La交换NaY分子筛中的离子定位和迁移规律

以NaY分子筛为原料,采用二次交换二次焙烧工艺,制得了LaNH₄Y-1,LaY-1,LaNH₄Y-2和LaY-2四种分子筛样品.采用粉末X射线衍射结合Rietveld结构精修确定了La离子在分子筛中的分布.结果表明,在离子交换过程中,La离子首先定位于分子筛超笼里;经焙烧脱水后,La离子迁移到分子筛方钠石笼并定位在SI′位置.T-O-T键角的变化表明,LaNH₄Y-1表现出最大的骨架扭曲性和结构不稳定性.La离子定位在SI′位置与O3配位,增加了T-O3的键长,表明稀土离子不仅通过控制骨架脱铝抑制晶胞收缩,还可能通过影响T-O3键长使晶胞增大.在REY分子筛中,稀土的主要作用是稳定分子筛结构,从而调节其酸性和催化活性.采用红外光谱和NH₃程序升温脱附考察了La离子和NH₄⁺对分子筛酸性的影响,并总结了稀土离子稳定Y型分子筛的机理.     

Author index for volume 52

Dehydrated samples of zeolite Y containing alkali-metal cations have been reacted with alkali-metal vapor in sealed silica tubes, and the products studied by electron-spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Two distinct species were detected following the reaction of sodium-exchanged zeolite Y with sodium, potassium, or rubidium vapor. Exposure to a low concentration of metal vapor resulted in brightly colored samples with ESR signals characteristic of a stable ionic cluster species Na³⁺₄, in which an unpaired electron is trapped on four equivalent sodium cations in the sodalite cages of the zeolite. Exposure to higher concentrations of metal vapor resulted in dark-colored samples with ESR signals characteristic of small metallic particles located inside the zeolite cavities. A similar ionic cluster species K³⁺₄ was detected following the reaction of potassium-exchanged zeolite Y with sodium or potassium vapor although the potassium cluster was less stable than its sodium counterpart and an ESR signal from small metallic particles was observed at the same time. The corresponding Rb³⁺₄ ionic cluster species was not detected following the reaction of rubidium-exchanged zeolite Y with rubidium vapor; only an ESR signal from small metallic particles was observed. The narrow linewidths of the ESR signals from the small metallic particles suggest an inhibition of the spin-relaxation mechanisms in the bulk metals.     

Synthesis and Characterizations of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Within Zeolite Y

Copper oxide nanoparticles within zeolite Y have been synthesized by a procedure comprising (i) ion-exchange of copper ions into the zeolite, (ii) precipitation of copper ions with sodium hydroxide within the supercages of the zeolite, and (iii) calcination. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The particle size of CuO products are 20?nm.     

The effect of dehydration on the position of cesium cations in the structure of CsNaFAU(Y) studied by powder X-ray diffraction and magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy

The influence of dehydration on the position of sodium and cesium cations obtained by ion exchange in the structure of FAU(Y) was studied by powder X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation and ²³Na and ¹³³Cs magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy. The sodium and cesium cations were found to be mobile in the hydrated samples. In dehydrated zeolites CsNaFAU(Y), cesium is predominantly localized in four crystallographic ion-exchange positions located in the large cavities and sodalite cages.     

Synthesis of nanometer-sized sodalite without adding organic additives

Aggregates (80 nm) of sodalite nanocrystals with crystallite sizes ranging from 20 to 40 nm have been synthesized from a sodium aluminosilicate solution at low temperature, without adding any organic additives, while paying attention to the key factors for the synthesis of nanosized zeolite crystals. The physical properties of nanosized sodalite crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, 29Si solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR, and N2 adsorption. As expected, the external surface area of nanosized sodalite crystals is significantly increased compared with that of microsized sodalite crystals. The size of synthesized sodalite crystals can be controlled from 20 nm to 10 microm. It is found that the preparation of a homogeneous aluminosilicate solution followed by the formation of an aluminosilicate hard gel by adjusting the initial composition, for example, SiO2/Al2O3 and Na2O/H2O ratios, is critical for synthesis.     

