空间基准黑体源发射率影响因素研究

空间基准黑体源对气候变化监测、防灾减灾、红外定标等方面的发展具有重要意义。空腔发射率作为空间基准黑体源最关键的表观辐射特性,在红外探测设备的校准过程中需要保持较低的不确定度。针对空间基准黑体源的定向发射率开展相应的理论建模和实验测量研究。在反向蒙特卡罗法和涂层表面辐射特性的基础上构建了方向发射率计算模型,分析了探测距离、温度非均匀性、涂层表面辐射特性等因素对空腔发射率的影响。然后,采用受控背景的材料发射率测量系统开展了相应的实验研究。研究结果可为空间基准黑体源的设计、开发与溯源提供理论指导。     

混合时间对燃烧稳定性影响的实验研究

燃烧振荡是不稳定燃烧过程与燃烧室内声波耦合产生的一种现象,在燃气轮机的贫预混燃烧室中较为常见,其发生易损坏燃烧室结构及缩短运行寿命。本文通过模型燃烧室进行系列实验研究燃料与空气的混合时间对旋流预混燃烧稳定性的影响规律。实验中通过改变预混长度和空气流速来改变混合时间,通过变当量比获得燃烧振荡与稳定的范围。实验结果表明混合时间对燃烧稳定性有重要影响,仅当混合时间处于一定区间内时才有可能发生燃烧振荡,发生燃烧振荡的当量比范围也与混合时间有关。本文同时还研究了燃烧振荡频率、振幅与当量比和空气流速的关系。     

对共鸣管测声速实验的改进

本实验是封闭奶茶吸管的一端,并对另一端吹气使其发声,用频谱分析软件确定此声信号的基频,进而得出空气中的声速.文中指出理论与实验事实不一致:理论上基频所对应的管长为四分之一个声波波长,只要知道基频与管长即可算出声速;事实上管的有效长度是实际管长加上管口校正量,管口校正量因管口厚薄、管体形状等因素而有所不同.在本实验中,对于直径约为1.1cm和0.6cm的吸管,分别采用0.5d和1d的校正量获得了比较理想的声速值.指出管的长度不宜过短,否则将无法获得较准确的基频值.     

水流在旋转黑磷纳米管内轴向驱动特性

运用分子动力学方法模拟研究了旋转的黑磷纳米管对管内水流的轴向驱动特性,研究结果表明:手性黑磷纳米管在旋转时会驱动管内水分子沿轴向运动,运动方向由纳米管转向决定;管内水流的流速和驱动力会随着黑磷管转速的提高而增大.采用黑磷双壁Couette模型计算分析了水-黑磷界面的摩擦系数及滑移特性,阐明了黑磷表面天然的各向异性微结构是旋转黑磷管轴向驱动水流的本质原因.构建了在双层黑磷纳米管间填充水分子的模型,发现内外黑磷管同时旋转时,管间水分子的轴向运动会增强.纳米管半径也会对水分子的定向运动产生影响,具体表现为在相同转速下,随着纳米管半径的增大,管内水分子在轴向上的运动速度会减小,而受力则会增大;双壁黑磷纳米管在旋转时管内水分子的轴向运动情况和单壁黑磷纳米管模型差异很小,证明黑磷管层数对水流驱动效果的影响不明显;温度对水流驱动效果的影响规律取决于管内压强和温度对流固界面摩擦系数的耦合作用,当温度低于常温时水分子在轴向上的速度和受力会随着温度的升高而增大,当温度达到常温时则趋于平稳.研究结果可为基于黑磷纳米管的流体传动器件的设计和应用提供理论基础.     

环形布膜式垂直管内制冷剂R113降膜流动特性研究

为研发高效余热蒸发制冷装置,采用RNG k-ε模型和VOF模型数值研究环形布膜式垂直管内制冷剂R113流动分布和不同喷淋密度对液膜分布和液膜厚度的影响。研究结果表明:在基本工况下,R113液膜流动沿管长方向呈现从平稳到波动的变化过程,出现平稳段、波动段和震荡段三种不同流动形态;管壁表面的液膜厚度随喷淋密度的减小而减小,在喷淋密度减小到一定值时,圆管壁面出现局部"干斑"现象。     

R134a管外强化沸腾实验数据处理新方法

在水平管外沸腾换热实验中,热流密度沿管长方向的变化幅度较大,采用Wilson方法所得到的管内对流换热系数偏高,而管外沸腾换热系数偏低.为解决这一问题,本文提出了一种新的数据处理方法-局部换热系数法,并采用这种方法对实验测定R134a在水平放置的机械加工强化表面沸腾传热管的实验数据进行分析和处理,得到了较合理的结果.     

