The influence of substrate temperature on RF sputtered CdS thin films and CdS/p-Si heterojunctions

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films were deposited onto soda lime glasses and p-Si semiconductors at various substrate temperatures (40, 150 and 275 °C) by radio frequency (RF) sputtering technique. The effect of substrate temperature on morphological, structural and optical properties of CdS thin films were analyzed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and uv–vis spectrum data. The results showed that the average roughness (R_a) of thin films increased from 2.0 to 4.0 nm and all films had hexagonal wurtzite structure. The optical band gaps of CdS thin films varied between 2.46–2.43 eV. Characteristic parameters of CdS/p-Si heterojunctions including ideality factor, barrier height, series resistance and rectification ratio were measured. It was seen that both ideality factor and barrier height values of the heterojunctions increase with the increase substrate temperature. It was attributed to increase in inhomogenity of the thin films. Furthermore, the photoelectrical parameters of CdS/p-Si heterojunctions were studied.     

UWB SAR叶簇隐蔽目标差值变化检测中杂波分布建模分析与应用

由于树林观测区域后向散射强度具有快变特性,现有方法无法对UWB SAR叶簇隐蔽目标差值变化检测的杂波分布进行准确建模分析。为此,首先推导分析了均匀观测场景差值变化检测的杂波分布模型,而后假设观测场景后向散射强度服从伽马分布,在此基础上进一步推导了一种快起伏场景差值变化检测杂波分布模型。实验应用结果表明,该分布模型可对树林区域差值变化检测的杂波分布进行准确建模分析,从而提高变化检测性能。     

射频功率和衬底温度对碳化锗膜中sp3杂化碳原子的影响

利用磁控溅射方法以CH4和Ar的混合放电气体溅射单晶Ge靶制备碳化锗(Ge1-xCx)薄膜,通过XPS、Raman和Nanoindentation等表征手段系统地研究了射频功率和衬底温度对所获薄膜成分、键合结构及力学性质的影响。研究发现:射频功率和衬底温度的增加均能提高膜中的Ge含量,这分别归因于Ge溅射产额的增加以及含碳基团在衬底上脱附作用的增强。Ge含量的增加促进了sp2C-C键转变为sp3Ge-C键,进而显著提高了膜中sp3杂化碳原子的相对含量并改善了Ge1-xCx薄膜的硬度。这些结果表明:提高射频功率和衬底温度是制备富含sp3C的硬质碳化锗薄膜的有效途径。     

SAR and temperature increase in the human eye induced by obliquely incident plane waves

Specific absorption rates (SARs) and temperature increases in the human eye are calculated for exposure to obliquely incident plane waves in the frequency range of 600 MHz and 6.0 GHz. The average SARs and the temperature increases in the lens are found to take maximum values only in the hot-spot frequency range for oblique incidence (30/spl deg/-50/spl deg/).     

基于有限元的脉冲激光辐照材料温度场研究

在激光超声检测过程中,为了合理加载脉冲激光的能量,以便获得幅值较大的超声波信号,同时避免脉冲激光造成材料的损伤,需要对脉冲激光辐照材料的温升进行数值计算。依据有限元理论,建立脉冲激光辐照材料的有限元模型,结合导热微分方程,将脉冲激光以热流密度的形式加载于材料表面,分析材料表层受激光辐照时的温度场,讨论有限元热分析时网格尺寸的选取对分析结果的影响。给出了材料表层受脉冲激光辐照时温度场的计算方法和网格尺寸的选择依据,并利用温度场的理论解析结果和应力场分析结果分别验证了温度场有限元计算方法的正确性和有效性。     

Correlation of maximum temperature increase and peak SAR in the human head due to handset antennas

This paper attempts to correlate the maximum temperature increase in the head and brain with the peak specific absorption rate (SAR) value due to handset antennas. The rationale for this study is that physiological effects and damage to humans through electromagnetic-wave exposure are induced by temperature increases, while the safety standards are regulated in terms of the local peak SAR. For investigating these correlations thoroughly, the total of 660 situations is considered. The numerical results are analyzed on the basis of statistics. We find that the maximum temperature increases in the head and brain can be estimated in terms of peak SARs averaged over 1 and 10 g of tissue in these regions. These correlations are less affected by the positions, polarizations, and frequencies of a dipole antenna. Also, they are reasonably valid for different antennas and head models. Further, we discuss possible maximum temperature increases in the head and brain for the SAR values prescribed in the safety standards. They are found to be 0.31/spl deg/C and 0.13/spl deg/C for the Federal Communications Commission Standard (1.6 W/kg for 1 g of tissue), while 0.60/spl deg/C and 0.25/spl deg/C for the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Standard (2.0 W/kg for 10 g of tissue).     

