听觉障碍患者的空间听觉*

空间听觉是对声音空间属性或特性的主观感觉,包括对声源的定位、对环境反射声的主观感觉等。复杂声学环境下的语言获取也和空间听觉密切相关。听觉障碍通常会包括空间听觉能力的下降甚至缺失,影响语言的获取能力。人工听觉是治疗听觉障碍的手段,理想情况下应能恢复或改善患者的空间听觉能力。该文综述了听觉障碍患者的空间听觉及其人工恢复方面的研究、进展及存在的问题。     

The effect of a layer of varying density on spatial correlation of sea-bottom backscattering signal

The research is about the effect of a layer of varying density of sea-bottom sediments on spatial correlation of sea-bottom backscattering.The relationship between scattering cross section and spatial correlation is that backscattering cross section decreases quickly and the spatial correlation becomes stronger as the incident angle increases.Therefore,the densitydepth profile is introduced into sea-bottom high-frequency backscattering echo model,which is used to simulate sea-bottom backscattering and calculate the function of spatial correlation.The influence of the density gradient on spatial correlation of sea-bottom backscattering is investigated by analyzing the relations between vertical gradient of density and the scattering cross section.As can be seen from the simulation results,the impact of the density gradient on the spatial correlation is found more significant.While the density gradient increases,the scattering cross-section and the radius of the spatial correlation broaden,the spatial correlation becomes stronger.At the same time,the scattering cross-section decreases more quickly as the incident angle increases.     

啁啾脉冲堆积宽带激光非线性传输空间调制特性

为避免啁啾脉冲堆积宽带激光的空间调制对光学元件的损坏,数值研究了其非线性传输过程中时域调制对光束空间调制产生与增长的影响。结果表明：光束未叠加空间调制时,若B积分在实际工作范围内,堆积子脉冲间干涉引入时间调制外,叠加与未叠加时间调制,正反常色散情况下光束空间上均不会产生调制,因而也没有调制增长,然而,当B积分进一步增加时,光束空间将产生调制,并能快速增长;当光束引入空间调制后,在反常色散情况下,与时间未额外叠加调制相比,时间额外叠加调制时空间调制增长速度明显加快,而在正常色散时,额外添加时间调制与不添加调制,空间调制增长的差别很小。     

Super-resolved or field of view enlarged imaging based upon spatial depolarization of light

In this paper we present a new approach allowing the surpassing of the diffraction based limitation for the achievable resolution provided by imaging systems. It is based on an encoding-decoding process of various spatial pixels or regions in the field of view of the imaged object by orthogonal and differently time varying polarization states.The reconstruction of the original spatial information is obtained by applying a decoding process in a way similar to the encoding one. Although all the spatial information is summed and mixed together by the system, the decoding provides super-resolved imaging since in every spatial position the undesired spatial information having time varying polarization dependence, that is uncorrelated to the decoding sequence applied on that specific spatial position, is averaged to zero and, on the other hand, the information which corresponds to that specific spatial region is being reinforced.The proposed approach can be used not only for super-resolved imaging but also for imaging module that maintains the same spatial resolution while providing enlarged field of view.     

强激光束在柱面镜空间滤波器中的传输特性

为了解决空间滤波器滤波针孔堵孔问题,提出了一种新型柱面镜空间滤波器,新型柱面镜空间滤波器由柱面镜和狭缝构成。利用线性传输理论,对高功率激光束在新型柱面镜空间滤波器中的传输特性进行了数值模拟。结果表明：新型柱面镜空间滤波器的焦斑面积比传统滤波器大,而焦斑功率密度较小;新型柱面镜空间滤波器的滤波效果与传统滤波器相同,近场均匀性也相同。因此新型柱面镜空间滤波器能够抑制空间滤波器堵孔效应,可以缩短空间滤波器系统透镜焦距,从而提高功率装置的整体性价比。由此,采用新型柱面镜空间滤波器替换传统球面镜空间滤波器具有可行性。     

Spatial and temporal bilateral filter for infrared small target enhancement

This paper presents a spatial and temporal bilateral filter (BF) to detect target trajectories, by extracting spatial target information using a spatial BF and temporal target information using a temporal BF. Background prediction when it is covered by targets is the key to small target detection. In order to apply the BF to a small target detection field for this purpose, this paper presents a novel spatial and temporal BF with an adaptive standard deviation to predict spatial background and temporal background profiles, based on analysis of the blocks surrounding a spatial and temporal filter window. In order to discriminate between the edge or object regions with a flat background and the target region spatially and temporally, spatial and temporal variances of the blocks surrounding the filter window are calculated in a spatial infrared (IR) image and temporal profile. The spatial and temporal variances adjust standard deviations of the spatial and temporal BF. Through this procedure, spatial background and temporal background profiles are predicted, and then small targets can be detected by subtracting the predicted spatial background (and temporal background profile) from the original IR image (and original temporal profile) and multiplying spatial and temporal target information. To compare existing target detection methods and the proposed method, signal-to-clutter ratio gain (SCRG) and background suppression factor (BSF) are employed for spatial performance comparison and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) is used for detection-performance comparison of the target trajectory. Experimental results show that the proposed method has a superior target detection rate and a lower false-alarm rate.     

