dcbp)}_n (H₂dcbp = 4,4‐dicarboxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) was isolated under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized. In the compound, the dcbp ligand is deprotonated to give a neutral species (metal:ligand with 1:1 stoichiometry). Along the c axis, the neighboring Mn^II ions are linked by two carboxylate bridges in µ₂‐coordinating mode to generate a 1D zigzag chain, and these chains are interlinked by dicarboxylate groups of long dcbp ligands to generate a 3D (4,4)‐connected structure with the (4².8⁴) net topology. IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements were made, which indicated weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the Mn^II ions of the compound.     

Rapid sampling of all‐atom peptides using a library‐based polymer‐growth approach

We adapted existing polymer growth strategies for equilibrium sampling of peptides described by modern atomistic forcefields with a simple uniform dielectric solvent. The main novel feature of our approach is the use of precalculated statistical libraries of molecular fragments. A molecule is sampled by combining fragment configurations—of single residues in this study—which are stored in the libraries. Ensembles generated from the independent libraries are reweighted to conform with the Boltzmann‐factor distribution of the forcefield describing the full molecule. In this way, high‐quality equilibrium sampling of small peptides (4–8 residues) typically requires less than one hour of single‐processor wallclock time and can be significantly faster than Langevin simulations. Furthermore, approximate, clash‐free ensembles can be generated for larger peptides (up to 32 residues in this study) in less than a minute of single‐processor computing. We discuss possible applications of our growth procedure to free energy calculation, fragment assembly protein‐structure prediction protocols, and to “multi‐resolution” sampling. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011     

Dynamics in the crystalline polymorphic forms I and II and form III of isotactic poly‐1‐butene

Following an earlier study of the ¹H relaxation and NMR line shapes, we have carried out selective one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional ¹³C solid‐state NMR studies that yield to detailed interpretation of the dynamics in form I, II, and III polymorphs of isotactic poly‐1‐butene. A specific defect diffusion along the side group is proposed to account for the temperature dependence of the ¹³C spectra in form I. The backbone of the helix in forms II and III is shown to undergo large angle motions above the glass‐transition temperature. High‐resolution solid‐state ¹³C two‐dimensional exchange NMR under magic‐angle spinning with cross‐polarization techniques demonstrates the existence of slow rotational jumps of the helices in form III with typical jump rates of about 10 s⁻¹. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 2611–2624, 2000     

High‐ and low‐temperature phases in isostructural 4‐chloro‐3‐nitroaniline and 4‐iodo‐3‐nitroaniline

The structures of 4‐chloro‐3‐nitroaniline, C₆H₅ClN₂O₂, (I), and 4‐iodo‐3‐nitroaniline, C₆H₅IN₂O₂, (II), are isomorphs and both undergo continuous (second order) phase transitions at 237 and 200 K, respectively. The structures, as well as their phase transitions, have been studied by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and difference scanning calorimetry experiments. Both high‐temperature phases (293 K) show disorder of the nitro substituents, which are inclined towards the benzene‐ring planes at two different orientations. In the low‐temperature phases (120 K), both inclination angles are well maintained, while the disorder is removed. Concomitantly, the b axis doubles with respect to the room‐temperature cell. Each of the low‐temperature phases of (I) and (II) contains two pairs of independent molecules, where the molecules in each pair are related by noncrystallographic inversion centres. The molecules within each pair have the same absolute value of the inclination angle. The Flack parameter of the low‐temperature phases is very close to 0.5, indicating inversion twinning. This can be envisaged as stacking faults in the low‐temperature phases. It seems that competition between the primary amine–nitro N—H...O hydrogen bonds which form three‐centred hydrogen bonds is the reason for the disorder of the nitro groups, as well as for the phase transition in both (I) and (II). The backbones of the structures are formed by N—H...N hydrogen bonding of moderate strength which results in the graph‐set motif C(3). This graph‐set motif forms a zigzag chain parallel to the monoclinic b axis and is maintained in both the high‐ and the low‐temperature structures. The primary amine groups are pyramidal, with similar geometric values in all four determinations. The high‐temperature phase of (II) has been described previously [Garden et al. (2004). Acta Cryst. C 60 , o328–o330].     

