The Pressurized Hollow Cylinder or Disk Problem for Functionally Graded Isotropic Linearly Elastic Materials

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of material inhomogeneity on the response of linearly elastic isotropic hollow circular cylinders or disks under uniform internal or external pressure. The work is motivated by the recent research activity on functionally graded materials (FGMs), i.e., materials with spatially varying properties tailored to satisfy particular engineering applications. The analog of the classic Lamé problem for a pressurized homogeneous isotropic hollow circular cylinder or disk is considered. The special case of a body with Young"s modulus depending on the radial coordinate only, and with constant Poisson"s ratio, is examined. It is shown that the stress response of the inhomogeneous cylinder (or disk) is significantly different from that of the homogeneous body. For example, the maximum hoop stress does not, in general, occur on the inner surface in contrast with the situation for the homogeneous material. The results are illustrated using a specific radially inhomogeneous material model for which explicit exact solutions are obtained. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Torsin of Functionally Graded Isotropic Linearly Elastic Bars

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of material inhomogeneity on the torsional response of linearly elastic isotropic bars. The work is motivated by the recent research activity on functionally graded materials (FGMs), i.e. materials with spatially varying properties tailored to satisfy particular engineering applications. The classic approach to the torsion problem for a homogenous isotropic bar of arbitrary simply-connected cross-section in terms of the Prandtl stress function is generalized to the inhomogeneous case. The special case of a circular rod with shear modulus depending on the radial coordinate only is examined. It is shown that the maximum shear stress does not, in general, occur on the boundary of the rod, in contrast to the situation for the homogeneous problem. It is shown that the material inhomogeneity may increase or decrease the torsional rigidity compared to that for the homogeneous rod. Optimal upper and lower bounds for the torsional rigidity for nonhomogeneous bars of arbitrary cross-section are established. A new formulation of the basic boundary-value problem is given. The results are illustrated using specific material models used in the literature on functionally graded elastic materials. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On Non-Symmetric Deformations of an Incompressible Nonlinearly Elastic Isotropic Sphere

A class of non-symmetric deformations of a neo-Hookean incompressible nonlinearly elastic sphere are investigated. It is found via the semi-inverse method that, to satisfy the governing three-dimensional equations of equilibrium and the incompressibility constraint, only three special cases of the class of deformation fields are possible. One of these is the trivial solution, one the solution describing radially symmetric deformation, and the other a (non-symmetric, non-homogeneous) deformation describing inflation and stretching. The implications of these results for cavitation phenomena are also discussed. In the course of this work, we also present explicitly the spherical polar coordinate form of the equilibrium equations for the nominal stress tensor for a general hyperelastic solid. These are more complicated than their counterparts for Cauchy stresses due to the mixed bases (both reference and deformed) associated with the nominal (or Piola-Kirchhoff) stress tensor, but more useful in considering general deformation fields. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Stress Response of Functionally Graded Isotropic Linearly Elastic Rotating Disks

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of material inhomogeneity on the response of linearly elastic isotropic solid circular disks or cylinders, rotating at constant angular velocity about a central axis. The work is motivated by the recent research activity on functionally graded materials (FGMs), i.e., materials with spatially varying properties tailored to satisfy particular engineering applications. The analog of the classic problem for a homogeneous isotropic rotating solid disk or cylinder is considered. The special case of a body with Young"s modulus depending on the radial coordinate only, and with constant Poisson"s ratio, is examined. For the case when the Young"s modulus has a power-law dependence on the radial coordinate, explicit exact solutions are obtained. It is shown that the stress response of the inhomogeneous disk (or cylinder) is significantly different from that of the homogeneous body. For example, the maximum radial and hoop stresses do not, in general, occur at the center as in the case for the homogeneous material. Furthermore, for the case where the Young"s modulus increases with radial distance from the center, it is shown that radially symmetric solutions exist provided the rate of growth of the Young"s modulus is, at most, cubic in the radial variable. It is also shown for the general inhomogeneous isotropic case how the material inhomogeneity may be tailored so that the radial and hoop stress are identical throughout the disk. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Effects of Compressibility on Inhomogeneous Deformations for a Class of Almost Incompressible Isotropic Nonlinearly Elastic Materials

Experimental data for simple tension suggest that there is a power–law kinematic relationship between the stretches for large classes of slightly compressible (or almost incompressible) non-linearly elastic materials that are homogeneous and isotropic. Here we confine attention to a particular constitutive model for such materials that is of generalized Varga type. The corresponding incompressible model has been shown to be particularly tractable analytically. We examine the response of the slightly compressible material to some nonhomogeneous deformations and compare the results with those for the corresponding incompressible model. Thus the effects of slight compressibility for some basic nonhomogeneous deformations are explicitly assessed. The results are fundamental to the analytical modeling of almost incompressible hyperelastic materials and are of importance in the context of finite element methods where slight compressibility is usually introduced to avoid element locking due to the incompressibility constraint. It is also shown that even for slightly compressible materials, the volume change can be significant in certain situations.      

