Electronic Structure, Aromaticity, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Carbene, Radical, and Ionic Forms of Compounds of the Imidazole Series, and their Oxo and Thio Analogs

The effects of benzannellation, phenyl substitution at the nitrogen atom, protonation at the carbene carbon, ionization, and the state of the carbene center (² or ²) on the electronic structure, diamagnetic susceptibility, induced -electron ring currents, the ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁴N chemical shifts, and the energies of the lowest electronic transitions of imidazol-2-ylidenes and their oxo and thio analogs were examined in the bound version of -electron perturbation theory. The calculated and experimental data are compared.     

Electronic structure and aromaticity of planar singlet π-electron monocyclic π2 carbenes

Induced -electron ring currents and relative diamagnetic susceptibilities of planar singlet -electron monocyclic ² carbenes are calculated in the coupled variant of perturbation theory in the CNO method. It is shown that the parity theorem holds for charged planar ² and ² carbenes formally generated by the detachment of a proton or a hydride ion from alternant hydrocarbons. This leads, in such carbenes, to the same energies of singlet-singlet and singlet-triplet transitions, electric polarizabilities, conjugation energies, -electron ring currents, diamagnetic susceptibilities and current contributions to chemical shifts, whereas the charge contributions to the latter are of opposite signs.Donbas State Academy of Building and Architecture, 1 Derzhavina St., 339023 Makeevka, Donetsk Region, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 157–162, May–June, 1996. Original article submitted December 5, 1994.     

The Effect of cis-trans Isomerism on the Electronic-vibrational Structure of the Ground and Excited States and Reactivity of 2-(2-Furyl)- and 2-(2-Thienyl)oxazole

The fluorescent properties, structure, and electronic structure of the ground and excited singlet and triplet electronic states of the cis and trans forms of 4,5-dihydro-2-(2-furyl)oxazole, 4,4-dihydro-2-(2-thienyl)oxazole, 2-(2-furyl)oxazole (FO), and 2-(2-thienyl)oxazole (TO) have been studied. The orbital nature of the lower excited singlet and triplet states has been studied by the semiempirical INDO/S (valence approximation) and PPP/S ( approximation) methods. It was shown that for FO and TO molecules the lower triplet state is of the * type, for which delocalization of the electronic excitation on atoms is characteristic. In the singlet excitation state inversion was observed of the energy levels of the delocalized * states and n* states localized over several bonds (for the free TO and FO molecules the lower excited singlet states S₁* were assigned to * and n* types respectively). Owing to the low position of the T * and T _n* levels relative to the singlet level of * type, the rate constant for intercombination conversion is greater than the rate constant for radiative decay. Consequently an efficient population of the triplet states of the molecules occurs under conditions of electronic-vibrational excitation. The direction of reactions during synthesis was compared with the localization indices in the ground state for electrophilic, nucleophilic, and radical substitution, and also with the excitation localization numbers L for a wide selection of electronically excited states. It was concluded that the change in the structure of the azole molecule on replacing an O atom by an S atom, or on changing from a partially hydrogenated to a heteroaromatic system, was the main reason for the change of all the spectral parameters characterizing the electronic-vibrational or the spin-orbital interaction of the most reactive groups of atoms in the molecular structure.     

Exact topological π-electron Hamiltonians from ab initio wavefunctions?

A general topological -electron Hamiltonian is defined as an appropriate function of the adjacency matrix. It is shown that any electronic property of a planar benzenoid hydrocarbon, including its all-electron wavefunction, is entirely determined by the topological -electron Hamiltonian describing the hydrocarbon. However, using electronic wavefunctions (calculated at the HF/6-31G^** level) of several such hydrocarbons as examples, it is demonstrated that it is impossible to construct topological Hamiltonians with eigenvectors related by simple universal algebraic formulae to the corresponding occupied Hartree-Fock orbitals of symmetry. This observation casts doubt on the usefulness of the Hückel -electron orbitals in understanding the electronic structures of benzenoid systems.Dedicated to Professor Frank Harary on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

Electronic interaction between the nitrogen,oxygen, and silicon atoms in the molecules of α-aziridin-1-ylalkoxy(triethyl)silanes

By the PMR method we have established the existence of a high frequency of the inversion of the nitrogen atom in the molecules of -aziridin-1-ylalkoxysilanes. This is due to the fact that the high (because of p-d bonding with the silicon atom) electronegativity of the oxygen atom in the Si-O-C-N system makes possible an interaction between the unshared electron pair of the nitrogen atom and the antibonding orbital of the C-O bond. The latter, in its turn, increases the degree of p-d bonding between the oxygen and silicon atoms (in these compounds the order of the Si-O bond is greater than in the alkoxysilanes).     