Isomerization‐ and Temperature‐Jump‐Induced Dynamics of a Photoswitchable β‐Hairpin

Conformational changes in proteins and peptides can be initiated by diverse processes. This raises the question how the variation of initiation mechanisms is connected to differences in folding or unfolding processes. In this work structural dynamics of a photoswitchable β‐hairpin model peptide were initiated by two different mechanisms: temperature jump (T‐jump) and isomerization of a backbone element. In both experiments the structural changes were followed by time‐resolved IR spectroscopy in the nanosecond to microsecond range. When the photoisomerization of the azobenzene backbone switch initiated the folding reaction, pronounced absorption changes related to folding into the hairpin structure were found with a time constant of about 16 μs. In the T‐jump experiment kinetics with the same time constant were observed. For both initiation processes the reaction dynamics revealed the same strong dependence of the reaction time on temperature. The highly similar transients in the microsecond range show that the peptide dynamics induced by T‐jump and isomerization are both determined by the same mechanism and exclude a downhill‐folding process. Furthermore, the combination of the two techniques allows a detailed model for folding and unfolding to be presented: The isomerization‐induced folding process ends in a transition‐state reaction scheme, in which a high energetic barrier of 48 kJ mol^?1 separates unfolded and folded structures.     

Synthesis and properties of soluble and light‐colored poly(amide‐imide‐imide)s on the basis of tetraimide‐dicarboxylic acid condensed from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane,and m‐aminobenzoic acid,and various aromatic diamines

A new type of tetraimide‐dicarboxylic acid ( I ) was synthesized starting from the ring‐opening addition of m‐aminobenzoic acid, 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride, and 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane at a 2:2:1 molar ratio in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), followed by cyclodehydration to the diacid I . A series of soluble and light‐colored poly(amide‐imide‐imide)s ( III _a–j) was prepared by triphenyl phosphite‐activated polycondensation from I with various aromatic diamines ( II _a–j). All films cast from N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) had cutoff wavelengths shorter than 390 nm (374–390 nm) and b* values between 25.26 and 43.61; these polymers were much lighter in color than the alternating trimellitimide series. All of the polymers were readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents such as NMP, DMAc, N,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and even in less polar m‐cresol and pyridine. Polymers III _a–j afforded tough, transparent, and flexible films that had tensile strengths ranging from 96 to 118 MPa, elongations at break from 9 to 11%, and initial moduli from 2.0 to 2.5 GPa. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers were recorded at 240–268 °C. They had 10% weight loss at a temperature above 540 °C and left more than 55% residue even at 800 °C in nitrogen. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 707–718, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10153     

A Simple One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Alkyl‐2,5‐diaryl‐1,3‐dioxol‐4‐amines

An efficient procedure for the synthesis of N‐alkyl‐2,5‐diaryl‐1,3‐dioxol‐4‐amines 3 via a one‐pot reaction of aromatic aldehydes 2 and alkyl isocyanides 1 at room temperature in good yields is described (Scheme 1, Table).     

A Self‐Sampling‐and‐Flow Biosensor for Continuous Monitoring

A self‐sampling‐and‐flow biosensor was fabricated by sandwiching a nitrocellulose strip on the working electrode side of the double‐sided microporous gold electrodes and a wicking pad on the counter electrode side. The double‐sided microporous electrodes were formed by plasma sputtering of gold on a porous nylon substrate. Sample was taken up to the enzyme‐immobilized working electrode by the capillary action of the front nitrocellulose strip dipped into the sample solution, analyzed electrochemically at the enzyme‐immobilized electrode, and diffuses out to the backside wicking pad through the micropores of the electrodes, constituting a complete flow cell device with no mechanical liquid‐transporting device. Biosensor was formed by co‐immobilizing the glucose oxidase and electron transfer mediator (ferrocene acetic acid) on the thioctic acid self‐assembled monolayer‐modified working electrode. A typical response time of the biosensor was about 5 min with the sensitivity of 2.98 nA/mM glucose, providing linear response up to 22.5 mM. To demonstrate the use of self‐sampling‐and‐flow biosensor, the consumption rate of glucose in the presence of yeast was monitored for five days.     

Facile synthesis of triple‐stimuli (photo/pH/thermo) responsive copolymers of 2‐diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone‐mediated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N‐hydroxymethylacrylamide)

A series of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N‐hydroxymethylacrylamide) P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) copolymers were firstly synthesized via free radical polymerization. Then, the hydrophobic, photosensitive 2‐diazo‐1,2‐naphthoquinone (DNQ) molecules were partially and randomly grafted onto P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) backbone through esterification to obtain a triple‐stimuli (photo/pH/thermo) responsive copolymers of P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA‐co‐DNQMA). UV‐vis spectra showed that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) ascended with increasing hydrophilic comonomer NHMA molar fraction and can be tailored by pH variation as well. The LCST of the P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA) went down firstly after DNQ modification and subsequently shifted to higher value after UV irradiation. Meanwhile, the phase transition profile of P(NIPAM‐co‐NHMA‐co‐DNQMA) could be triggered by pH and UV light as expected. Thus, a triple‐stimuli responsive copolymer whose solution properties could be, respectively, modulated by temperature, light, and pH, has been achieved. These stimuli‐responsive properties should be very important for controlled release delivery system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2763–2773, 2009