应用复振幅滤波器实现高斯光束均匀化

激光束的光强分布为高斯分布。在激光应用的许多领域，要求光束的光强为均匀分布。本文提出了一种利用复滤波器实现高斯光束均匀化的新方法。给出了复滤波器的制作方法和实验结果。实验表明，该方法是一种能量转化率较高、容易实现、均匀化程度较为理想的高斯光束均匀化的方法。     

Conceptional design of a heavy ion linac injector for HIRFL-CSRm

A room temperature heavy ion linac has been proposed as a new injector of the main Cooler Storage Ring(CSRm) at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou(HIRFL), which is expected to improve the performance of HIRFL. The linac injector can supply heavy ions with a maximum mass to charge ratio of 7 and an injection kinetic energy of 7.272 MeV/u for CSRm; the pulsed beam intensity is 3 emA with the duty factor of 3%. Compared with the present cyclotron injector, the Sector Focusing Cyclotron(SFC), the beam current from linac can be improved by 10–100 times. As the pre-accelerator of the linac, the 108.48 MHz 4-rod Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ) accelerates the ion beam from 4 keV/u to 300 keV/u, which achieves the transmission efficiency of 95.3% with a 3.07 m long vane.The phase advance has been taken into account in the analysis of the error tolerance, and parametric resonances have been carefully avoided by adjusting the structure parameters. Kombinierte Null Grad Struktur Interdigital H-mode Drift Tube Linacs(KONUS IH-DTLs), which follow the RFQ, accelerate ions up to the energy of 7.272 MeV/u for CSRm. The resonance frequency is 108.48 MHz for the first two cavities and 216.96 MHz for the last 5 Drift Tube Linacs(DTLs). The maximum accelerating gradient can reach 4.95 MV/m in a DTL section with the length of17.066 m, and the total pulsed RF power is 2.8 MW. A new strategy, for the determination of resonance frequency,RFQ vane voltage and DTL effective accelerating voltage, is described in detail. The beam dynamics design of the linac will be presented in this paper.     

重离子治疗肿瘤点扫描控制系统

为了实现重离子治疗肿瘤点扫描,对扫描磁铁进行相应的控制。治疗计划进行剂量与肿瘤适形数据的生成,并传输至点扫描控制器与剂量控制器。同时也向点扫描控制器中存入事例数据,以纳入整个加速器控制时序,等待同步时间事例系统的事例触发。点扫描控制器根据剂量控制器的脉冲控制换点治疗操作以及进行换点治疗的扫描磁铁插值算法平滑处理。剂量控制器对气体电离室前端电子学已经刻度的剂量脉冲进行计数。当达到治疗剂量时,控制法拉第筒来阻挡束流,实现点扫描安全治疗。实验证明在现有的电源与磁铁等设备条件以及束流品质下,点扫描控制系统能实现2 mm点间距扫描。     

重离子治疗肿瘤点扫描控制系统

为了实现重离子治疗肿瘤点扫描,对扫描磁铁进行相应的控制。治疗计划进行剂量与肿瘤适形数据的生成,并传输至点扫描控制器与剂量控制器。同时也向点扫描控制器中存入事例数据,以纳入整个加速器控制时序,等待同步时间事例系统的事例触发。点扫描控制器根据剂量控制器的脉冲控制换点治疗操作以及进行换点治疗的扫描磁铁插值算法平滑处理。剂量控制器对气体电离室前端电子学已经刻度的剂量脉冲进行计数。当达到治疗剂量时,控制法拉第筒来阻挡束流,实现点扫描安全治疗。实验证明在现有的电源与磁铁等设备条件以及束流品质下,点扫描控制系统能实现2mm点间距扫描。     

A new approach for heavy ion fusion spin distribution

The method of optical model analysis of generalized elastic scattering angular distributions (GESA) has been applied to heavy ion scattering to derive fusion spin distributions. This method is used to reproduce the coupled channel fusion spin distributions. When applied to experimental data, particularly to the fissile systems like¹⁶O +²³²Th, the method gives large mean square spin values in agreement with “anomalous” values derived from experimental fission fragment anisotropies.     

Mass distribution of heavy ion fission within a dynamical treatment

Dynamical calculations for the fluctuations of the collective variables involved in fission are obtained by a proper decomposition of the full density. The final mass distributions of the fission fragments appear to be independent on the angular momentum and on the friction strength.     

Mass exchange and angular distribution in a dynamical treatment of heavy ion collisions

We present a first numerical computation of the absolute value of the double differential cross section as a function of mass asymmetry and detection angle including a dynamical coupling between relative motion and mass asymmetry. We apply it to the⁶³Cu+¹⁹⁷Au experiment at two different energies. The equation of motion used is a Fokker Planck equation for the distribution function in classical phase space. The coefficients needed are those known from classical model calculations, besides a friction coefficient introduced for the mass asymmetry degree. We find encouraging agreement between the calculated and experimental curves.     