Charge-transfer complexes of indenophanes with π-acceptors

The charge-transfer (CT) spectra of the -complexes formed by a number of -acceptors with several indenophanes as well as indene as a model compound have been measured in methylene chloride at 20 °C. Association constants and transition energies of these complexes as well as ionization potentials of the -donors have been determined. The data obtained indicate the existence of transannular electronic interactions in the indenophane nucleus. Furthermore, the pseudo-para- andmeta[2.2]indenophane isomers (3 and4) show a large difference in their -base strength. A good linear relationship has been observed between the association constants and _max of the long wavelength CT bands for the -complexes of these -donors with both tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ). All CT complexes studied have a 1:1 stoichiometry.

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Charge-transfer-Komplexe aus Indenophanen und -Akzeptoren

Zusammenfassung Die Charge-transfer-Spektren (CT-Spektren) von -Komplexen aus Indenophanen bzw. der Modellverbindung Inden und verschiedenen -Akzeptoren wurden in Methylenchlorid bei 20 °C bestimmt. Die Assoziationskonstanten und Übergangsenergien dieser Komplexe sowie die Ionisationspotentiale der -Donatoren wurden ermittelt. Die Daten sprechen für das Vorliegen transannularer elektronischer Wechselwirkungen im Indenophan-System. Die isomeren pseudo-para- und -meta[2.2]indenophane3 und4 unterscheiden sich in ihrer -Basizität deutlich. Es besteht eine gute lineare Korrelation zwischen den Assoziationskonstanten und _max der langwelligen CT-Banden der verschiedenen -Donatoren mit Tetracyanoethylen (TCNE) und 2,3-Dichlor-5,6-dicyano-p-benzochinon (DDQ). Alle untersuchten CT-Komplexe besitzen 1:1-Stöchiometrie.

     

Excited Π states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes

Electron transitions in divinyl chalcogenides (CH₂=CHXCH=CH₂, where X is S, Se, or Te) have been analyzed using UV absorption spectra of dialkyl and alkyl vinyl chalcogenides. The following relations for the orbital energies are found: ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for Te and ^* < ^* < ^* < ^* for S and Se. For chalcophenes, a correlation between the energy of the excited state (E ^*) of specific symmetry, the ionization potential (I) and the electron affinity (EA) is obtained:E ^*=const+(I+EA)/2. The electron affinity of divinyl chalcogenides is estimated. The correlation between the excited ^* states of divinyl chalcogenides and chalcophenes is discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 831–835, May, 1994.     

Topological studies on heteroconjugated molecules

A graph-theoretical analysis of certain -electron properties of alternant molecules with one heteroatom is given. Topological formulas for total -electron energy, -electron charge density, bond order and various polarizabilities are derived. The main results of the paper are summarized in Rules 1-7.     

Nature of the pentamethyldisilanyl group in organosilicon compounds

Summary The positige inductive effect of the pentamethyldisilanyl group (CH₃)₃SiSi(CH₃)₂ and the election-acceptor effect of its p-d bond with an aromatic ring are appreciably greater than the analogous effects of the trimethylsilyl group (CH_{3 3}Si, which gives ground for the postulation of the presence of a p-d-d¹ bond in the fragment C_sp ²-Si-Si.     

Ab initio SCF and CI study of the electronic spectrum of pyridine N-oxide

Configuration interaction (CI) studies of ground, n *, * * electronically excited states are reported for pyridine N-oxide. The transition energy to the lowest * excited ¹ B ₂ state is calculated at 4.35 eV, compared to the experimental spectrum range of 3.67–4.0 eV. This state lies below the lowest n * excited ¹ A ₂ state calculated at 4.81 eV above the ground state. The only experimentally reported triplet state at 2.92 eV above the ground state is predicted to be the ³ A ₁ (*) state. The calculated energy lies at 3.27 eV. Numerous other high-lying singlet states as well as the triplet states have also been calculated. The intramolecular charge transfer character of the ground and the excited states have been studied in terms of the calculated dipole moment and other physical properties.     

