Effect of the microstructure parameters of moisture droplet clouds and mists on their spectral transparency in the 0.5 to 14.0μ wavelength range

Analyzed here are the results of calculating the average effective factor of attenuation of radiation by moisture droplet clouds and mists, taking account of their polydispersity and the complex index of refraction of the particles. Also considered are data giving the aerosol attenuation coefficients for the same media.     

Photon attenuation coefficients of different rock samples using MCNPX,Geant4 simulation codes and experimental results: a comparison study

ABSTRACT

The photon attenuation coefficients for the rocks (Feldspathic basalt, Compact basalt, Volcanic rock, Pink granite, Sandstone and Dolerite) have been investigated using MCNPX and Geant4 codes for photon energies 122, 356, 511, 662, 1170, 1275 and 1330 keV. Comparison of the simulation and experimental results of mass attenuation coefficients is presented. The exposure buildup factors also have been calculated with the help of the G-P fitting method. The comparison showed reasonable agreement between the simulated and experimental data for all rocks. The results show that sandstone has the highest mean free path as well as exposure buildup factor which signifies that sandstone requires a larger thickness for protection from photons.     

Experimental determination of linear attenuation coefficient of normal,benign and malignant breast tissues

The linear attenuation coefficients for normal (adipose and glandular) and neoplastic (benign and malignant) breast tissues were measured using monoenergetic X-ray beams at the energy range of 8–30 keV, combining narrow beam geometry and high energy resolution obtained using a diffracted X-ray beam. The measured values are compared with predicted ones calculated according to the mixture rule and with previous experimental data showing a good agreement within the experimental uncertainties. Our results show that there is some degree of overlap among glandular, benign and malignant values. Nevertheless, significant differences (p < 0.05) exist in the linear attenuation coefficient between glandular and malignant at energies below 28 keV. Finally, a fitting procedure was applied to values for each group (mean and extremes values) in order to summarize all data.     

平面波与线性粘弹海底的反射和折射

采用基于广义标准线性体Boltzmann叠加原理的固体流变模型来描述粘弹性海底底质结构,分析了沉积层和基岩的纵、横波速度频散和衰减的特点,计算了海水沉积层界面和沉积层基岩界面位移势反射和折射系数和能量反射和折射系数。结果表明,采取本模型的粘弹性海底的速度频散、衰减和已有文献的实验数据符合较好,能准确的描述海底底质的主要性质,反射和折射系数和声波的频率有关。      

Long-range sound propagation in the northeastern Atlantic

Experimental data on the long-range propagation of explosion-generated signals are analyzed. The experiments were performed in the northeastern Atlantic under the conditions of a two-axis underwater sound channel. The sound field in the upper channel was governed by the vertical redistribution of the ray structure and sound energy under the influence of a smooth increase in the depth of the channel’s axis along the propagation path. The explosions were produced in the upper sound channel at a depth of 200 m, which was constant along the path. The time structure of the sound field is analyzed for the upper channel (a reception depth of 200 m) and for deeper layers lying somewhat below the boundary between the upper and lower sound channels (a reception depth of 1200 m). The deviation of the decay law obtained for the sound field level in the upper channel from the cylindrical law is used to estimate the attenuation coefficient. The low-frequency (several hundreds of hertz) attenuation coefficients experimentally determined with allowance for the sound field redistribution agree well with the calculated sound absorption in seawater. The attenuation coefficients determined by the differential method also agree well with the absorption calculated by the formulas proposed earlier. The analysis of the time structure of the sound field near the boundary between the upper and lower channels reveals a permanent insonification of this horizon by weak water-path signals propagating with the velocity typical of the signals traveling in the upper channel.     

Effect of the relative humidity on the attenuation of optical radiation by aerosols in the atmosphere

On the basis of a study concerning the optical transparency of atmospheric mists, an analysis is made of the relation between the attenuation by aerosols and the relative air humidity under autumn conditions (radiation wavelengths within the 0.56–12.0 Μ range). It is shown that the attenuation coefficient changes nonmonotonically as the humidity increases from 40 to 100%. Hypothetical mechanisms of interaction between aerosol particles and water vapor are suggested which would explain this trend.     

Mass attenuation coefficients of composite materials by Geant4, XCOM and experimental data: comparative study

The main goal of this present study is focused on testing the applicability of Geant4 electromagnetic models for studying mass attenuations coefficients for different types of composite materials at 59.5, 80, 356, 661.6, 1173.2 and 1332.5 keV photon energies. The simulated results of mass attenuation coefficients were compared with the experimental and theoretical XCOM data for the same samples and a good agreement has been observed. The results indicate that this process can be followed to determine the data on the attenuation of gamma rays with the several energies in different materials. The modeling for photon interaction parameters was standard for any type of composite samples. The Geant4 code can be utilized for gamma ray attenuation coefficients for the sample at different energies, which may sometimes be impractical by experiment investigation.     

