稀土对20Mn钢等温相变及组织形态的影响

研究了不同稀土含量对20Mn钢等温相变及组织形态的影响。随钢中稀土含量的增加,先共析铁素体析出的孕育期缩短,完成珠光体相变所需时间延长;针状铁素体量减少直至消失;珠光体片间距变密且相对转变量减少;粒状贝氏体中碳化物易于偏聚。稀土减小原奥氏体晶界能和相界面能,稀土原子偏聚在相界面上阻碍碳原子的扩散,以及可能形成高熔点稀土碳化物而减少奥氏体中碳的固溶量,是产生上述结果的主要原因。     

高碳钢中稀土元素与碳相互作用的研究

高碳钢中溶解有一定量的稀土。固溶稀土不仅在晶界偏聚，也存在于晶内。它存在于铁素体中，但更多地存在于渗碳体中。稀土使碳化物球化、细化并均匀分布。稀土还使珠光体形貌退化。俄歇能谱分析表明，固溶于渗碳体中的稀土，改变了渗碳体的组成和结构。在较高稀土和碳含量下，能生成稀土化物。     

钢中稀土固溶规律及作用研究

应用ICP光谱法直接测定16Mn钢中稀土固溶虽,研究稀土固溶规律及合金化作用。实验结果表明,在MnS夹杂完全变质前,钢中仅有几ppm稀土固溶并受硫氧含量的影响,完全变质后,随钢中稀土含量增加,稀土固溶量显著增大。常温下铈在16Mn钢中固溶度不超过0.011wt％,并偏聚在晶界;固溶稀土能显著减少珠光体,增加铁素体及其硬度。     

稀土和钛对奥氏体中锰钢的变质作用

通过热力学计算、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微和透射电子显微镜观测及微观成分分析证明：ＲＥ（Ｃｅ）可加剧奥氏体中锰钢凝固时的成分过冷现象，促进树枝晶的发展、熔断、游离和增殖、提高结晶形核率、有效地细化奥氏体晶粒；Ｔｉ和Ｃ可以直接在液相中反应形成ＴｉＣ，并可作为渗碳休珠结晶核心，使一次渗碳体和共晶渗碳体发生粒化和细化，从而避免连续网状碳化物的形成。     

稀土在低硫铌钛钢中的作用

在实验条件下采用50kg真空感应炉炼和两段控制轧制工艺，并采用WE－60型万能拉伸试验机，JB－30B型冲击试验机，MM6型及OLYMPUS－PME3型光学金相显微镜，IBAS－2000图相分析等手段研究了稀土对低硫铌钛钢性能，组织及夹杂物的影响。在低硫铌钛钢中的试验结果表明，稀土元素的加入使力学性能变化各异，它使钢的横向屈服点和抗拉强度先下降而后上升；延伸率则无下降而后上升；稀土对钢的横向冲击功则表现为先上升而后下降，并且在－20℃以上，适量的稀土加入可以明显改善其冲击功的各向异性；稀土的加入并不能改变钢的显微组织类型，钢的组织为铁素体＋珠光体，但稀土会使钢中珠光体数量增加，铁素体数量减少，在钢中夹杂物方面，稀土加入则表现为它一方面 化钢液，使钢中夹杂物数量减少，另一方面是使钢中夹杂物的颗粒球化，细化和弥散化，从而改善夹杂物的分布。     

衔稀土对高碳钢回火转变及动力学影响的研究

从非等温动力学理论出发，应用扫描量热法，研究了稀土对高碳钢回火过程及马氏体和残余奥氏体分解动力学的影响。结果表明：稀土使马氏体和残余奥氏体分解温度升高，热效应值降低，激活能升高，相变机制发生变化。     

稀土对高碳钢回火转变及动力学影响的研究

从非等温动力学理论出发，应用扫描量热法，研究了稀土对高碳钢回火过程及马氏体和残余奥氏体分解动力学的影响。结果表明：稀土使马氏体和残余奥氏体分解温度升高，热效应值降低，激活能升高，相变机制发生变化．     