π-Electron structure of the nitrofuran system

Distribution of the unpaired electron in the first free MO, the partial bond orders created by this electron, and the energy level corresponding to it in anion radicals of the nitrofuran series have been examined on the basis of quantum-chemical calculations by the MOH method of the -electron system of 5-nitrofuran and its 2-substituted derivatives. Distribution of the spin density of the electrons in the anion radicals has also been calculated by McLachlan's method. The parameters of the first free MO obtained by calculation agree satisfactorily with the physicochemical characteristics of the corresponding particulars measured experimentally (HFS constants in the EPR spectra and polarographic half-wave potentials).     

A new theoretical approach to the empirical resonance energies of the aromatic hydrocarbons

In the framework of the Hückel MO approximation, the differences in total binding energy between a given molecule and the corresponding distorted Kekulé-type structure are calculated for a variety of benzenoid hydrocarbons. The total binding energy is assumed to be given by the sum of the -electron and -electron binding energies. It is shown that there is a good linear relationship between the calculated differences in total binding energy and the -electron delocalization energies (DE) as obtained by using the simple Hückel MO method. This provides a physical basis for the use of the -electron DE as a theoretical index to the empirical resonance energy (RE). Further, by examining the changes in -electron binding energy between a given molecule and the corresponding distorted Kekulé-type structure, it is concluded that in benzenoid hydrocarbons the main contributor to the RE is not the -electron DE but the compressional energy of bonds.     

MO-Berechnungen an Heterocyclen, 4. Mitt.1: Zum Einfluß der Ladungsterme in den Diagonalelementen derHamilton-Matrix von self-consistent-Verfahren auf die Berechnung von π-Elektronendichten und Bindungslängen

Zusammenfassung Mit SC- und SC_, -MO-Methoden werden die grundlegenden Einflüsse von Ladungstermen in derHamilton-Diagonalmatrix auf -Elektronendichten und Bindungslängen weiter studiert, insbesondere an N-Heterocyclen (Benzologe des Pyrrols und Pyridins). Im Vergleich mit erweiterten -Elektronenansätzen vom SCF—PPP-Typ liefern die einfachen, auf einige wesentliche Terme reduzierten SC-Matrixelemente sehr gute Resultate.

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The influence of charge terms in the hamilton diagonal-Matrix of self-consistent methods on the calculation of -electron densities and bond lengths

SC- and SC_, -MO methods are applied to the study. Subjects of the calculations are N-heterocycles (pyrrole and pyridine series). Simple SC matrix elements, which were found to include the essential terms, give good results in -electron densities and bond lengths.

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3. Mitt.:M. Scholz undD. Heidrich, Mh. Chem.99, 588 (1968).     

The inclusion of non-nearest neighbor ß terms in pariser-parr-pople type S.C.M.O. calculations

The calculation of -electron properties by an S.C.M.O. method including all _core terms has been extended to nitrogen and oxygen containing systems. The singlet ^* electronic transitions and -ionization potentials (where available) are in reasonable agreement with experiment. A comparison is made with the non-empirical all electron calculations of Clementi for pyrrole, pyridine and pyrazine.

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Zusammenfassung Die Berechnung von -Elektronen-Eigenschaften mittels einer SCMO-Methode, die alle _core-Terme einschließt, wurde auf Systeme mit Stickstoff- und Sauerstoffatomen ausgedehnt. Die Singulett- ^*-Übergänge und -Ionisierungsenergien sind in vernünftiger Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment. Es wird einen Vergleich mit den nichtempirischen Rechnungen mit allen Elektronen von Clementi an Pyrrol, Pyridin und Pyrazin angestellt.

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Résumé Le calcul des propriétés des électrons par une méthode S.C.M.O. tenant compte de tous les termes _coeur a été étendu aux systèmes contenant de l'azote et de l'oxygène. Les transitions électroniques singulet ^* et les potentiels d'ionisation (lorsqu'ils sont connus) sont en accord raisonnable avec l'expérience. Les résultats sont comparés aux calculs non-empiriques de tous les électrons effectués par Clémenti pour le pyrrole, la pyridine et la pyrazine.