Advances in the measurements of the mass attenuation coefficients

The knowledge of atomic fundamental parameters, such as mass attenuation coefficients or fluorescence yields with low uncertainties, is of decisive importance in elemental quantification involving X-ray fluorescence analysis techniques. Several databases providing the mass attenuation coefficients are accessible and frequently used within a large community of users. These compilations are most often in good agreement for photon energies in the hard X-ray ranges. However, they significantly differ for low photon energies and around the absorption edges of the elements. Mass attenuation coefficients of several elements were determined experimentally in the photon energy range from 100 eV to 35 keV by using monochromatized radiation at the SOLEIL synchrotron (France). The application of high-accuracy experimental techniques resulted in low uncertainty mass attenuation coefficients. The results are compared with tabulated data.     

材料非线性衰减系数的二次谐波测量方法研究

采用有限幅值法测量材料在基波和非线性引起的二次谐波作用下的衰减系数:利用准线性下的KZK方程推导基波和二次谐波的声压分布,并提取波束修正系数;采用短纯音信号进行非线性实验,对检测得到的基波和二次谐波声压进行衍射修正处理,有效抑制衍射对衰减系数测量的不利影响,继而通过线性拟合的方法计算得到更精确的基波和二次谐波的衰减系数。以水为例进行实验,研究了实验测量所得衰减系数的频率依赖关系,结果表明在非线性条件下水的衰减系数与频率间存在较强的线性关系,而线性条件下衰减系数随频率呈现二次方增长的特性则不适用于非线性条件。该研究提出了准确测量非线性声波衰减系数的方法,为更有效地应用非线性超声检测提供理论依据。      

White and some colored marbles as alternative radiation shielding materials for applications

ABSTRACT

In this paper, the radiation shielding parameters such as linear attenuation coefficients (LAC, µ), mass attenuation coefficients (MAC, µ/ρ), effective atomic numbers (Z_eff), effective electron densities (N_eff), half value of layers (HVL), mean free paths (MFP) and buildup factors (exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF)) were investigated for cream (M1), pink (M2), white (M3), maroon (M4) and green (M5) marbles. Attenuation coefficients were measured in the energy region 31.18–661.66 keV photon energies. The values of Z_eff and N_eff were then calculated using these coefficients with logarithmic interpolation method, and HVLs and MFPs were calculated using the values of LAC of marble samples at the same photon energies. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical values obtained from WinXCom program, and good agreements were observed between the experimental and theoretical results. HVLs and MFPs of all marble samples were compared with those of some concretes, glasses and commercial radiation shielding glasses (SCHOTT Co.). The studied marbles were better radiation shielding materials than standard shielding concretes due to lower HVL and MFP values lower than the ordinary concrete. Finally, EBFs and EABFs of the marbles were calculated in the energy region 0.015–1?MeV up to penetration depths of 40 mfps by Geometric Progression method (G-P), and the results were discussed in terms of photon energies and chemical compositions of the marbles.     

用超声衰减法研究喷射沉积6061Al/SiCp复合材料的阻尼性能

本文通过研究喷射沉积6061Al／SiCp复合材料的超声衰减系数分析材料的阻尼性能。实验结果表明：随着超声频率逐渐增大，该材料对超声吸收和散射增强；在一定范围内，SiC体积分数的增大使吸收衰减系数增大，复合材料阻尼性能增强。     

Spatial attenuation of different sound field components in a water layer and shallow-water sediments

The paper presents the results of an experimental study of spatial attenuation of low-frequency vector-scalar sound fields in shallow water. The experiments employed a towed pneumatic cannon and spatially separated four-component vector-scalar receiver modules. Narrowband analysis of received signals made it possible to estimate the attenuation coefficients of the first three modes in the frequency of range of 26–182 Hz and calculate the frequency dependences of the sound absorption coefficients in the upper part of bottom sediments. We analyze the experimental and calculated (using acoustic calibration of the waveguide) laws of the drop in sound pressure and orthogonal vector projections of the oscillation velocity. It is shown that the vertical projection of the oscillation velocity vector decreases significantly faster than the sound pressure field.     

Frequency dependence of acoustic properties of aqueous glucose solutions in the VHF/UHF range

The bioultrasonic spectroscopy system was employed for measurements of velocity and attenuation coefficient of glucose solutions in the VHF/UHF range. The relation between the slope of the square of velocity and the relaxation parameters, and the relation between the frequency exponent on attenuation coefficient and the relaxation parameters are investigated. In order to carry out numerical calculations, a model for a single relaxation process is employed, wherein the attenuation coefficient is expressed as (A/( 1 + (f/falpha)2) + B)f2 where falpha is the attenuation relaxation frequency, and A and B are constants. The numerical calculations show that the slope of the square of the velocity is determined uniquely by the velocity relaxation frequency fv and v(infinity)2 - v(0)2 where v0 is the zero-frequency velocity and v(infinity) is the infinite-frequency velocity, and that the frequency exponent on the attenuation coefficient is determined uniquely by falpha and A/B. For experimental considerations, the velocities and the attenuation coefficients of 5, 15, and 25% concentration aqueous solutions of glucose were measured in the frequency range 20 to 700 MHz. The data for the 5 and 15% aqueous solutions can be explained using the single relaxation model. However, the data for the 25% aqueous solution suggest the existence of multirelaxation processes.     