滑动盖板对一维微尺度光栅红外辐射特性影响

电磁波入射到微尺度周期性结构表面时,一定条件下将在某一波段产生异常光吸收现象。基于该特性,本文提出了单边移动盖板光栅和双边移动盖板光栅两种光栅结构,并使用严格耦合波分析(RCWA)方法对TM波垂直入射的一维微尺度光栅表面辐射特性进行了分析,研究了滑动盖板的厚度和位置对光栅表面结构辐射特性的影响。结果表明,相同盖板厚度,双边移动盖板光栅形成的发射率峰较单边移动盖板光栅形成的发射率峰具有较宽的半高全宽(FWHM),但峰值较低;随盖板向关闭侧移动,高发射率峰对应波长向长波方向移动;随盖板厚度增加,发射率峰向长波方向移动,其中双边移动盖板光栅结构形成的发射率峰变宽,峰值变小。     

高压火焰传播临界初始半径的实验和理论研究

本文从实验和理论计算上对第一临界火焰初始半径和第二火焰临界初始半径进行了研究.由于第一临界火焰初始半径从实验中难以获得,本文测量了最小临界火焰半径来代替研究第一临界初始半径的规律.本文利用定压燃烧弹测量了1,3-丁二烯/氦气/氧气混合气在当量比0.8～1.5,初始压力最高1.5 MPa下的临界火焰初始半径,研究了当量比...     

表面结构对面源黑体光谱发射率的影响

随着红外测温技术的快速发展,红外测温仪在军事及民用领域得到广泛应用,对测量准确度的要求提升到了新的高度。面源黑体辐射源作为非接触测温设备校准的核心装置,近年来受到广泛的关注。发射率是描述辐射源性能的重要指标,目前缺少黑体表面形貌对发射率影响的研究。面源黑体发射率主要由表面凸锥结构和涂覆涂层决定。为设计出高发射率面源黑体,以具有凸锥结构的面源黑体为基础模型,引入间距及涂层结构,建立具有不同表面结构参数、单元间距及涂层厚度的面源黑体模型,设置基底材料为石墨,涂层材料为氮化硅,通过有限元软件得到仿真模型的反射率,利用反射率反演得到其发射率,绘制3～14μm范围内的光谱发射率曲线;研究面源黑体表面的电场分布情况。分析结构单元的宽高比、涂层厚度和结构单元间距等参数对发射率的影响。结构单元高度与发射率成正比、较窄的宽度对发射率有优化作用,发射率随宽高比的减小而增大。涂层结构改变了光谱发射率的下降趋势,在11μm后发射率上升,发射率随厚度增加而增大;单元间距变化与发射率成正比。设置初始面源黑体单元结构高度为10μm、宽度为1μm,在该模型上依次添加2μm涂层及2μm间距结构,进行仿真计算。优化后黑体...     

常温下高灵敏度灰体红外方向发射率测试技术研究

介绍了一种新颖的在常温下直接测量灰体表面方向发射率的方法。采用直接比对样品与参照物表面的光谱辐射率来测量方向发射率ε的绝对值。使用的传感器是热释电传感器,采用光学调制和锁相放大技术,实现对微弱信号的检测。设计的实验装置结构简单不需要制冷。在实验中,使用一块干净的浮法玻璃和氧化不锈钢作为测试样品,测试温度为50—200℃,将一块标定过的已知发射率为0.67的材料作为参照物。在没有制冷的条件下,与参照物和NPL数值、标定值相比较,实验得到的结果令人满意。     

A new method for the estimation of high temperature radiant heat emittance by means of aero-acoustic levitation

A new method for the experimental estimation of radiant heat emittance at high temperatures has been developed which involves aero-acoustic levitation of samples, laser heating and contactless temperature measurement. Radiant heat emittance values are determined from the time dependent development of the sample temperature which requires analysis of both the radiant and convective heat transfer towards the surroundings by means of fluid dynamics calculations. First results for the emittance of a corundum sample obtained with this method are presented in this article and found in good agreement with literature values.     

HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP MEASUREMENTS FOR IN-TUBE CONDENSATION OF CFC-113 USING MICROFIN TUBES AND WIRE INSERTS

Accurate, repeatable heat transfer and pressure-drop measurements have been made for condensation of CFC-113 with downflow inside enhanced microfin tubes and tubes containing twisted-wire inserts. In the latter case measurements have also been made for CFC-113/air mixtures. The heat transfer rate was calculated from the coolant flow rate and temperature rise, the latter measured using a 10-junction thermopile with careful attention paid to adequate coolant mixing and isothermal immersion of the thermopile leads. The surface temperature was found from thermocouples embedded in the tube wall. One plain tube, nine microfin tubes (with different fin heights, helix angles, and number of fins), and four twisted-wire inserts (with different wire densities) were tested. Enhancement ratios (i.e., vapor-side heat transfer coefficient for the enhanced tube divided by that for a smooth tube at the same vapor-side temperature difference and vapor inlet velocity) between 1.6 and 5.6 for the microfin tubes and between 1.2 and 1.6 for the twisted-wire inserts were found, with values depending on vapor-side temperature difference, vapor inlet velocity, and air inlet mole fraction in the case of CFC-113/air mixtures. The microfin tubes showed moderate pressure-drop penalties of around 50% compared to the plain tube, while the twisted-wire inserts showed increasing pressure-drop penalty with increasing wire density.     

