Scattering lengths of pionic 3He and 4He

Scattering lengths of pionic ³He and ⁴He and the charge exchange contribution to the 1s width of pionic ³He are calculated within the fixed scatterer approximation of the multiple scattering formalism. Particular attention is focussed on the nuclear physics part and on πN p-wave contributions. For the first time triple scattering and double-spin-flip contributions have been included. We find significant deviations from previous estimates and calculations. Good agreement is achieved with the experimental π^?3He scattering length, whereas in the case of ⁴He a repulsive dispersion contribution is clearly needed. We propose to use the measured 1s level shift of pionic ³He as a constraint to deduce a precise value of the isoscalar πN scattering length. Furthermore, we find that multiple scattering reduces the impulse approximation value for Γ_1s(π^?3He → π^{0 3}H) by more thsn 20 %. This result casts some doubt on impulse approximation calculations of radiative pion capture as well.     

Investigation of (3He,3He)- and (3He,t)-reactions on10B,11B and13C

The³He-elastic scattering and the (³He,t)-reactions on¹⁰B,¹¹B and¹³C were studied. Excitation functions for the reactions¹⁰B(³He,t)¹⁰C and¹¹B(³He,t)¹¹C were measured at incident energies between 11 and 17 MeV. All angular distributions were taken at 14 MeV³He-energy. From an optical model analysis of the³He-elastic scattering data the parameters of the optical potentials were determined. Best fits were obtained using surface peaked potentials. The (³He,t)-reactions were interpreted in terms of a microscopic model, which, in general, gave a good account of the data. Corrections due to nonlocality effects were included in the calculations. A satisfactory agreement of the predicted and the measured cross sections required an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction of the Yukawa form (α^?1=1.2 fm). Using a Serber exchange mixture the isospindependent- and the spin-isopin-dependent strength parameters of the potential were deduced to beVτ=21.4±2.3 MeV andV _{σ τ}=19.5 ± 2.7 MeV, respectively.     

Elastic form factors of 3,4He up to large Q 2

Elastic electron scattering off ³He and ⁴He has recently been studied at forward and backward scattering angles in Hall A at JLab. The results will provide accurate data on the elastic form factors, charge and magnetic for ³He and charge only for ⁴He, up to squared momentum transfer Q ²-values of 3.2?GeV².     

Electromagnetic contributions to proton- and neutron-4He scattering

A proper treatment of various electromagnetic contributions toN-⁴He scattering enables one to determinen(p)-⁴He observables fromp(n)-⁴He data. Several calculations ofn-⁴He observables considering different electromagnetic effects are presented. It is shown that the contribution of thep-⁴He Coulomb corrections ton-⁴He polarizations and differential cross sections dominates over other electromagnetic effects forθ _c.m.≧30°. For smaller scattering angles, neutron magnetic scattering is important and produces a divergingn-⁴He differential cross section atθ=0° and a large peak (Mott-Schwinger effect) in the polarization. The influence of thep- andn-⁴He vacuum polarizations on then-⁴He observables is found to be small.     

Analyzing power measurements for p-3He elastic scattering from 1.75 to 4.50 MeV

Analyzing powers for p-³He elastic scattering have been measured at 12 energies between 1.75 and 4.50 MeV for θ_c.m. = 40° to 150°. A comparison of our results with earlier data of Drigo et al. shows substantial differences at all energies. The R-matrix fits to our data that were included in the global search calculations of Hale and Dodder are shown. These calculations established the ordering of the lowest-lying T = 1 levels of ⁴He as J^π = 2^?, 1^? (triplet), 0^?, and 1^? (singlet), which is the WMI (MHI) ordering.     

Elastic and charge exchange scattering of pions on3He in the (3,3)-resonance region

The elastic scattering of pions from³He and the single charge exchange reaction³He(π ^?,π ⁰)³H are calculated in the energy domain of the (3,3)-resonance within the framework of Glauber's theory, including spin and isospin degrees of freedom in all orders. It is pointed out that, from the first minimum on, the differential cross section strongly depends on the parametrization of theπN amplitude, especially on its continuation into the unphysical region of momentum transfer. Single and double spin flip contributions prove to be very important in the charge exchange reaction. Within a modified version of Glauber's formalism, directly usingπN phase shifts rather than amplitudes, the³He charge exchange scattering is reexamined. Whereas the shape of the angle-integrated cross section as a function of pion energy is confirmed, the magnitude is still uncertain within a factor of 2.     

