梯度倾斜相关测量水平C_n~2和横向风速廓线的理论与仿真研究

根据Rytov近似以及泰勒湍流冻结假设,推导出以不同距离的前向散射光为信标的水平路径上梯度倾斜角的相关表达式.基于该表达式,在理论上提出了计算湍流强度与横向风速的新方法,并通过数值仿真对该方法进行了初步验证.结果表明,在5%高斯误差情况下,大气折射结构常数和风速的计算结果与理论真值在整体变化上具有较好的一致性,线性相关系数分别能达到0.8与0.9.该方法能够得到不同湍流与风速条件下的湍流强度廓线以及风速廓线,为反演大气湍流强度以及风速提供了一种新思路.     

On the use of spires for generating inflow conditions with energetic coherent structures in large eddy simulation

While it has long been a practice to place spires near the inlet of a wind tunnel to quickly develop a turbulent boundary layer with similarities to an atmospheric boundary layer, this has not been the case for creating turbulent boundary layer inflow in large eddy simulations (LESs) of turbulent flows. We carry out LES with the curvilinear immersed boundary method to simulate the flow in a wind tunnel with a series of spires in order to investigate the feasibility of numerically developing inflow conditions from a precursory spire LES and assessing the similarities of the turbulence statistics to those of an atmospheric boundary layer. The simulated mean velocity field demonstrates that a turbulent boundary layer with height equal to the spire height develops very quickly, within five spire heights downstream. The major attribute of using spires for precursory simulations is the spatially evolving coherent structures that form downstream of the spires offering a range of length scales at both the vertical and streamwise directions allowing multiple turbulent inflow conditions to be extracted from a single simulation. While the distribution of length scales far from the spires resembles an atmospheric boundary layer, some turbulence statistics have some significant differences.     

Characterizing the relative role of low-frequency and turbulent processes in the nocturnal boundary layer through the analysis of two-point correlations of the wind components

The study presents an analysis of two-point correlations between time series of nocturnal atmospheric wind, obtained from two micrometeorological towers, 45 m horizontally apart, each equipped with two sonic anemometers, 2.5 m vertically apart. It focuses on the scale dependence of the two-point correlations obtained from sensors vertically and horizontally separated. In particular, the role of low-frequency non-turbulent processes in the correlations is assessed, and compared to that of the turbulent scales of motion. The vertical correlations of the streamwise and vertical wind components show little dependence on the turbulence intensity, but those of the spanwise component decrease appreciably as it gets more turbulent. Multiresolution decomposition shows that the two-point correlations become increasingly dominated by low-frequency scales as it gets less turbulent, and that such large-scale processes are largely reduced in fully turbulent conditions. It is also shown that the vertical correlations of the spanwise wind component is negative for very small time scales. Horizontal two-point correlations obtained at the 45 m separation distance between the towers are almost entirely dominated by low-frequency motions, regardless of the turbulence intensity, but the magnitude of such correlations decreases with increasing turbulence intensity for any wind components. A comparison between the horizontal two-point correlations and autocorrelations taken with a time lag given by the ratio of the horizontal separation to the mean wind component in the direction that connects the two towers leads to the conclusion that the statistical properties of turbulence are often preserved over the horizontal distance, despite the lack of turbulence correlations for that separation.     

位相差值法测量大气湍流格林伍德频率

为了利用位相差值法实现大气湍流格林伍德频率的准确测量, 研究了位相差值法的有效性、哈特曼探测器采样点数和采样频率的选取方法。首先给出了位相差值法的基本原理和测量噪声去除方法, 然后分析了哈特曼探测器采样点数和格林伍德频率的统计平均次数对测量精度的影响, 结果显示, 当采样点数大于400、统计平均次数大于400时, 可以实现大气湍流格林伍德频率的准确测量。研究了测量噪声的影响, 结果表明:去除噪声后, 测量值的偏离误差从30%降低到0.6%。研究了算法的重复性精度, 得到测量值偏离量的RMS值为1.9 Hz, 占理论值的3%, 说明测量方法非常稳定。依据上述结果, 对8~108 Hz的湍流进行测量和分析, 结果显示, 当不考虑空气扰动时, 测量值与理论值基本一致。最后, 研究了哈特曼探测器采样频率和格林伍德频率之间的关系:哈特曼探测器的采样频率越高, 能够准确测量的格林伍德频率也越高, 并得到了定量的经验公式。上述结果表明, 在满足采样点数、采样频率以及统计平均次数等条件下, 位相差值法可以实现大气湍流格林伍德频率的准确测量。该研究工作为大气湍流的格林伍德频率测量提供了应用依据。     