Several features of the dealumination of type Y zeolite using silicon tetrachloride and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Dealumination of type Y zeolite using SiCl₄ produces a statistically averaged distribution of Al and Si atoms in the framework. The action of H₄EDTA causes defects in the backbone and partial amorphization of the zeolite. Extracellular particles containing Al form due to dealumination with SiCl₄. The maximum number of these occurs at n_al ^bb=5–16 atoms/unit cell. Treatment with H₄EDTA has practically no effect on the composition of the particles, which are largely sodium cations. The extracellular particles localize both in sodalite cells and in large voids after dealumination with SiCl₄.The authors thank V. M. Mastikhin for recording the²⁷A1 and²⁹Si NMR spectra and S. A. Dubkova for taking the low-temperature x-ray diffraction spectra and calculating the _e map.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 967–973, May, 1990.     

原位红外光谱法研究脱铝Y型沸石表面羟基及异丙苯裂解反应

本文用原位红外光谱法, 以自行设计的红外池, 采用流动体系研究了NH4Y及用EDTA配位脱铝的Y型沸石上的表面羟基, 苯及异丙苯在不同温度下的吸附, 以及用脉冲进样原位红外研究了异丙苯裂解反应。发现在脱铝Y型沸石(DAIY)中除Y型沸石有的3620和3535cm^-^1表面羟基峰外, 在3724cm^-^1处又出现一个与脱铝“空穴"Si-OH有关的吸收峰, 且此峰随脱铝量增加而增加, 脱氨过程的研究表明超笼中羟基具有酸性, 苯及异丙苯Y型或DNIY型沸石上均与超笼中羟基作用。在360℃时异丙苯裂解反应的活性中心主要是超笼中羟基, 催化剂失活主要是由于炭沉积在活性位上所致。     

Physico-chemical characterization of ferric exchanged y zeolites

Ferric exchanged Y zeolites are prepared by ion exchange and are characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, IR and visible spectroscopy. The number of hexa-aquo complexes, [Fe(OH)(H₂O)₅]²⁺, in supercages is determined from thermal analysis, and cation distribution at different sites is discussed. The visible spectra confirmed the formation of hexa-aquo complexes of iron in freshly prepared hydrated FeNaY zeolites. The migragtion of ferric ions from the supercage to the sodalite cage or hexagonal prism takes place on activation of Fe³⁺Y zeolites at 500°C for 2–10 h. The thermal stability of the activated samples is discussed on the basis of X-ray and thermal analysis.     

The Influence of the Synthesis Temperature on Cobalt Phthalocyanine Encapsulation in Zeolite Y

Several characterization techniques were applied to study the effect of the synthesis temperature on the physicochemical properties of cobalt phthalocyanine incoporated into zeolite Y. The cobalt phthalocyanine was synthesized in the supercages of zeolite Y by the template synthesis method at two different temperatures of 200 and300 °C and characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy, pore volume analysis, unit cell dimension calculation, UV-vis spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the catalyst synthesizedat 200 °C contains 11 wt.% cobalt phthalocyanine and almost all of thiscomplex is encapsulated in the supercages as monomeric species. At higher temperature aconsiderable amount of the cobalt phthalocyanine is hosted in the mesopores and/or on theexternal surface of the zeolite as aggregates. The migration of one part of the cobalt cationsfrom the supercages to the small cages at 300 °C decreases the formation of thenon-aggregated encapsulated phthalocyanine molecules in the zeolite supercages. Theaggregated cobalt phthalocyanine formed at the surface corresponds to the -polymorph stateof the phthalocyanine.     

(K,Mo)Y分子筛中钼组分的EXAFS研究

应用同步辐射Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS)技术研究固态法制备的KHMoY分子筛的氧化态和硫化态样品以及硫化态KHY/MoO3样品中钼组分的局域配位环境结构,并与KHMoY和KHY/MoO3样品催化加氢活性结果进行对照.结果表明,随原子比(K+2Mo)/Al的变化,钼原子周围的配位环境有显著的差异.当(K+2Mo)/Al＜1时,KHMoY和KHY/MoO3硫化后,钼组分主要以MoS2小原子簇分散在分子筛超笼中;(K+2Mo)/Al＞1时,钼组分则有两种存在环境,即分子筛超笼中的和分子筛外表面的钼组分.分子筛超笼中的MoS2原子簇的催化加氢合成醇选择性较高;分子筛外表面的MoS2微小颗粒的尺寸相对于超笼中的要大许多,其合成醇选择性较低.     

Y沸石的高温合成

采用甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTS)为添加剂, 在高温(140 °C)条件下水热合成出具有六方片状形貌的Y型沸石. 相比于100 °C左右合成的Y型沸石, 高温合成的Y沸石具有更高的硅铝比值、更大的晶体宽厚比值以及对有机挥发物具有优异的吸附性能. 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、²⁹Si固体核磁共振(NMR)、傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、碳氢氮元素分析(CHN)、水接触角等表征, 证明了所合成的新型Y沸石具有甲基基团, 它们的存在增强了疏水性能, 提高了对有机挥发物的吸附能力.     