Scattering of He and He from polarized He between 7 and 18 MeV

Polarization analyzing power of ³He³He and ³He⁴He elastic scattering is reported for bombarding energies between 7.5 and 17.9 MeV. A phase-shift analysis for ³He⁴He elastic scattering incorporating this and other polarization data is presented. The analyzing power of ³He³He elastic scattering is consistent with zero at θ_c.m. = 66°.     

Generator-coordinate study of 3He+3He elastic scattering with a semirealistic nucleon-nucleon potential

The elastic scattering of ³He by ³He is studied in the framework of the generator coordinate method, using a new semirealistic nucleon-nucleon potential. All components of this potential have a soft core in the sense that they can be used in calculations where short-range correlations between nucleons are not taken into account. With this potential, a good agreement between calculated and measured cross sections and polarizations is obtained. The tensor component of the potential is found to be essential to explain the J-dependence of the empirical phase shifts, although the calculated polarizations are insensitive to the strength of the tensor potential.     

Elastic electron scattering from 3He and 4He

The cross sections for elastic electron scattering from ³He and ⁴He were measured for the momentum transfer range from 0.45–2.0 fm^?1. The cross sections were separated into their longitudinal (charge) and transverse (magnetic) contributions using the Rosenbluth formula. The charge and magnetic form factors were obtained model-independently.The rms charge radii were found to be 1.671 (14) fm for ⁴He and 1.976 (15) fm for ³He, and the magnetic rms radius of ³He is 1.99 (6) fm. The mis charge radius for ⁴He is in excellent agreement with the latest muonic data.Comparison of the form factors was made with Faddeev three-body calculations using realistic two-body NN interactions. At present the theoretical calculation is not able to reproduce the experimental data.     

Improved theoretical pion-nucleus optical potentials

An approach which makes the first order pion-nucleus optical potential theoretically sound is presented. This study should permit higher order improvements to the potential to be more meaningful and the nuclear structure information extracted from pi-nucleus scattering to be more reliable. Based on multiple scattering theory, three optical potentials are constructed and studied in momentum space. These models are the popular Kisslinger potential, the local “Laplacian” potential, and an “improved off-shell potential;” the latter one is derived from absorptive separable pion-nucleon potentials which exactly reproduce on-shell πN scattering. By working in momentum space and explicitly including πN resonances and off-shell effects in the definition of the optical potential, the approach described here is capable of handling any number of pi-nucleon partial waves, is applicable over a very wide energy region, is based on a physical model for off-shell behavior, and is extended easily to include higher order effects. The optical potentials are inserted into two different relativistic wave equations to determine the total cross section and elastic differential cross section for pi-nucleus scattering. It is found that the various models for off-shell πN scattering determine significantly different πC¹² scattering, with the improved off-shell model preferred on theoretical grounds. Also discussed is the importance of properly transforming πN scattering to the pi-nucleus c.m. system, the origin of the shift in the peak position of the π^?C total cross section, and the reason for the increased diffractive nature of the differential cross section at 180 MeV.     

Medium corrections to the first order optical potential for low-energy pion-4He scattering

We study the Pauli-principle corrections for low energy π-⁴He elastic scattering. In our approach we take into account explicitly the spin and isospin dependence of the Pauli-principle effect. Furthermore we discuss the combined effect of the Pauli-principle correction and the nuclear binding. Contrary to the Pauli principle we treat the binding corrections in an approximate way, using an effective mass for the residual nucleus. In our calculations we use the first-order optical potential of Celenza, Liu and Shakin. The Pauli-principle correction is found to have a considerable effect on the differential cross section. Our results indicate that the Pauli-principle corrections are largely compensated by the nuclear binding.     

Manifestations of a dineutron cluster in elastic α 6He scattering

A consistent theoretical analysis of elastic α ⁶He scattering is performed with allowance for the correction associated with the exchange of a dineutron cluster. It is shown that the inclusion of the exchange mechanism, along with that of potential scattering, makes it possible to reproduce the measured cross section over the entire range of the ⁶He scattering angle. Concurrently, one can also obtain information about the spatial distribution of the dineutron cluster and the α particle in the ground state of the ⁶He nucleus.     

Quasi-free scattering of pions on 3, 4He

Differential cross sections for ^{3, 4}He(π, π') are presented for angles of 60° and 120° at 200 MeV and 120° at 295 MeV. The momentum spectra for the scattered pions are dominated by a peak attributed to quasi-free scattering from individual nucleons. There are significant differences between the scattering on ³He and ⁴He as well as between the scattering of π⁺ and π^? on ³He. The data are compared to a simple model incorporating the free π+N scattering amplitudes. Modifications for the structure and dynamics of the target nucleus are discussed.     