A new polarization potential for heavy ion fusion spin distribution

The real part of the polarization potential which depends on both energy and angular momentum is calculated in a simple way using dispersion relation. A barrier penetration model (BPM) has been used to explain the fusion cross-section and compound nucleus spin distribution for³²S+⁶⁴Ni system in the energy range 50–75 MeV. It is also shown that the polarization potential which only depends on energy, is not adequate to give rise to correct spin distribution even after including any radial dependence. The proposed polarization potential with implicitE andl dependences is able to explain both fusion cross-section and average spin values.     

Multiplicity distribution of strange particles in heavy ion collisions

We study the multiplicity distribution of strange particles in a hadronic gas constrained by exact strangeness conservation. The multiplicity distribution obtained is narrower than both the Poisson and negative binomial distributions. Correlations among strange particles are also discussed. The results presented might be useful in determining the thermodynamic parameters (volume, temperature and baryon density) of a hadronic gas possibly formed in relativistic nuclear collisions.     

Initial energy density distribution in high energy heavy ion reactions

the distribution of energy density for nucleus-nucleus reactions at 200 GeV/nucleon is calculated using the gluon-gluon interaction model. Agreement with data which use the Bjorken approximation as input is good and the initial longitudinal extension of the central fireball turns out to be approximately 2 fm.     

A simulation study of a dual-plate in-room PET system for dose verification in carbon ion therapy

During carbon ion therapy,lots of positron emitters such as11C,15O,10C are generated in irradiated tissues by nuclear reactions,and can be used to track the carbon beam in the tissue by a positron emission tomography(PET)scanner.In this study,an dual-plate in-room PET scanner has been designed and evaluated based on the GATE simulation platform to monitor patient dose in carbon ion therapy.The dual-plate PET is designed to avoid interference with the carbon beamline and with patient positioning.Its performance was compared with that of four-head and full-ring PET scanners.The dual-plate,four-head and full-ring PET scanners consisted of 30,60,60detector modules,respectively,with a 36 cm distance between directly opposite detector modules for dose deposition measurements.Each detector module consisted of a 24×24 array of 2 mm×2 mm×18 mm LYSO pixels coupled to a Hamamatsu H8500 PMT.To estimate the production yield of positron emitters,a 10 cm×15 cm×15 cm cuboid PMMA phantom was irradiated with 172,200,250 MeV/u12C beams.3D images of the activity distribution measured by the three types of scanner are produced by an iterative reconstruction algorithm.By comparing the longitudinal profile of positron emitters along the carbon beam path,it is indicated that use of the dual-plate PET scanner is feasible for monitoring the dose distribution in carbon ion therapy.     

A simulation study of a dual-plate in-room PET system for dose verification in carbon ion therapy

During carbon ion therapy, lots of positron emitters such as 11C, 15O, 11C are generated in irradiated tissues by nuclear reactions, and can be used to track the carbon beam in the tissue by a positron emission tomography （PET） scanner. In this study, an dual-plate in-room PET scanner has been designed and evaluated based on the GATE simulation platform to monitor patient dose in carbon ion therapy. The dual-plate PET is designed to avoid interference with the carbon beamline and with patient positioning. Its performance was compared with that of four-head and full-ring PET scanners. The dual-plate, four-head and full-ring PET scanners consisted of 30, 60, 60 detector modules, respectively, with a 36 cm distance measurements. Each detector module consisted of a between directly opposite detector modules for dose deposition 24~24 array of 2 mm×2 mm×18 mm LYSO pixels coupled to a Hamamatsu H8500 PMT. To estimate the production yield of positron emitters, a 10 cm×15 cm×15 cm cuboid PMMA phantom was irradiated with 172, 200, 250 MeV/u 12C beams. 3D images of the activity distribution measured by the three types of scanner are produced by an iterative reconstruction algorithm. By comparing the longitudinal profile of positron emitters along the carbon beam path, it is indicated that use of the dual-plate PET scanner is feasible for monitoring the dose distribution in carbon ion therapy.     

Evidence for a molecular REC-effect in heavy ion collisions

Anisotropy spectra of the MOK X-ray transitions have been measured in F-Al, Al-Al and Cl-Al collisions as a function of the projectile energy. The measurements at higher energies indicate a new molecular effect due to transitions from quasicontinuum states to the MO 1s _σ-orbitals.     

Non-monotonic depth distribution of secondary defects in ion implanted layers of silicon

Abstract

The non-monotonic distribution of secondary defects after two-step annealing of silicon implanted with boron ions is investigated using the TEM technique and the method of mercury probe along a bevel which was made chemically. Possible mechanisms of multilayer structure formation are discussed.     

A charge-energy depth scaling in a diffusion model for ion blocking

Summary A charge-energy depth scaling law for different ions of different energies is discussed in the framework of a diffusion equation describing the motion of blocked particles in single crystals. The angular blocking dip is shown to be a ?universal? function if the angles are measured in units of the Lindhard’s critical angle and the ion paths inside the crystal are measured in units of a characteristic length approximately proportional toE/Z. The approximations used in the model are discussed by comparing the prediction with calculations of <110> blocking in Al and Ge for ions He, O, Si, Ar of various energies. The relevance of the results for an application to the reaction time measurements in heavy-ion-induced reactions is also discussed.