强激光辐照下生物组织二维瞬态温度场分布数值模拟

基于生物组织热传导方程,探讨了强激光辐照生物组织的热传递规律,建立了三层皮肤组织模型,用有限元方法对脉冲激光作用于生物组织时产生的温升进行了数值模拟,给出了皮肤组织的二维瞬态温升云图．研究了激光脉宽、束腰半径等参数对生物组织径向、轴向温度的影响趋势。结果表明,激光束腰半径增大,皮肤组织的径向温升扩散区域及轴向温升深度增大．中心最高温度减小激光脉宽减小,中心最高温度增大。激光辐照结束后,皮肤组织温升会持续一段时间,达到峰值后逐渐、下降。     

基站天线远场全身暴露人体内SAR计算

采用人体CT数据,重构形成三维模型,并赋予组织器官电磁参数,构成适合电磁计算的人体模型。应用XFDTD软件计算在频率900MHz、1800MHz和2100MHz,功率密度200μW/cm^2、40μW/cm^2、8μW/cm^2和4μW/cm^2的移动通信基站远场全身暴露下,人体模型内比吸收率分布。并与《电磁辐射防护规定（GB8702-1988）》基本限值进行比较,为设计有效的电磁场生物效应实验方案、控制暴露条件提供理论剂量学依据。     

MEMS器件WLP封装温度特性的有限元模拟分析与实验

圆片级封装(WLP)技术是一种常用于微电子机械系统(MEMS)器件封装的有效方法。对于具有可动结构的MEMS器件来说,WLP的温度特性会对其性能和可靠性产生重要影响。通过对具有不同面阵列凸点分布形式的WLP封装结构进行有限元模拟,分析了封装过程中芯片有源面在温度载荷影响下的应力分布和变形情况,并通过实验对有限元模拟结果进行了修正。结果表明:对于具有3×3,6×6,9×9面阵列凸点分布形式的WLP封装结构来说,其芯片有源面变形的实际测试结果与修正后的模拟结果非常吻合,误差量分别为5.4%,4.1%和0.3%。     

射频通信设备的FCC电磁照射评估要求

为应对各种复杂的射频通信设备的电磁照射评估要求,在通用评估要求和认证政策的基础上,FCC制定了完备的电磁照射评估体系,内容包括便携照射条件下无需进行同时发射模式评估的条件和评估程序、便携照射条件下支持同时发射的发射机和模块的评估要求、一些典型的主机平台和照射条件下的SAR测试要求、一键通设备的评估要求、移动设备的单发射机工作模式和同时发射模式的评估要求,以及如何简化测试、限值和照射条件的使用要求等。     

动圈式扬声器内热过程的有限元分析

根据传热学原理,采用ANSYS有限元软件对加载过程中的动圈式扬声器内热分布进行了稳态和瞬态模拟,给出了系统温度场的二维分布和三维响应。给定条件下的计算结果表明,电功率冲击加载下音圈的温度响应迅速;显著的温度梯度也意味着音圈内的热流密度远高于周围部件。同时,较强的热冲击也容易增大薄壁骨架,尤其是纸质骨架发生变形的程度。     

Effect of RF power and substrate temperature on the properties of boron and gallium co-doped ZnO films

Boron and gallium co-doped ZnO (BGZO) films were prepared by radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering under different RF powers (50–250 W) at room temperature and 200 °C, respectively. The influence of sputtering power and substrate temperature on the structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of BGZO films was investigated. The results indicated that all the films showed preferentially c-axis orientation and structure of hexagonal wurtzite. The grain size decreased at higher sputtering power above 150 W. The carrier concentration and optical band gap (E_g) increased with the increasing of RF sputtering power. At RF power of 150 W, the films showed higher mobility and lower resistivity. Average optical transmittance of all the BGZO films is greater than 85% in the visible wavelength and did not change obviously with the sputtering power or substrate temperature.     