An explicit algebraic model of the planetary boundary layer turbulence: test computation of the neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layer

An explicit algebraic model of Reynolds stresses and the turbulent heat flux vector for the planetary boundary layer in a neutrally stratified boundary layer of the atmosphere above a homogeneous rough surface is tested. The version of the algebraic model under consideration is constructed on the physical principles of the RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier?Stokes) approximation for describing stratified turbulence, it employs three forecasting equations, and a correct reproduction of the main characteristics of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer — the components of the mean wind velocity, the wind turn angle, and the turbulent statistics is shown. Test computations show that the proposed model may be used for goal-oriented investigations of the atmospheric boundary layer.     

A three-dimensional refractive index model for simulation of optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence

Numerical modeling of optical wave propagation in atmospheric turbulence is traditionally performed with using the so-called “split”-operator method, when the influence of the propagation medium’s refractive index inhomogeneities is accounted for only within a system of infinitely narrow layers (phase screens) where phase is distorted. Commonly, under certain assumptions, such phase screens are considered as mutually statistically uncorrelated. However, in several important applications including laser target tracking, remote sensing, and atmospheric imaging, accurate optical field propagation modeling assumes upper limitations on interscreen spacing. The latter situation can be observed, for instance, in the presence of large-scale turbulent inhomogeneities or in deep turbulence conditions, where interscreen distances become comparable with turbulence outer scale and, hence, corresponding phase screens cannot be statistically uncorrelated. In this paper, we discuss correlated phase screens. The statistical characteristics of screens are calculated based on a representation of turbulent fluctuations of three-dimensional (3D) refractive index random field as a set of sequentially correlated 3D layers displaced in the wave propagation direction. The statistical characteristics of refractive index fluctuations are described in terms of the von Karman power spectrum density. In the representation of these 3D layers by corresponding phase screens, the geometrical optics approximation is used.     

A wave field synthesis approach to reproduction of spatially correlated sound fields

This article discusses an open-loop wave field synthesis (WFS) approach for the reproduction of spatially correlated sound fields. The main application concerns laboratory reproduction of turbulent boundary layer wall pressure on aircraft fuselages and measurement of their sound transmission loss. The problem configuration involves reconstruction of random sound pressure distributions on a planar reproduction surface using a planar array of reproduction monopoles parallel to the reproduction plane. In this paper, the WFS formulation is extended to sound fields with imposed time and spatial correlation properties (or equivalently imposed cross-spectral density in the frequency and wave number domains). Numerical examples are presented for the reproduction of a propagating plane wave, diffuse acoustic field and wall pressure in subsonic or supersonic turbulent boundary layers. The reproduction accuracy is examined in terms of the size of the source plane and reproduction plane, their separation, and the number of reproduction sources required per acoustic wavelength. While the reproduction approach cannot reconstruct sub-wavelength correlation scales of subsonic turbulent boundary layers, it effectively reconstructs correlation scales larger than the acoustic wavelength, making it appropriate for diffuse acoustic field and supersonic turbulent layers.     

Compressibility in solar wind plasma turbulence

Incompressible magnetohydrodynamics is often assumed to describe solar wind turbulence. We use extended self-similarity to reveal scaling in the structure functions of density fluctuations in the solar wind. The obtained scaling is then compared with that found in the inertial range of quantities identified as passive scalars in other turbulent systems. We find that these are not coincident. This implies that either solar wind turbulence is compressible or that straightforward comparison of structure functions does not adequately capture its inertial range properties.     

The angle-of-arrival variance of optical waves propagating through turbulent atmosphere in the presence of random jitter

Dynamic wind loads, thermal expansion and other mechanical reasons cause optical platform mounts to sway. The sway distorts the alignment between transmitters and receivers, causing random pointing jitter, the outcome of which is the phase fluctuation of optical waves from the transmitter. Furthermore, atmospheric turbulence causes fluctuations in the phase of those optical waves. By using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle, both phase fluctuations are considered and an analytic formulation for the angle-of-arrival variance of optical waves propagating through turbulent atmosphere in the presence of motion-induced pointing jitter is derived. The result shows that the angle-of-arrival variance of optical waves under the combined impact of motion-induced pointing jitter and atmospheric turbulence is the sum of the angle-of-arrival variances induced by them independently.     