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Riassunto Descrivendo il moto di particelle cariche attorno a un asse di un monocristallo mediante un’equazione della diffusione, si dimostra l’esistenza di una legge di scala che collega le distribuzioni angolari attorno all’asse (buche di blocking) di ioni aventi cariche ed energie diverse e per diversi spessori di cristallo attraversati. Si dimostra che la buca di blocking è una funzione ?universale? se gli angoli sono misurati in unità dell’angolo critico di Lindhard e gli spessori di cristallo attraversati sono misurati in unità di una lunghezza caratteristica approssimativamente proporzionale aE/Z. I limiti di approssimazione della legge di scala trovata sono discussi nel caso di blocking di ioni He, O, Si, Ar di varie energie attorno all’asse <110> di monocristalli di Al e Ge. Si discute inoltre l’utilità di tale legge di scala nel caso di misure di tempi in reazioni nucleari indotte da ioni pesanti.

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Резюме Обсуждается закон подобия ?заряд-знергия-глубина? для различных ионов различных энергий в рамках диффузионного уравнения, описывающего явление блокировки в монокристаллах. Показывается, что угловой провал, связанный с блокировкой, представляет ?ыниверсальныю? функцию, если углы измеряются в единишах критического угла каналирования Линдхарда и путь ионов измеряется в единицах характерной длины, приблизительно пропорциональной отношениюE/Z. Обсуждаются приближения, использованные в модели. Проводится сравнение предсказанной с вычислениями для эффекта блокировки ионов He, O, Si, Ar в монокристаллах Al и Ge при различных энергиях ионов. Также обсуждается применимость полученных результатов для измерения времени ядерных реакций, индуцированных тяжелыми ионами.

     

Creating homogeneous depth profiles in YBaCuO films by ion beam implantation for uniform supression of Tc

Critical temperature depth profiles were calculated for single and multiple energy oxygen ion implantation of YBaCuO thin films. Using the code and the diffusion equation the changes of the profiles during an annealing between 150 and 300°C were obtained. The results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. Experimentally we investigated further implantation of O⁺, Ne⁺ and Al⁺ with a homogeneous implantation profile. The critical temperature is depressed by the created defects and in the case of Al also by substitution of Cu. For O⁺ and Ne⁺ implantation the depression of the critical temperature is diminished by an annealing process. Depending on the quality of the films, T_c reaches in some cases the values of the unimplanted samples. For Al⁺ the critical temperature changes less by the annealing process compared to the O⁺ or Ne⁺ implantations and does not reach the starting values. Some results of an annealing made by laser treatment are presented, too.     

多峰离子源的三维数值模拟优化与设计

本文理论计算了多峰离子源永磁体, 采用二体碰撞模型处理电子之间的库仑碰撞, 运用空碰撞方法处理电子与氢元素相关粒子碰撞, 开发了全三维粒子模拟-蒙特卡罗模拟算法, 并采用此软件对热门多峰离子源JET-60U的两种优化设计模型进行数值模拟研究, 探索了两种离子源空间分布特性和体积负氢离子产率相关问题, 提出了负氢离子源设计的基本思想: 适当调整离子源多峰磁场分布情况可以输出均匀离子束; 适当调整引出磁场大小和离子源结构, 可以达到离子束空间均匀性和高产率兼顾的效果.     

Spatial and angular distribution of the heavy ion charge under channeling in crystals

A kinetic theory of passage of multiply charged heavy ions through crystals is developed that allows for diffusion in the transverse momentum space and ion-crystal charge exchange. The theory provides an adequate explanation for the observed angular distributions of heavy ions passing through oriented crystals, makes it possible to calculate the partial angular distributions of different charge states, and treats the discovered effects of “cooling” and “heating” of channeled ion beams in physical terms. The angular and spatial distribution of channeled ions with different energies is calculated. Whether a channeled beam of multiply charged heavy ions will be cooled or heated is related to the dependence of the electron capture and loss probabilities on the impact parameter when the ions interact with atomic chains. This interaction governs the run of the angular and spatial distribution of the channeled ion charge.     

MCNP simulation of the dose distribution in liver cancer treatment for BNC therapy

The Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is based on selective uptake of boron in tumour tissue compared to the surrounding normal tissue. Infusion of compounds with boron is followed by irradiation with neutrons. Neutron capture on ¹⁰B, which gives rise to an alpha particle and recoiled ⁷Li ion, enables the therapeutic dose to be delivered to tumour tissue while healthy tissue can be spared. Here, therapeutic abilities of BNCT were studied for possible treatment of liver cancer using thermal and epithermal neutron beam. For neutron transport MCNP software was used and doses in organs of interest in ORNL phantom were evaluated. Phantom organs were filled with voxels in order to obtain depth-dose distributions in them. The result suggests that BNCT using an epithermal neutron beam could be applied for liver cancer treatment.