Finite Inhomogeneous Shearing Deformations of a Transversely Isotropic Incompressible Material

The present paper deals with finite inhomogeneous shearing deformations of a slab of a special anisotropic solid. Two cases according to the directions of the anisotropic director of the medium are examined. In one case the solution reduces to a quadrature and gives an exact deformation field for particular values of the material constants. In the other case an exact solution is obtained. All such solutions reduce to the same existing solution for the corresponding isotropic elastic material. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Constitutive Models for Almost Incompressible Isotropic Elastic Rubber-like Materials

A simple constitutive model is proposed for slightly compressible (or almost incompressible) non-linearly elastic materials that are homogeneous and isotropic. Experimental data for simple tension suggest that there is a power-law kinematic relationship between the stretches for large classes of such materials. It is shown that a common constitutive model for these materials does not, in general, capture this effect. The most general constitutive model giving rise to such a power-law relationship is then obtained. A special case yields the well-known Blatz–Ko model for compressible rubber. The behavior in biaxial tension and pure shear is also discussed.     

Finite Deformations and Motions of Radially Inextensible Hollow Spheres

Radial inflation–compaction and radial oscillation solutions are presented for hollow spheres of isotropic elastic material that are radially inextensible. The solutions for radial inflation–compaction and radial oscillation are obtained also for everted radially inextensible hollow spheres of isotropic elastic material. The static and dynamic results for everted and uneverted radially inextensible hollow spheres are then compared. Harmonic and compressible Varga materials are used to demonstrate the solutions.      

有限长FGM圆筒的热/机应力的解析解

利用微分方程的级数求解方法,分析了两端简支的有限长功能梯度圆筒的轴对称稳态热弹性问题,推导出了稳态温度场与应力场的解析解。分析中采用指数函数模型来描述FGM圆筒中材料性能在厚度方向的连续变化,同时忽略温度对材料性能的影响。另外,论文以金属钼和多铝红柱石制成的功能梯度圆筒为例,给出了稳态温度场和应力场的数值结果。     

Stress Analysis of Rotating Inhomogeneous Transversely Isotropic Hollow Spheres

An approach is proposed to the stress–strain analysis of hollow, arbitrarily inhomogeneous, transversely isotropic, either closed or open spheres that rotate about the axis of symmetry with a constant angular velocity. The stress problem for a rotating single-layer sphere and a segment of a sphere is solved as an example. The distribution of radial stresses and displacements along the radius of the sphere is analyzed depending on thickness variation at arbitrary points of the sphere     

各种边界条件平行四边形功能梯度板的动力特性解析解

本文基于斜坐标系,建立起平行四边形功能梯度板的基本微分方程及变分方程,用梁函数组合法对平行四边形及菱形功能梯度板进行动力特性分析,提出了适用于每边任取简支、固定、自由边界之一(包括36种边界)平行四边形功能梯度板固有频率与振型的解析解;在简化情况下,给出了各种边界条件平行四边形功能梯度板各阶固有频率解的统一表达式。     

Exact Solutions and Material Tailoring for Functionally Graded Hollow Circular Cylinders

We employ the Airy stress function to derive analytical solutions for plane strain static deformations of a functionally graded (FG) hollow circular cylinder with Young’s modulus E and Poisson’s ratio v taken to be functions of the radius r. For E ₁ and v ₁ power law functions of r, and for E ₁ an exponential but v ₁ an affine function of r, we derive explicit expressions for stresses and displacements. Here E ₁ and v ₁ are effective Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio appearing in the stress-strain relations. It is found that when exponents of the power law variations of E ₁ and v ₁ are equal then stresses in the cylinder are independent of v ₁; however, displacements depend upon v ₁. We have investigated deformations of a FG hollow cylinder with the outer surface loaded by pressure that varies with the angular position of a point, of a thin cylinder with pressure on the inner surface varying with the angular position, and of a cut circular cylinder with equal and opposite tangential tractions applied at the cut surfaces. When v ₁ varies logarithmically through-the-thickness of a hollow cylinder, then the maximum radial stress, the maximum hoop stress and the maximum radial displacements are noticeably affected by values of v ₁. Conversely, we find how E ₁ and v ₁ ought to vary with r in order to achieve desired distributions of a linear combination of the radial and the hoop stresses. It is found that for the hoop stress to be constant in the cylinder, E ₁ and v ₁ must be affine functions of r. For the in-plane shear stress to be uniform through the cylinder thickness, E ₁ and v ₁ must be functions of r ². Exact solutions and optimal design parameters presented herein should serve as benchmarks for comparing approximate solutions derived through numerical algorithms.     

Pairwise Deformations of an Incompressible Elastic Body under Dead-Load Tractions

In this paper we obtain necessary conditions for the existence of pairwise deformations of an incompressible, isotropic elastic body subjected to a homogeneous distribution of dead-load tractions. Explicit restrictions on the boundary loads and on the surface of discontinuity between the phases are determined. For hyperelastic bodies with stored energy depending only on the first invariant of strain, we show that pairwise deformations under examination are necessarily (within a rigid rotation) plane deformations.     