An observational picture of solar-wind MHD turbulence

Summary A review of the available information on the MHD fluctuations in the solar wind is given. The most general properties of the picture which derives from the satellite measurements are discussed. The very important result which seems to appear is the fact that the low-frequency MHD fluctuations are characteristic of a turbulent state. Clearly this state cannot be represented by the usual models based on the hypothesis of the presence of simple waves in the solar wind. It is then rather natural to suppose that these observational data should be usefully analysed only through the theoretical methods developed to study the strong MHD turbulence. Moreover, this analysis is rather stimulating since the solar wind offers us one of the rare possibilities to have observational tests of the theoretical models of strong MHD turbulence.     

Coherence function and mean field of plane and spherical sound waves propagating through inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence

Inhomogeneity and anisotropy are intrinsic characteristics of daytime and nighttime atmospheric turbulence. For example, turbulent eddies are often stretched in the direction of the mean wind, and the turbulence statistics depends on the height above the ground. Recent studies have shown that the log-amplitude and phase fluctuations of plane and spherical sound waves are significantly affected by turbulence inhomogeneity and anisotropy. The present paper is devoted to studies of the mean sound field and the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves propagating through inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence with temperature and velocity fluctuations. These statistical moments of a sound field are important in many practical applications, e.g., for source detection, ranging, and recognition. Formulas are derived for the mean sound field and coherence function of initially arbitrary waveform. Using the latter formula, we also obtained formulas for the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves. All these formulas coincide with those known in the literature for two limiting cases: homogeneous isotropic turbulence with temperature and wind velocity fluctuations, and inhomogeneous anisotropic turbulence with temperature fluctuations only. Using the formulas obtained, we have numerically shown that turbulence inhomogeneity significantly affects the coherence functions of plane and spherical sound waves.     

Parameterization of meandering phenomenon in a stable atmospheric boundary layer

Accounting for the current knowledge of the stable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) turbulence structure and characteristics, a new formulation for the meandering parameters to be used in a Lagrangian stochastic particle turbulent diffusion model has been derived. That is, expressions for the parameters controlling the meandering oscillation frequency in low wind speed stable conditions are proposed. The classical expression for the meandering autocorrelation function, the turbulent statistical diffusion theory and ABL similarity theory are employed to estimate these parameters. In addition, this new parameterization was introduced into a particular Lagrangian stochastic particle model, which is called Iterative Langevin solution for low wind, validated with the data of Idaho National Laboratory experiments, and compared with others diffusion models. The results of this new approach are shown to agree with the measurements of Idaho experiments and also with those of the other atmospheric diffusion models. The major advance shown in this study is the formulation of the meandering parameters expressed in terms of the characteristic scales (velocity and length scales) describing the physical structure of a turbulent stable boundary layer. These similarity formulas can be used to simulate meandering enhanced diffusion of passive scalars in a low wind speed stable ABL.     

大气风速对大气传输光束相位特性的影响

采用功率谱反演法构建湍流相位屏,通过横向平移相位屏的方法模拟大气风速引起的湍流时间变化,进而模拟分析了包括时间进程的激光大气传输特性,从波前相位功率谱密度的角度,定量分析了大气风速引起的激光束在大气湍流中传输时的相位特性变化。在此基础上,采用影响函数模拟变形镜对畸变波前的校正作用,对激光束经大气湍流传输后的自适应校正效果进行了预估,分析了大气风速对校正效果的影响。结果表明,大气风速对边界层湍流中光束相位特性的影响很小,然而,对于自由大气湍流中的传输光束,大气风速越大,波前相位畸变程度越大,畸变波前中高频相位比例也越大;环状光束的校正效果受大气风速的影响比平顶光束更小,并且,随着环状光束阶数的增大,校正效果所受影响逐渐减小;在一定相位畸变范围内,畸变程度越大的环状光束的相位校正效果受大气风速的影响越小。     

湍流折射率谱型对大气闪烁和相位起伏功率谱的影响

基于Taylor湍流冻结假设理论,在不同湍流折射率谱型条件下,推导得出了光波闪烁和相位起伏频谱的表达式;数值计算了湍流谱型中折射率标度指数、内尺度以及外尺度变化时对光波频谱的影响。结果表明：随着折射率起伏标度指数的增大,闪烁频谱的低频段不再仅为常数,高频段下降的幂率逐渐增大,同时相位频谱在整个起伏频率段下降的幂率越来越大;湍流内尺度的增加将引起光波频谱的高频段下降的幂率越来越大;而随外尺度的减小,闪烁频谱低频段的振幅减小,这种影响在大口径接收时较为明显,相位谱的低频段幂率减小。     