RF模块中微带线的设计及实现

在RF模块的设计中,微带线的设计必不可少,它在模块中起着很重要的作用.本文介绍了2.5G RF LNA模块中微带线的设计过程及实现,并用测量数据证明了微带线设计的正确性及其在模块中发挥的作用.     

Non-linear thermal modeling of DMOS transistor and validation using electrical measurements and FEM simulations

The relevance of thermally non-linear silicon material models for transient thermal FEM simulations of smart power switches (SPS) is proved by a power silicon test device consisting of two power transistors and eleven integrated temperature sensors distributed over the silicon die. The test device is heated up by turning on an integrated power transistor in short-circuit for several milliseconds at two different initial temperatures. These thermal events correspond to a real situation that can occur in the application. The power dissipation in the power transistor is calculated from the measured source current and drain-source voltage, and subsequently used as an input to the FEM simulation. The temperature change on the test chip is measured by the integrated temperature sensors. An FEM model of the test chip encapsulated in a plastic package has been built in the FlexPDE simulator. The emphasis is put on the macroscopic modeling of the power transistor where an electro-thermal approach is reduced to a purely thermal one. Finally, the thermal events are simulated using FEM and compared to the temperature measurements. The results have shown that our modeling approach including non-linear properties of silicon can be used to investigate the thermal transients in SPS devices with high accuracy.     

简缩极化SAR数据处理与应用研究进展

极化信息能丰富合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据的信息量,在农业、环境、海洋、森林、军事等领域取得了广泛的应用,但同时也面临分辨率较低、幅宽较小的问题,带来较高的应用成本。简缩极化SAR(CP SAR)作为一种能同时获取较为丰富的地表信息并实现较大幅宽观测的极化SAR模式,在过去十余年中引起了科研人员的广泛关注。随着印度RISAT-1卫星的成功发射,简缩极化SAR在一系列应用研究中取得了新进展。该文简要介绍了简缩极化SAR的经典数据处理方法,总结了近十余年来简缩极化SAR在农业和海洋应用领域的主要研究成果,最后对其发展方向进行了分析与展望。      

光动力学疗法中光热效应的有限元法

有限元法(FEM)由Matlab程序实现。生物热传输模型为经典的Pennes方程,加入了血液灌流项,研究了Nd：YAG激光(1064nm)平行光束照射下肝脏组织的温度响应,在轴对称柱坐标下三维温度分布简化为径向、轴向随时间的分布,三维分布彩图还可结合时间作动画显示。数值模拟结果表明,血液灌流在光动力学疗法(PDT)中可避免局部高温,并使温度在很短的时问上升到稳态,如果该稳态温度设为治疗的最佳温度,则可增加疗效并且缩短治疗时间;组织光热参数会影响模拟结果,计算精度和时间也需折衷考虑。     

Ne原子射频放电光电流效应及其高激发态能级的测量

1.本文采用射频耦合放电方法,研究了 Ne原子光电流信号的极性     

各向异性脑组织内的电磁场分布

推导出用时域有限差分（ＦＤＴＤ Ｍｅｔｈｏｄ）计算电导率为各向异性脑组织内部电磁场的一般迭代公式,在此基础上计算了典型各向异性脑组织在几种入射情况下内部电磁场的分布,得出有益的结论。此导出的公式可应用于电磁兼容和生物效应的研究之中。     

射频IC卡在ucLinux中的驱动设计与应用

简要介绍了现今使用较为广泛的Mifare1非接触式IC智能射频卡的功能模块以及存储结构，并且针对ucLinux操作系统，详细阐述了如何实现Mifare1卡驱动的设计。     

极坐标格式算法及其在条带SAR成像中的应用

极坐标格式算法(PFA)是一种典型的聚束SAR成像算法。本文从信号相位历程的角度阐述了PFA成像的基本原理，并基于对条带SAR和聚束SAR两种模式的比较，利用二者之间的内在联系，将条带SAR的原始数据进行分块处理并将分块数据等效成为聚束模式数据，然后用PFA对等效数据进行聚束成像。对外场数据的处理证实了理论分析的正确性和本文所提出方法的可行性。