Simple Shearing of Incompressible and Slightly Compressible Isotropic Nonlinearly Elastic Materials

The classical problem of simple shear in nonlinear elasticity has played an important role as a basic pilot problem involving a homogeneous deformation that is rich enough to illustrate several key features of the nonlinear theory, most notably the presence of normal stress effects. Here our focus is on certain ambiguities in the formulation of simple shear arising from the determination of the arbitrary hydrostatic pressure term in the normal stresses for the case of an incompressible isotropic hyperelastic material. A new formulation in terms of the principal stretches is given. An alternative approach to the determination of the hydrostatic pressure is proposed here: it will be required that the stress distribution for a perfectly incompressible material be the same as that for a slightly compressible counterpart. The form of slight compressibility adopted here is that usually assumed in the finite element simulation of rubbers. For the particular case of a neo-Hookean material, the different stress distributions are compared and contrasted.     

Stress Solution for Transversely Isotropic Corrugated Hollow Cylinders

The stress problem for corrugated hollow transversely isotropic cylinders is solved in three-dimensional formulation for certain end conditions. Discrete Fourier series are used to make the problem one-dimensional, which is then solved by the stable discrete-orthogonalization method. Examples of analysis are given__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 62–69, March 2005.     

On the Deformation of Functionally Graded Porous Elastic Cylinders

This paper is concerned with the linear theory of inhomogeneous and orthotropic elastic materials with voids. We study the problem of extension and bending of right cylinders when the constitutive coefficients are independent of the axial coordinate. First, the plane strain problem for inhomogeneous and orthotropic elastic materials with voids is investigated. Then, the solution of the problem of extension and bending is expressed in terms of solutions of three plane strain problems. The results are used to study the extension of a circular cylinder with a special kind of inhomogeneity. The influence of the material inhomogeneity on the axial strain is established.      

功能梯度压电材料板的有限元解

本文利用变分原理和功能梯度压电材料的本构关系、几何关系、板的边界条件等,推导出功能梯度板的有限元方程。其中考虑了横向剪切变形的影响,采用了板变形问题的Mindlin假设,板内电势设为声：Ф=ψ0（x,y）＋ψ1（x,y）z＋ψ2（x,y）z^2＋ψ1（x,y）g（z）,并假设材料的力学和电学常数均沿板厚度z方向按同一函数规律K=K^0f（z）变化,其中f（z）为任意的函数形式。为了验证本文方法的正确性,以功能梯度压电材料正方形板为例,使板所受的机械荷载和电荷载以及函数f（z）的形式与参考文献中所给出的相同,利用本文中提出有限元法计算了功能梯度板的电势和位移,所得结果与参考文献中的几乎一致。最后用此法计算四边简支,接地,线性梯度的PZT-4正方形板受均布荷载作用下的挠度和电势分布。     

Superposition of Generalized Plane Strain on Anti-Plane Shear Deformations in Isotropic Incompressible Hyperelastic Materials

The purpose of this research is to investigate the basic issues that arise when generalized plane strain deformations are superimposed on anti-plane shear deformations in isotropic incompressible hyperelastic materials. Attention is confined to a subclass of such materials for which the strain-energy density depends only on the first invariant of the strain tensor. The governing equations of equilibrium are a coupled system of three nonlinear partial differential equations for three displacement fields. It is shown that, for general plane domains, this system decouples the plane and anti-plane displacements only for the case of a neo-Hookean material. Even in this case, the stress field involves coupling of both deformations. For generalized neo-Hookean materials, universal relations may be used in some situations to uncouple the governing equations. It is shown that some of the results are also valid for inhomogeneous materials and for elastodynamics.     

Volterra's Theory of Elastic Dislocations for a Transversally Isotropic Homogeneous Hollow Cylinder

This work will consider Volterra's theory of elastic dislocations in the case of a transversally isotropic homogeneous hyperelastic hollow cylinder. We obtain explicit equations for the vector field of displacements, for tensor fields of strain and stress, and for forces upon the boundary.     

On a Class of Deformations of Compressible, Isotropic, Nonlinearly Elastic Solids

We consider deformations of unconstrained, isotropic hyperelastic solids which satisfy the condition that the determinant of the deformation gradient is constant. In the absence of body forces, it is shown (i) that a certain deformation in this class (which describes the bending of rectangular blocks into annular cylindrical sectors) is not possible in any of the considered materials, (ii) that in the case when the body fills the whole space, it is composed of a compressible neo-Hookean material and it is subjected to relatively moderate loads, these deformations are necessarily homogeneous and (iii) that for boundary conditions of place and relative to a certain sub-class of the class of considered materials, these deformations are globally stable, in the sense that they are minimizers for the total energy with respect to smooth variations that are compatible with the boundary conditions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.