Synthesis and characterization of cyclopentadienyl halides of transition metals: Part II,chromium halides

Summary -Cp₂Cr reacts with PX₃ (X = Cl, Br or I) to give monocyclopentadienylchromium(III) derivatives -CpCrX₂ (X = Cl, Br or I), while oxidative additions of IBr and ICl to -Cp₂Cr give the corresponding mixed halogenated derivatives, -Cp₂CrIX (X = Cl or Br). All products have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic moment measurements and by i.r. and e.p.r. spectra.     

Synthesis of dicationic triple-decker complexes with a central B-cyclohexyl-substituted borole ligand

Stacking reactions of the dicationic fragments [LM]²⁺ (LM = (-C₆H₆)Ru, (-C₆H₃Me₃)Ru, or (-C₅Me₅)Rh) with the complex (-C₅H₅)Co(-C₄H₄BCy) (Cy = cyclo-C₆H₁₁) afforded new dicationic 30-electron triple-decker complexes [(-C₅H₅)Co(-:-C₄H₄BCy)ML](BF₄)₂ containing a cyclohexyl-substituted borole ligand in the central position.     

Inter-ring η6⇌η5 haptotropic rearrangements of 18ē and 19ē (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(η6-9-methylfluorenyl)iron complexes

New cationic complexes [(⁶-C₁₃H₁₀)Fe(⁵-Cp^*)]PF₆ and [(⁶-9-CH₃-C₁₃H₉)Fe(⁵-Cp^*)]PF₆ were obtained by the reaction of Cp^*Fe(CO)₂Br with fluorene and 9-methylfluorene, respectively. Deprotonation of these complexes byt-BuOK in THF affords zwitter-ionic compounds (⁶-C₁₃H₉)Fe(⁵-Cp^*) and (⁶-9-CH₃-C₁₃H₈)Fe(⁵-Cp^*) (A). WhenA is heated in nonane at 150 °C it undergoes ⁶⁵ inter-ring rearrangement with the formation of hexamethyldibenzoferrocene (B). The electrochemical behavior ofA andB was studied by cyclic voltammetry. One-electron reduction ofA andB to the corresponding radical anions induces inter-ring haptotropic rearrangementA ^.–B ^.–. The equilibrium in the 19 state is shifted to the ⁶-isomeric radical anionA ^.–, while in the 18 precursors, it shifts to the ⁵-isomerB.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 319–324, February, 1994.The authors are grateful to D. V. Zagorevskii (A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences) for recording and interpreting the mass spectra, and to A. A. Borisenko (Moscow State University) for recording the NMR spectra.This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant 93-03-5209).     

Cationic complexes of chelated bis(η-cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) with halometallates of gallium(III), indium(III) and thallium(III)

Summary Eight complexes of the chelated bis(-cyclopenta-dienyl)titanium(IV) cation. [-Cp₂TiL][MX₄] (L = acetyl-acetone, M = Ga^III, In^III or Ti^III: X = Cl, Br or I) have been isolated from aqueous solution and characterised by elemental analyses and i.r. data. Their ionic nature has been confirmed by conductance measurements.     

The viscosity of aqueous solutions of alkali and tetraalkylammonium halides at 25°C

The viscosities of most alkali and tetraalkylammonium halides have been measured in water at 25°C. The relative viscosities can be fitted, up to 1M, with the relation _r =1+A c^1/2+B c+D ². TheA term depends on long-range coulombic forces, andB is a function of the size and hydration of the solute. When combined with partial-molal-volume data, the difference B –0.0025V° is mostly a measure of the solute-solvent interactions. IonicB are obtained if the tetraethylammonium ion is assumed to obey Einstein's law. TheD parameter depends on higher terms of the long-range coulombic forces, on higher terms of the hydrodynamic effect, and on structural solute-solute interactions. As such, it cannot be interpreted unambiguously.     