Phonon-phonon scattering cross-sections from crossed phonon beams

In two crossed phonon beams generated by heatpulses the attenuation of high frequency phonons by phonon-phonon interaction was observed for the slow transverse phonons of the [1 1 0] branch of Si at 3.6 K. From the experimental data the phonon scattering cross-section for a three phonon normal process can be calculated.     

基于X射线图像的苹果体积在线快速测算

利用X射线二维图像的每个灰度值的负指数与厚度成正比的关系,在实验参量设置一定的条件下,计算出苹果的衰减系数;建立苹果体积数学预测模型,计算出苹果的体积。实验结果表明,X射线能量衰减与苹果厚度符合指数规律,回归相关系数R2μ=0.9932,衰减系数μ-m=0.0114;完整苹果真实体积与计算体积相关系数R2ν=0.9809,预测相关系数r2=0.9203,因此模型具有良好稳健性和预测性。     

Determining the gamma-ray parameters for BaO–ZnO–B2O3 glasses using MCNP5 code: a comparison study

Rapid technological advancement has multiplied people’s exposure to ionizing radiations greatly. Widespread applications of radiation in different fields (such as agriculture, radiation therapy and scientific research fields) require that humans be protected against unnecessary exposure. In this study, mass attenuation coefficient (μ_m), half-value layer, mean-free path, effective atomic number (Z_eff) and exposure buildup factor have been calculated for xBaO–20ZnO–(80???x)B₂O₃ (x?=?5, 10, 15, 20 and 25?mol%) glass systems. The mass attenuation coefficients of the selected glasses were calculated using simulation method of MCNP5 code. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental data and Xcom at the energies 223.02, 252.98, 287.28, 340.83, 398.97, 481.59, 562.68 and 662.00?keV. The agreement amounts of the mass attenuation coefficient values are from 0.2% to 2.8% and from 0.2% to 6.98% for MCNP5 and Xcom relative to experimental results, while the Monte Carlo program values are higher than that obtained by experimental data, using Xcom and MCNP5 code. The glass sample having the highest value of BaO content show high radiation shielding properties. It indicates that the MCNP5 code can be used for estimation of radiation interaction parameters where experimental results are not available.     

CT图像“条状”伪影校正方法研究

在CT重建中,当断层射线衰减系数的变化呈非连续性的跳跃变化,如一种材质密度远远大于另一种材质的密度时,CT图像中高密度物质周围就会产生条状伪影。利用重投影技术分别获取高密度物质和低密度物质的正弦图,低密度物质正弦图中的数据缺失区用线性插值技术进行平滑过渡。利用两幅正弦图分别进行CT重建,然后将两幅CT图像进行相加,得到校正后的图像。实验结果表明,该方法能有效抑制条状伪影,同时提高了图像对比度。     

真空下气-固界面热适应系数的数值计算

根据热适应系数的理论研究成果,结合国外学者的部分实验数据,对气-固界面热适应系数的主要影响因素进行定性的讨论;同时在S.Song和M.M.Yovannovich的公式基础上,最小二乘法拟合国外学者低温下实验测量的热适应系数,采用C语言编程算出拟合公式中的参数,分析拟合公式α=aFM/(b+M)+2.4μ(1-F)/(1+μ)2,F=exp(c(T-T0)/T0)中的参数a,b,c的特性;数值计算迭代收敛和拟合公式的计算误差在±20%以内表明:数值拟合公式可用在工程上计算热适应系数,S.Song和M.M.Yovannovich的公式可数值拟合低温下不同气-固界面的热适应系数的计算公式。     

The prediction of sound fields inside non-diffuse spaces: Transmission loss considerations

The prediction of sound levels inside internally complex enclosures is extended to include transmission through walls. The sound field is estimated from the spatial variation of phonon density which is calculated by using a random walk technique. This statistical geometrical method also includes consideration of air attenuation and specular reflection of sound from walls whose individual random incidence absorption coefficients are individually known. Solutions agree with experimental results obtained in models, to within, on average, 4 dB.     

Trapping and reflection coefficients for3He in Ni at oblique incidence

The areal density and the depth distribution of³He trapped in Ni as a function of the bombarding fiuence was measured in the energy range of 1–25 keV and at angles of incidence between 0 and 85° using nuclear reaction analysis. At fluences below saturation a linear relation is found between the areal density and the fiuence. From its slope the trapping and reflection coefficients can be determined. The experimental data for trapping and reflection coefficients and for the depth profiles were compared with computer simulation results from the TRIM program. To reduce uncertainties in the absolute values of the experimental trapping coefficients, they were normalized to the TRIM values at normal incidence. The dependence of the measured reflection coefficient on the angle of incidence between 0 and 80° shows good agreement with the calculated data for incident energies from 3 to 25 keV, but for 1 keV the measured reflection coefficients are higher than the calculated ones.