Vibrational and rotational energy transfer of CH+ in collisions with 4He and 3He

A quantum mechanical investigation of vibrational and rotational energy transfer in cold and ultra cold collisions of CH⁺ with ³He and ⁴He atoms is presented. Ab initio potential energy calculations are carried out at the BCCD(T) level and a global 3D potential energy surface is obtained using the Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) method. Close coupling scattering calculations using this surface are performed at collision energy ranging from 10^-6 to 2000 cm^-1. In the very low collision energy limit, the vibrational and rotational quenching cross sections of CH⁺ in collisions with He are found to be of the same order of magnitude. This unusual result is attributed to the large angular anisotropy of the intermolecular potential and to the unusually small equilibrium value of the Jacobi R coordinate of the He–CH⁺ complex. As for the He–N₂ ⁺ collision, we also find a strong isotope effect in the very low collision energy range which is analyzed in terms of scattering length and the differences between these two collisions are also discussed.     

Impulse-approximation correction in pion-nucleus optical potential

The local density approximation is used in this paper to calculate the first-order pion-nucleus optical potential. TheπN scattering matrix in nuclear medium is computed by employing separableπN scattering matrix. This nuclear-mediumπN scattering matrix, which includes impulse-approximation correction is then used to construct the pion-nucleus optical potential.π-¹²C elastic scattering results obtained by using this potential are compared with the impulse-approximation potential results.     

Threshold 3He and 3H Transverse Electron Scattering Response Functions

The threshold transverse response functions R _T (q, ω) for ³He and ³H are calculated using the AV18 nucleon–nucleon potential, the UrbanaIX three-body force, and the Coulomb potential. Final states are completely taken into account via the Lorentz integral transform technique. Consistent two-body π- and ρ-meson exchange currents as deduced using the Arenhövel-Schwamb technique are included. The convergence of the method is shown and a comparison of the corresponding MEC contribution is made to that of a consistent MEC for the meson theoretical r-space BonnA potential. The response R _T is calculated in the threshold region at q = 174, 324, and 487 MeV/c and compared with available data. The strong MEC contributions in the threshold region are nicely confirmed by the data at q = 324 and 487 MeV/c although some differences between theoretical and experimental results remain. A comparison is also made with other calculations, where the same theoretical input is used. The agreement is generally rather good, but leaves also some space for further improvement.     

Photoelectron (He(I), He(II) and X-ray) spectroscopy of γ-pyrone and its related sulphur derivatives: valence and core ionization energies and shake-up satellites

The photoelectron He(I) and He(II) spectra of 4H-pyran-4-one (1), 4H-thiopyran-4-one (2), 4H-pyran-4-thione (3) and 4H-thiopyran-4-thione (4) are reported. The assignments are based on experimental evidence, taking into account the results of theoretical calculations. The outermost orbital sequences proposed (X = O, S) are n_X (σ), 3b₁ (π), 1a₂(π) for 1, 2 and 4; and 3b₁(π), n_X(σ) and 1a₂(π) for 3. The shifts of the core-ionization energy values for 1–4 are ascribed to a drift of π-charge from the intracyclic heteroatom towards the carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. Low-energy shake-up satellites (up to 25% with respect to the main line) are observed in the various energy regions of the XPS spectra. They are qualitatively reproduced by CNDO/2 calculations. The most important satellites derive from the transition in the ion corresponding to the 3b₁ (π) → 4b₁(π*) transition in the UV-visible spectra of the neutral molecules. Charge rearrangements accompanying this transition lead to charge depletion of the core-ionized atom.     

Experimental Study of Photon Induced Reactions on 3He and 4He at Low Energies

Data are reported for the photodisintegration cross section of the reaction ³He(??, p)²H at ten energies between 7.0 and 16.0?MeV. Very preliminary data are presented for the reaction ⁴He(??, p)³H between 22.0 and 29.5?MeV in 0.5?MeV energy steps, and for the reaction ⁴He(??, n)³He at three energies around 28.0?MeV. High-pressure He/Xe gas scintillators served as target and detector. Our data are in better agreement with recent theoretical calculations than the majority of the existing data for all three reactions, but differ significantly from recent data taken with a mono-energetic photon beam and a time-projection chamber.