La 或 Ce 增强 Y型分子筛结构稳定性的机制

 采用 X 射线粉末衍射、²⁹Si 固体核磁共振、X 射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜及能谱等方法研究了 La, Ce 增强 Y 分子筛结构稳定性的差异. 结果表明, La 和 Ce 的引入均可稳定 Y 分子筛的骨架结构, 但 La 离子比含量相当的 Ce 离子更容易进入分子筛内部和抑制骨架铝的脱除, 因而对分子筛结构的稳定作用更优. 结合量子力学密度泛函计算方法, 从理论上阐述了这种增强机制, 即La 或 Ce 的引入能显著增加分子筛骨架 Al 和相邻 O 原子的作用力, 有效稳定分子筛骨架 Al 位, 并且稀土离子与分子筛间存在较强的作用力; 与 Ce 相比, La 与分子筛的相互作用更大, Al–O 作用力更强, 因此, La 比 Ce 更有利于稳定分子筛的骨架结构.     

A study on the photophysical properties of anthracene in zeolite

The photophysical behaviours of anthracene in zeolite Y were investigated using various steady state spectroscopic methods and a picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic technique. A ¹²⁹Xe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study shows that anthracene molecules can be optimally intercalated into the supercages of Na⁺- and Cu²⁺-exchanged zeolite Y at 570 and 520 K respectively. Anthracene introduced into the supercage of Na⁺-exchanged zeolite Y shows excimeric fluorescence with a lifetime of several nanoseconds, as well as monomeric fluorescence with a lifetime of 300 ps. The excimer forms immediately on absorption of a photon. Cu²⁺-exchanged zeolite Y with anthracene intercalation shows electron spin resonance (ESR) signals and absorption bands attributable to the stable, ground state anthracene cation radical, the Cu⁺ ion and the trapped electron in the copper ion cluster, indicating charge transfer from anthracene to the Cu²⁺ ion or copper ion cluster. The excitation energy of anthracene is quenched rapidly by the presence of copper ion.     

Entrapment of cyclopentadiene in zeolite NaY and its application for solvent-free Diels-Alder reactions in the nanosized confined environment

Nonpolar cyclopentadiene was stably entrapped as a monomer in the hydrophilic supercages of zeolite NaY. A monomer form of cyclopentadiene in the supercages was confirmed by ¹³C MAS NMR spectroscopy. The adsorbed cyclopentadiene in the confined cavities performed the Diels-Alder reaction with typical dienophiles under solvent-free conditions more effectively than in organic and water media.     

镧改性的CuHY分子筛中铜离子的分布及其对吸附脱硫性能的影响

在氮气气氛下采用等体积浸渍法制备了载Cu的HY和LaHY分子筛.用x射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附、氨程序升温脱附和X射线光电子能谱对分子筛进行了表征.通过多晶XRD确定了Cu2+离子在Y型分子筛笼内的结构与分布,并测定了分子筛在含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的模拟柴油中的吸附脱硫性能.结果表明,前驱体CuCl2中的大部分Cu物种与HY和LaHY分子筛进行了离子交换.对于La3+改性的CuHY分子筛(CuLaHY),进入分子筛超笼中的Cu2+离子与骨架氧和水分子配位,牢固地定位于Y型分子筛超笼的SⅡ及SⅢ位;对于CuHY分子筛,超笼中的Cu2+离子只接近于SⅡ及SⅢ位.极少部分CuCl分子高度分散在分子筛笼内,没有定位.处于超笼中SⅡ及SⅢ位的Cu2+离子对模拟柴油中的DBT分子具有吸附作用,是吸附脱硫的活性中心.CuLaHY分子筛的吸附脱硫性能优于CuHY分子筛.当模拟柴油中含有萘时,萘与DBT分子会产生竞争吸附.     