Analysis of directional radiative behavior and heating efficiency for a gas-fired radiant burner

For the purpose of energy conservation and uniform heating of object surface, a gas-fired porous radiant burner with a bundle of reflecting tubes is developed. A physical model is developed to simulate the directional radiative behavior of this heating device, in which the Monte Carlo method based on the concept of radiation distribution factor is used to compute the directional radiative behavior. The effects of relating parameters on the directional behavior of radiative heating and the heating efficiency are analyzed. With the increase of the length-to-radius ratio of tube, the radiation heating efficiency decreases, but the radiation energy incident on the object surface is more collimated. The radiation heating efficiency increases with the specular reflectivity. With the increase in length of tube segment with specular reflective surface, the radiation heating efficiency increases, but the extent of concentration and collimation of radiative energy decreases. For real design of the heating device, some trade-offs are needed to balance the radiation heating efficiency and the uniformity of radiative heating of object surface.     

基于8～14μm带宽的谱带发射率的研究

针对红外测量中常用的8～14μm的带宽,依据前人的实验结果,计算了两种材料的谱带发射率,并且通过简单的实验,测量了几种材料的谱带发射率。实验和计算结果表明:谱带发射率与温度之间存在着某种函数关系。对于常用的带通辐射测温仪和热像仪,如果测量对象为非灰体,仍然把发射率值看作是一个常数,将会导致较大的测量误差。初步研究表明,对于非金属和真空中的金属,谱带发射率与温度近似存在线性关系。利用拟合出的谱带发射率与温度的函数关系式,可以作为辐射测温仪和热像仪的修正,不仅简化了计算,而且能够提高其测量精度。     

Infrared radiant emissivities of ceramics with spinel structure

The infrared radiant ceramic materials were prepared by calcination at high temperature. Based on the study of infrared radiant emissivity and X — ray diffraction spectra, the results indicate that spinel structure possesses the higher infrared radiant emissivity. The reason of the higher infrared emissivity of the spinel structure has been explained according to the Group Theory.     

Backward Monte Carlo simulation for apparent directional emissivity of non-isothermal semitransparent slab

A backward Monte Carlo method based on radiation distribution factor is extended to compute the apparent directional emissivity of one-dimensional absorbing-emitting-scattering semitransparent slab with specular semitransparent surface and opaque diffuse substrate. A non-isothermal semitransparent slab is taken as an example to examine the efficiency of backward Monte Carlo method. The apparent directional emissivity of the semitransparent slab is determined by backward Monte Carlo simulation and compared with that determined by forward Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that the backward Monte Carlo method is very efficient in solving the apparent directional emissivity of the semitransparent slab. The backward Monte Carlo method converges more quickly than the forward Monte Carlo method.     

空气净化器内部结构对其净化效率的影响研究

本文通过理论分析及实验验证,全面分析了影响净化器净化效率的因素,结果发现净化器内部辐射场、流场和浓度场得分布是影响净化器效率的主要因素。净化器内部结构的设计应该充分考虑这些因素的影响,使其净化效率达到最佳。     

Generalised radiant emittance in the phase-space representation of planar sources in any state of spatial coherence

The physical meaning of the generalised radiant emittance is not trivial. Indeed, its energy values should describe the local emission properties of planar sources in any state of spatial coherence, but they can take on positive and negative values mainly within the non-paraxial region. The recent phase-space modelling of optical fields in terms of radiant and virtual layers of point sources is used as framework for analysing the nature of the generalised radiant emittance in order to give more insight on its physical meaning.     

Nanosecond-time-resolution thermal emission measurement during pulsed excimer-laser interaction with materials

A nanosecond-time-resolution pyrometer has been developed for measuring the transient surface temperature of a solid material heated by pulsed excimer-laser irradiation. Fast germanium diodes are employed to capture the transient thermal emission signals in the wavelength range between 1.2 and 1.6 pm. The surface temperature is derived from the measured spectral thermal emission. The directional spectral emissivity is determined in situ by measuring the transient directional spectral reflectivity and applying Kirchhoffs law. The experimental results are in good agreement with numerical thermal modeling predictions. The pyrometric thermal emission measurement also yields the solid/liquid interface temperature during the pulsed excimer-laser-induced melting. The relation between the measured interface superheating temperature and the interface velocity reveals the melting kinetic relation during the high-power, short-pulse laser-induced phase-change processes.     

Radiant emissivity of tungsten in the infrared region of the spectrum

The spectral radiant emissivity of tungsten ribbon ranging from 1 to 5. 1μ thick was measured in the temperature range from 1244–2441K. It was shown that the radiant emissivity of tungsten in the infrared region does not obey the Hagen-Rubens relation.