     

199Hg and13C NMR spectra of bromine-substituted benzyl derivatives of mercury

Conclusions ¹⁹⁹Hg chemical shifts indicate that in dibenzyl derivatives of mercury and in benzylmercury bromides, there is, conjugation of the C-Hg bond with the orbitals of the aromatic ring, and also intramolecular coordination of the Hg atom with the Br atoms located in the o-position relative to the CH₂HgBr group, leading to the formation of a five-membered chelate ring. Such coordination interaction does not have an appreciable effect on the¹³C chemical shifts or the J_C-Hg constants.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 793–799, April, 1985.     

Spectroscopic study of compounds possessing a bond of an element of group IVb to hydrogen

Conclusions In the silanes (C₂H₅)X₃SiH and X₃SiH, the substituants X of which form d-p bonds with the silicon atom, the effect of d-p conjugation depends on the inductive and mesomeric effects of X, which change the charge on the silicon atom.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 342–347, February, 1972.The authors would like to express their gratitude to G. A. Domrachev for discussing certain questions in this article.     

A 2pπ, 3dπ valence bond wave function for the 1B1u state of ethylene

A 2p, 3d valence bond wave function for the lowest ¹ B _1u state of the -system of ethylene is variationally optimized with respect to the atomic orbital exponents using a non-empirical -approximation. The resulting energy compares favourably with previous calculations and leads to a satisfactory value for the lowest ¹ A _1g-¹ B _1u transition energy. The optimized exponent for the 2p orbital is close to the Slater value whereas the exponent for the 3d orbital is found to be nearly hydrogenic. The implications of this result are discussed in some detail.

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Zusammenfassung Für den tiefsten ¹ B _1u -Zustand des -Elektronensystems des Äthylens wird nach der Variations-methode eine 2p, 3d-Valenzbindungs-Wellenfunktion bezüglich der Orbitalkoeffizienten optimiert, wobei eine nicht-empirische -Approximation zugrunde gelegt wird. Die berechnete Energie stimmt gut mit den Ergebnissen vorausgegangener Rechnungen überein. Für den tiefsten ¹ A _1g ¹ B _1u -Übergang ergibt sich ein befriedigender Energiewert. Der optimierte Orbitalkoeffizient für das 2p-Orbital stimmt gut mit dem nach der Slaterschen Regel bestimmten Koeffizient überein, während man für den 3d-Orbitalkoeffizienten einen Wert findet, der dem des Wasserstoffs ähnlich ist.

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Résumé Une founction d'onde V.B.(2p , 3d ) est optimée pour l'état ¹ B _1u d'aethylen. L'energie calculé aussi que l'energie de transition la plus basse ¹ A _1g -¹ B _1u est en bon accord avec des valeurs connues.

     

Partitioning of <Emphasis Type="Italic">π</Emphasis> -electrons in rings of polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons: Part 6. Comparison with other methods for estimating the local aromaticity of rings in polycyclic benzenoids

By adopting the convention that shared double bonds in polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons contribute with one -electron and unshared ones with two -electrons, a partition of -electrons in each ring (-electron content, EC) can be obtained by averaging over all Kekulé structures, which are assumed to have equal weights. This affords a simple measure of local aromaticity that is comparable with other such local aromaticity indices in polycyclic benzenoids.     

Synthesen und Stereochemie des 3,6,10,13-Tetrathia[6.6.1]propellans

3,6,10,13-Tetrathia[6.6.1]propellane (1) has been prepared by two independent syntheses.1 exists as an equilibrium of two conformers with C₂ and C_s symmetry, respectively. The heterocyclic rings adopt a twist-tub conformation. The multistage synthesis of1 makes also 1,5-cyclooctadiene (5) accessible, as the result of [4_s+4_s]-cycloaddition. The formation of [6.6.1]propellanes of the isomeric [6.0.6.1]dispiranes depends on the nature of the hetero atom.

     

Electronic structure of long molecules with conjugated bonds

The -electron system in a long molecule of the polyene type was calculated according to the Hartree-Fock self-consistent field method in which electrons with different spins are located on different molecular orbitals. The ground state of the -electron system in a long molecule is found to be antiferromagnetic and possesses a gap in the one-particle excitation spectrum. The calculated value of the first -electron transition as a function of the number of atoms in the polyene chain is in good agreement with experiment.