Distribution of Europium Ions in Ion-Exchanged NaX and NaY Zeolites

The chemical environments of europium-exchanged NaX (Si/Al =1.16) and NaY (Si/Al = 2.29) zeolites have been investigated by means of ¹²⁹Xe NMR and isotherm measurements of adsorbed xenon. EuNaX and EuNaY samples with varied concentrations of Eu cations were subjected to diverse chemical and thermal treatments, namely dehydration, reduction, oxidation, and re-reduction. Thermal analyses of hydrated EuNaX and EuNaY samples indicate that both the structural stability and the saturation concentration of water increase with increasing Eu content. For dehydrated EuNaY zeolites, the Eu³⁺ cations tend to replace Na⁺ ions at S2 sites and tend to be located in framework supercages; similar behavior is found for Eu²⁺ ions after reduction. After subsequent oxidation, Eu³⁺ ions migrate from supercages into small sodalite and/or D6R cages; similar results were deduced for samples after re-reduction. In contrast to the behavior observed in EuNaY, Eu³⁺ ions tend to exchange for Na⁺ ions in the sodalite and/or D6R cages in dehydrated EuNaX zeolites, regardless of the thermal treatment; this behavior is ascribed to the existence of unlocalized S3 Na⁺ in EuNaX samples.     

CuHY分子筛中铜离子的分布与吸附脱硫性能

采用等体积浸渍法制备具有不同Cu担载量的CuHY 分子筛吸附剂. 用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)和氨程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)技术对分子筛吸附剂进行了表征, 并测定了CuHY 分子筛吸附剂在含二苯并噻吩(DBT)模拟柴油中的吸附脱硫性能; 通过多晶XRD确定了Cu2+在Cu8HY 分子筛笼内的结构与分布. 实验结果表明, 分子筛的骨架结构没有发生改变, 部分Cu2+进入Y型分子筛笼内, 分子筛样品强酸中心有所减少, 中强酸中心有所增加; 进入Y型分子筛笼内的Cu2+, 一部分处于β 笼的SI' 位, 另一部分位于分子筛超笼中的SIII位上, 并与笼内的水分子配位. 处于超笼中的SⅢ位Cu2+对模拟柴油中的DBT分子具有吸附作用, 是吸附脱硫的中心. 而当模拟柴油中存在萘时, 与DBT分子会产生竞争吸附.     

铜离子在CuLaHY分子筛中的分布与吸附脱硫性能

在空气气氛中采用等体积浸渍法制备了具有不同Cu担载量的CuLaHY分子筛吸附剂, 并用X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术对分子筛吸附剂进行了表征. 通过多晶XRD确定了Cu2+及La3+离子在Y型分子筛笼内的结构与分布, 并测定了分子筛吸附剂在含二苯并噻吩(DBT)的模拟柴油中的吸附脱硫性能. 结果表明, 前驱体CuCl2中的大部分Cu物种与LaHY分子筛进行了离子交换, 进入分子筛笼内, 极少部分Cu物种以CuCl形式高度分散在Y型分子筛的笼中. La3+离子及进入Y型分子筛笼中的部分Cu2+离子处于茁笼的SI'位, 而另一部分Cu2+离子与骨架氧和水分子配位, 并牢固地定位于Y型分子筛超笼中的SII及SIII位上. 处于超笼中SII及SIII位上的Cu2+离子对模拟柴油中的DBT分子具有吸附作用, 成为吸附脱硫的中心. 当模拟柴油中有萘存在时, 与DBT分子会产生竞争吸附.     

CO在载钯分子筛薄膜电极上的增强红外吸收

以NaY分子筛超笼为微型反应器,通过“瓶中造船”技术合成钯原子簇(Pd₁₃).并首次把粗糙的分子筛薄膜电极引入到电化学原位红外反射光谱研究,发现了一类新的增强红外吸收现象.与金属钯电极相比,CO红外吸收带的谱峰强度显著增加,半峰宽加宽.研究结果表明,这种增强红外吸收取决于钯原子簇的纳米尺度及分子筛超笼的特殊环境.     

改性金属离子对Y型分子筛水热稳定性的影响

采用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、固体核磁共振（MAS NMR）、扫描电镜（SEM）等分析手段研究了金属离子（Y、Ga、Cr、Zn、Cu）对Y型分子筛水热稳定性的影响。结果表明，金属离子Y的引入能抑制Y型分子筛晶胞收缩，避免骨架铝的脱除，显著提高了分子筛的水热稳定性；金属离子Zn、Cu的引入在一定程度上能较好地稳定分子筛骨架结构，但是其耐高温水热性能较差，经过800℃水热处理后，分子筛的骨架结构基本倒塌；金属离子Ga、Cr不同于Y、Zn、Cu，不能很好地稳定分子筛骨架结构，其耐高温水热性能介于两者之间。