湍流折射率谱型对大气闪烁和相位起伏功率谱的影响

基于Taylor湍流冻结假设理论,在不同湍流折射率谱型条件下,推导得出了光波闪烁和相位起伏频谱的表达式;数值计算了湍流谱型中折射率标度指数、内尺度以及外尺度变化时对光波频谱的影响。结果表明:随着折射率起伏标度指数的增大,闪烁频谱的低频段不再仅为常数,高频段下降的幂率逐渐增大,同时相位频谱在整个起伏频率段下降的幂率越来越大;湍流内尺度的增加将引起光波频谱的高频段下降的幂率越来越大;而随外尺度的减小,闪烁频谱低频段的振幅减小,这种影响在大口径接收时较为明显,相位谱的低频段幂率减小。     

聚变堆液态包层准二维磁流体湍流模型研究

为研究聚变堆氚增殖包层中液态金属湍流磁流体动力学(MHD)效应,开发了一种新的准二维单方程 MHD 湍流模型,并进行了相关数值模拟程序的编制及验证。对于矩形管道中的准二维 MHD 湍流流动,三维流 动主要发生在哈德曼层中,中心的主流区呈现出二维流动。为了反映这种特殊的流动特征,新湍流模型在标准 k-ε 模型的基础之上去掉了传统的耗散项,代之以电磁耗散项来模拟湍流 MHD 效应。同时,采用 Bradshaw 假设来对 湍流涡粘系数进行模化。为验证该湍流模型是否合理,编制了相关数值模拟程序,并利用直接数值模拟(DNS)结 果对该程序进行了校正,数值模拟结果与 DNS 结果吻合较好。计算结果表明,该湍流模型可应用于聚变堆液态 包层 MHD 湍流流动的数值模拟。     

Spectral changes of aberrated stochastic electromagnetic flat-topped beams propagating in turbulent atmosphere

In this paper, taking the electromagnetic partially coherent flat-topped (PCFT) beam as an example, we investigate the spectral changes of stochastic electromagnetic beams with astigmatic aberration propagating through a turbulent atmosphere. The analytic expressions for the spectrum of the beams propagating through the turbulent atmosphere are derived. It is shown that the spectral changes of the electromagnetic PCFT beams in the turbulent atmosphere are closely related with the astigmatism aberration, the strength of atmospheric turbulence, the inner scale of turbulence, the correlation of source and the order of flatness of electromagnetic PCFT beams. It is important to note that the spectral changes of the aberrant electromagnetic PCFT beams are insensitive to the atmospheric turbulence. Some possible explanations have also been given for the interesting physical phenomena.     

Turbulence decay rate as a measure of flow dimensionality

The dimensionality of turbulence in fluid layers determines their properties. We study electromagnetically driven flows in finite-depth fluid layers and show that eddy viscosity, which appears as a result of three-dimensional motions, leads to increased bottom damping. The anomaly coefficient, which characterizes the deviation of damping from the one derived using a quasi-two-dimensional model, can be used as a measure of the flow dimensionality. Experiments in turbulent layers show that when the anomaly coefficient becomes high, the turbulent inverse energy cascade is suppressed. In the opposite limit turbulence can self-organize into a coherent flow.     

Estimate for the doppler shift of a non-Gaussian signal upon coherent detection of scattered optical radiation in a turbulent atmosphere

A non-Gaussian model for estimating the radial velocity of turbulent flows in the atmosphere for coherent detection of scattered optical radiation is proposed. The model was obtained based on a theoretical approach that includes results of the statistical analysis of a pulse Doppler lidar signal in a turbulent medium, as well as on the perturbation-theory methods that have been developed in the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. It is shown that the estimate of the Doppler shift in the first-order perturbation theory is a sum of a regular component and two conditional fluctuation components—Gaussian and non-Gaussian ones. In the case of a homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, the estimate of the radial wind velocity is approximately equal to its true average value. The statistical uncertainty in measurements of the average radial wind velocity is determined by the behavior of conditional Gaussian and non-Gaussian components and significantly depends on the state of atmospheric turbulence. It is shown that basic equations of the non-Gaussian model in the limit case coincide with formulas of the local and nonlocal models, as well as with those of the Gaussian model.