稀土对管线钢中碳化物溶解与析出行为的影响

以X80管线钢为研究对象,研究了稀土对含铌钢奥氏体化与析出行为的影响。利用热力学固溶度积公式,计算了铌碳化物的溶解温度;借助显微组织观察与硬度测试,对比分析了稀土对高温下奥氏体晶粒粗化及不同温度淬火回火后硬度的影响;通过热模拟实验并利用透射电镜,研究了稀土对实验钢在热变形过程中铌碳氮化物析出行为的作用机制。结果表明:稀土元素的加入降低了碳氮化物的固溶温度,促进了Nb(C,N)等第二相粒子的固溶,稀土能够促进热变形过程中Nb(C,N)的析出,从而提高铌元素的析出强化效果。     

稀土微合金化5Cr21Mn9Ni4N钢晶粒长大规律

对5Cr21Mn9Ni4NRE气阀钢在不同固溶温度和不同保温时间下的奥氏体晶粒长大规律进行了系统研究。结果表明，5Cr21Mn9Ni4NRE钢在1150℃以上固溶处理时具有奥氏体晶粒急剧粗化的特征，稀土的加入有助于抑制晶粒长大，提高晶粒长大激活能，晶粒长大机制仍为自扩散过程控制机制。弥散分布的碳氮化物对晶粒长大有显著阻碍作用，在低于1100℃时，大量未溶解的碳氮化物使得晶粒尺寸增幅较小、洛氏硬度小幅下降；在高于1150℃时，随保温时间延长，晶粒急剧粗化，洛氏硬度下降较快。晶粒生长指数随固溶温度的升高而增加。     

稀土复合变质贝氏体/马氏体钢的研究

研究了稀土复合变质对贝氏体／马氏体复相铸钢组织和性能的影响。实验结果表明，钢中加入稀土，由于合金化、变质作用使钢的微观组织形态发生变化，经变质，钢的晶粒细化，空淬组织中板条马氏体、贝氏体比例增加，残余奥氏体数量提高，夹杂物形态改善，从而提高了钢的韧性和耐磨性。     

微合金钢中稀土钒复合作用的研究

稀土在钒微合金钢中有一定的固溶量,并可达10^-5-10^-4(质量分数）数量级,稀土降低碳氮化钒完全溶解的温度,阻止奥氏体中钒的应变诱导析出,在铁素体区稀土促进碳氮化钒析出,并细化沉淀相,钒和稀土复合微合金化有更强的推迟形变奥氏体动态再结晶,抑制奥氏体晶粒长大和细化晶粒的作用。     

Detection, distribution, and quantification of carbon in steel microstructures by PEELS.

This work concerns the use of parallel electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) to investigate the detection, distribution, and quantification of carbon in various steel microstructures generated by rapid cooling rates or by isothermal transformation. The feasibility of detecting C in steels containing very small amounts of carbon was first examined by calculating the minimum detectable mass fraction for a variety of binary Fe-C alloy specimen thicknesses and microscope conditions. These theoretical studies indicated that the detection of carbon in steel microconstituents containing about 0.01 wt.% (or even less) was easily possible with an analytical transmission electron microscope equipped with a LaB6 emitter and a PEEL spectrometer. These theoretical calculations seemed to be reasonable, as it proved possible to make a quantitative PEELS study of the partitioning between the microconstituents ferrite, retained austenite, and martensite found in an ultralow carbon (0.03 wt.%) steel weld metal provided care was taken to avoid hydrocarbon contamination. Studies of both carbon and molybdenum segregation to ferrite/martensite interfaces in an isothermally transformed Fe-C-Mo alloy were also carried out in order to investigate the nature of the "solute drag" effect in this alloy system.     