Spatial and Temporal Properties of a Nonlinear Optical Feedback System

We experimentally investigate the spatial and temporal properties of a nonlinear optical system composed of an optically addressed spatial light modulator and a two-dimensional optical feedback. The system property is examined using fringes with only one spatial wave vector. The fringes are spontaneously generated using a spatial frequency filter in the optical feedback. We also experimentally investigate the properties of the spatial light modulator in the system using ordinary interference fringes in order to compare with the system property. We demonstrate that the spatial frequency response of the nonlinear optical system is identical to that of the spatial light modulator. We also demonstrate the distinctive temporal behavior of diffraction lights from the fringes generated in the system.     

高能飞秒激光系统中空间滤波器的研究和设计

由于透镜传输时间延迟效应（PTD）,飞秒激光脉冲经过空间滤波器产生脉冲波前变形。讨论了用双胶合透镜或双分离透镜代替空间滤波器中的单透镜,以消除或减小PTD效应,设计了适用于飞秒激光装置的空间滤波器。     

内爆芯部温度空间分布计算

利用空间分划的平衡辐射输运方程,结合Multi1D辐射流体程序计算了辐射驱动内爆芯部的X光发射空间分布,计算结果表明：高能X光的发射区域随X光子能量的增大而减小,低能X光的发射区域随X光子能量的减小而减小。考虑芯部中间区域和芯部边缘区域物质的不透明度,利用遗传算法计算了芯部的温度空间分布,并与模拟结果作了比较,二者的不确定度小于4%。     

高能飞秒激光系统中空间滤波器的研究和设计

 由于透镜传输时间延迟效应（PTD），飞秒激光脉冲经过空间滤波器产生脉冲波前变形。讨论了用双胶合透镜或双分离透镜代替空间滤波器中的单透镜，以消除或减小PTD效应，设计了适用于飞秒激光装置的空间滤波器。     

空间频率域的张量ABCD定律

运用张量分析方法把轴对称系统中的空间频率域的柯林斯公式推广到一般的非轴对称光学系统,并推导了在空间频率域中适用于非轴对称光学系统的张量ABCD定律。空间频率域中的柯林斯公式和张量ABCD定律直接给出了像散光束的空间傅里叶频谱的传输规律。它们在处理与空间频谱有关的问题,如空间滤波,成像系统的传递函数,复杂像散高斯光束在自由空间的传输等问题时更为简便。     

Effect of spatial patterns on population size

We investigate the role of the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics on the population properties of a diffusive Gause–Lotka–Volterra system. The average total population size is insensitive to the temporal dynamics, whereas a significant decrease of the population size can be found as the spatial diffusion effect is increased, implying that the spatial pattern plays an important role. At large diffusion coefficients, a saturation of the spatial pattern variation is observed, which can be understood by a spatial scaling analysis of the system. The existence of multiple attractors can also indicate that spatial patterns play a more important role than temporal dynamics in dominating the population size.     

热像仪空间NETD测量技术

凝视阵列型热像仪的空间噪声制约着热像仪对远距离目标的探测、分辨、跟踪性能。为解决热像仪空间噪声实际测量问题,分析了热像仪的空间噪声测量原理,给出了热像仪基于信号传递函数的空间噪声测量数学模型,介绍了热像仪某一组、某一区域或全部像素如何剔除时间域NETD,再通过统计计算得到其空间NETD的数学模型。对制冷型MCT320256凝视列阵热像仪的SiTF和空间NETD进行测量,当背景黑体温度为5 ℃时,FOV区域中心信号传递函数（SiTF）为27.29 mV/℃,NETD为0.128 ℃,20 ℃时FOV区域中心SiTF为29.03 ℃,NETD为0.121 ℃。测量结果表明:该方法可评估空间噪声对热像仪性能的影响。     

内爆芯部温度空间分布计算

利用空间分划的平衡辐射输运方程,结合Multi1D辐射流体程序计算了辐射驱动内爆芯部的X光发射空间分布,计算结果表明:高能X光的发射区域随X光子能量的增大而减小,低能X光的发射区域随X光子能量的减小而减小。考虑芯部中间区域和芯部边缘区域物质的不透明度,利用遗传算法计算了芯部的温度空间分布,并与模拟结果作了比较,二者的不确定度小于4%。     