碳锰洁净钢中镧和铈在晶界的行为

应用高分辨TEM，SEM和XRD研究碳锰洁净钢中镧和铈的存在形式、分布以及在晶界的行为。研究结果表明，镧和铈在洁净钢中存在固溶态、稀土夹杂物和稀土第二相。固溶稀土偏析在晶界，洁净钢中稀土仍有净化钢液和变质夹杂的作用。适量稀土能减少S和P在晶界的偏析，净化晶界提高钢的冲击韧性。过量稀土在晶界产生有害的稀土第二相，导致性能显著降低。     

超低硫微合金钢中稀土元素的作用

稀土在超低硫（Ｓ〈０．００３％）铌钛微合金风中仍然有净化钢质、变质夹杂的作用。钢中ＣＲＥ／ＣＯ＋Ｓ控制在４左右，可获得最佳效果。超低硫钢中稀土固溶量可达到１０＾－５－－１０＾－４数量级，显著减少晶界Ｓ、Ｐ的偏聚，推迟钢的动态再结晶，细化晶粒和沉淀相，促进铌钛碳氮化物析出。稀土在钢中还有微合化的作用。     

Relationships between microstructure and pitting corrosion of ADI in sodium chloride solution

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) has complex microstructure containing a multiphase matrix (called ‘ausferrite’), graphite spheres and oxide inclusions. The corrosion resistance of ADI is related to its microstructure which is determined by heat treatment parameters (like austempering temperature, austempering time, austenitising temperature and austenitising time). In the present paper, the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of ADI have been investigated by means of the electrochemical microcell technique and classical electrochemical measurements in sodium chloride solution. Particular attention has been paid to the influence of austempering temperature on the microstructure and pitting corrosion. It has been shown that ADI austempered at 430 °C has upper ausferritic microstructure and reveals a better corrosion resistance in sodium chloride solution than ADI austempered at 280 °C. Moreover, the corrosion resistance increases as the volume fracture of ferrite increases and the carbon content of austenite decreases. The good corrosion behaviour of ADI austempered at 430 °C was also related to the good coarsening of the austenite grains and broad ferrite needles (less ferrite/austenite interfaces). It has been demonstrated that silicon is the alloying element hindering the anodic dissolution of the alloy.     

稀土氧化物提高中高碳钢堆焊试样抗开裂性机制的研究

采用5CrNiMo热锻模具钢作为研究对象，分析了堆焊试样上的裂纹形貌，测定了堆焊残余应力场并进行了数值模拟。在此基础上，分析了稀土氧化物改善堆焊金属结晶组织和变质夹杂物的作用。结果表明：堆焊裂纹主要在粗大的树枝晶之间、夹杂物和热影响区粗大奥氏体晶粒处形成，并且，在堆焊金属中心和热影响区残余拉应力作用下扩展。堆焊金属中加入稀土氧化物能细化一次柱状晶组织；变质夹杂物。同时，降低堆焊金属马氏体相变温度，从而降低上述危险部位的拉应力峰值。     

微合金钢中稀土对沉淀相和性能的影响

在Nb(Ti,V）微合金钢中，主要沉淀相分别为Nb(C,N),(Nb,Ti)(C,N)和V（C，N）。稀土降低沉淀相完全溶解的温度，增大奥氏体中沉淀相析出的孕育期，降低析出速率，抑制奥氏体中沉淀相的析出，在铁素体相区，稀土提高沉淀相的析出速率和数量，促进沉淀相的析出，其中稀土对铌沉淀相析出的作用影响最强。锻态钢中，稀土有促进细化球化析出相的作用，随稀土含量增加，沉淀相析出数量增加，但过量稀土，促进作用又减弱，稀土在保持微合金钢强度的情况下，显著改善其冲击韧性，尤其是低温韧性，微合金钢中添加适量稀土可获得更佳的综合性能。     

A temperature correction procedure for temperature inhomogeneity in dilatometer specimens

Dilatometry is a thermo-analytical technique used to measure the expansion or shrinkage of materials during heating or cooling, whether or not in association with a phase transformation. A temperature correction procedure has been developed to correct for the temperature inhomogeneity that exists in an inductively heated specimen during the heating/cooling process and to represent the dilation as a function of a homogeneous temperature. As an example, taking an Fe-5.91 at.% Ni specimen and subjecting it to two different cooling rates, the temperature correction has been performed for the temperature range where the austenite to ferrite phase transformation takes place as well as for the pure austenite and ferrite phases close to the temperature range of the transformation.