可调空间分辨USEDCARS技术研究

相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射（CARS）技术是一种非常重要的燃烧诊断技术,该技术具有非常强的抗干扰能力和非常高的测量精度。但空间分辨力不足会使CARS技术产生很强的空间平均效应,引起成CARS光谱畸变,进而造成CARS光谱分析困难,无法通过CARS光谱反演燃烧场参数。针对非稳腔空间增强探测CARS（USEDCARS）技术存在的空间分辨不足以及空间分辨力不易改变的特点,分析了影响USEDCARS技术测量空间分辨力的各种因素,采用一组轴棱锥对USEDCARS系统中的泵浦激光进行环状光束整形,并通过调节轴棱锥之间的距离获得了不同直径的环状光束,在此基础上,建立了空间分辨可调USEDCARS诊断系统。开展了空间分辨力分析实验,获得了CARS信号强度随空间位置的分布数据,以CARS信号总强度95%包含的空间区域代表CARS的纵向空间分辨力,以此计算得到了CARS系统空间分辨力为1.7～6.5 mm连续可调。其中,高分辨力情况,达到了现有BOXCARS技术的空间分辨力。利用所建立的空间分辨可调USEDCARS诊断系统测量了酒精/空气预混火焰温度参数,获得了不同空间分辨条件下的CARS光谱。空间分辨力为1.7 mm时,获得了高质量CARS光谱,通过光谱拟合给出了所测火焰的温度信息。分辨力分别为4.9和6.5 mm时获得了较强的CARS信号,但存在光谱畸变。结果显示,空间分辨力对CARS信号的强度和空间平均效应有很大地影响,提高测量的空间分辨力可以有效消除空间平均效应,获得准确的CARS光谱,增强光谱拟合精度,同时空间分辨可调的特性使该系统能够更好地适应不同实验条件下的诊断工作。     

Evaluation of the angular spectrum approach for simulations of near-field pressures

The implementation of the angular spectrum approach based on the two-dimensional fast Fourier transform is evaluated for near-field pressure simulations of square ultrasound transducers, where the three-dimensional pressure field is calculated from the normal velocity distribution on the transducer surface. The pressure field is propagated in the spatial frequency domain with the spatial propagator or the spectral propagator. The spatial propagator yields accurate results in the central portion of the computational grid while significant errors are produced near the edge due to the finite extent of the window applied to the spatial propagator. Likewise, the spectral propagator is inherently undersampled in the spatial frequency domain, and this causes high frequency errors in the computed pressure field. This aliasing problem is alleviated with angular restriction. The results show that, in nonattenuating media, the spatial propagator achieves smaller errors than the spectral propagator after the region of interest is truncated to exclude the windowing error. For pressure calculations in attenuating media or with apodized pistons as sources, the spatial and spectral propagator achieve similar accuracies. In all simulations, the angular spectrum calculations with the spatial propagator take more time than calculations with the spectral propagator.     

环状PIN阵列测量全口径背向散射光空间分布的实验研究

基于由同心环状排布的多个 PIN 探测器组成的环状 PIN 阵列,发展了一种测量激光等离子体全口径背向散射光空间分布的实验方法.采用该方法,在神光Ⅱ装置激光与黑腔靶相互作用实验中,对全口径背向散射光空间分布进行了测量,获得了全口径受激 Brillouin 散射背向散射光空间分布的图像.初步建立了全口径背向散射光空间分布...     

On the spatial resolution of the IR remote sensing systems

According to the close relation between spatial resolution and radiant resolution and utilizing the experimental equation of MRTD, it is proved that there is a selectable optimum value of IFOV for particular spatial frequency or spatial frequency region which is interesting. The convolution process of line scanner is also analyzed, it is concluded that the spatial resolution can greatly exceed the limit of IFOV as long as the contrast is large enough, especially for linear or spot targets. Thus, the relative phenomena of the satellite image can be explained effectively. It is indicated that the spatial resolution can further be improved, if the processing of solving convolution operation is carried out in the digitized image processing.     

Microscopic grid methods—resolution and sensitivity

The grid method is combined with microscopy and Fourier transform technique for micro deformation measurement. The spatial resolution and sensitivity for displacement measurement is discussed. It is found that the upper limit of spatial resolution is one grid pitch. Nevertheless, spatial resolution in micron to sub-micron region can be achieved despite this degradation. The limitation of sensitivity of grid technique is also considered. Experimental verification using optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope, and atomic force microscope is carried out. Degradation in spatial resolution is analyzed for each test example. Despite this, degradation spatial resolution in sub-micron region can be achieved.     

Velocity measurement for moving surfaces using spatial filtering method based on area image sensor

The idea of using spatial filtering method to measure velocity of vehicles for an inertial navigation system is put forward. Corresponding optical system, including a 532 nm solid-state laser as active illumination, is established. A 17.92 mm × 14.34 mm area charge coupled device (CCD) is employed both as detector and as spatial filter. The spatial filtering characteristics are theoretically analyzed using a power spectral density function. The spatial filtering operation of CCD is performed fully by software. Therefore, the parameters of the spatial filter, such as the size and the number of spatial period, are changeable. In addition, the CCD is arranged as two differential spatial filters without any other additional elements. Experiments are carried out to examine the feasibility of CCD as two differential spatial filters and the influence of the number of spatial period on the signal frequency. The results indicate that the more number of spatial period the more accurate measurements can be obtained, and show that the relation between signal frequency and velocity has good linearity. So this velocimeter is suitable to provide velocity information for a vehicle self-contained inertial navigation system.