Metal complexes of allyl derivatives of C60 fullerene: molecular and electronic structure prediction from density functional calculations

The problem of existence of ³—-complexes of C₆₀ fullerene with transition metal atoms is discussed. The complexes C₆₀R₃Co(CO)₃ (R = H, F, Cl, Br), C₆₀H₃NiCp, and C₆₀H₃Fe(CO)Cp, where C₆₀R₃ is an allyl derivative of C₆₀ fullerene, were shown to be sufficiently stable. In these complexes the metal atoms are ³—-bound to the fullerene cage. In contrast to this, the metal atoms in the C₆₀H₃Li and C₆₀H₃FeCp complexes are ⁵—-coordinated to the carbon cage. Density functional calculations were carried out with the Perdew—Burke—Ernzerhof exchange-correlation potential (PBE). It was concluded that the type of bonding in the complexes of allyl derivatives of C₆₀ fullerene depends on the nature of the species attached. Among the systems studied, the maximum energy of the ³—-bond was obtained for the C₆₀H₃NiCp complex. The results obtained can be useful in the design of synthesis of new fullerene derivatives with the ³—-coordination of the transition metal atoms to the carbon cage.     

Preparation of μ-(η5:η5-Fulvalene)-di-μ-hydrido-bis(η5-cyclopentadienyltitanium) by the reduction of Cp2TiCl2 with LiAlH4 in aromatic solvents

Summary -(⁵:⁵-Fulvalene)-di--hydrido-bis(⁵-cyclopentadienyltitanium) (1) can be prepared by the reduction of Cp₂TiCl₂ with LiAlH₄ in methylbenzenes and in tetralin at their boiling temperatures in yields greater than 90%. The reduction proceedsvia the bis(⁵-cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride dimer which is further transformed into the unstable [Cp₂TiH] species. Thermal decomposition of the latter accompanied by hydrogen evolution gives rise to (1). -(⁵:⁵-Fulvalene)--hydrido--chloro-bis(⁵-cyclopentadienyltitanium), the first fulvalene containing compound observed in the system is formed by hydrido-chloro exchange of (1) with (Cp₂TiCl)₂ and aluminium chlorohydrides.     

Organometallic complexes containing thiosemicarbazone and related ligands. Part II(1). η3-allyl dicarbonyl complexes of molybdenum(II) with attached thiosemicarbazone ligands

Summary The -allylmolybdenum(II) complexes [MoX(CO)₂-(NCMe)₂(³-C₃H₄R)] (X=Cl, Br and I; R=H and 2-Me) react either in dichloromethane or acetonitrile with thiosemicarbazones to give the new complexes [MoX-(CO)₂(RRCNNHCSNH₂)(³-C₃H₄R)] (R=H or Me; R'=Me, Et, Pr or Ph)via displacement of acetonitrile ligands.     

The Deposition of Aerosol Submicron Particles on Ultrafine Fiber Filters

The diffusion deposition of submicron aerosol particles of a finite size on a model filter composed of parallel ultrafine fibers with a radius comparable with the mean free path of air molecules was considered. The diffusion capture coefficient with allowance made for particle interception _DR is found by the numerical solution of the elliptic equation of steady-state convective diffusion in the wide ranges of interception parameter R, Peclet (Pe) and Knudsen (Kn) numbers at small Reynolds numbers. It was shown that, at small Kn numbers, the _DR value exceeds the sum of capture coefficients due to specific deposition mechanisms, interception and diffusion, = _R + _D , whereas, at Kn > 1, _DR . Within the range of intermediate Pe, Kn, and R numbers, the radius of the most penetrating particles is higher than the fiber radius.     

Migration of the η1:η6-C6H5Cr(CO)3 ligand into the cyclopentadienyl ring during metallation of the η5-C5H5(CO)2Fe η1:η6-C6H5Cr(CO)3 binuclear complex

It was found that the ¹⁶-C₆H₅Cr(CO)₃ ligand migrates into the cyclopentadienyl ring when the ⁵-C₅H₅(CO)₂Fe ¹⁶-C₆H₅Cr(CO)₃ binuclear complex is metallated with BuⁿLi. Under the same conditions, no migration of the phenyl ligand in the ⁵-C₅H₅(CO)₂Fe ¹-C₆H₅ complex was observed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 325–326, February, 1994.     

Heterobinuclear and heterotrinuclear transition-metal μ-allenyl complexes

Binuclear and trinuclear transition-metal -allenyl complexes—especially mixedmetal complexes—are reviewed. In recent years, a number of such compounds have been prepared by use of several synthetic methods. The most general of these methods, viz. reactions of metal propargyls and of the lower nuclearity metal allenyls with low-valent metal complexes such as metal carbonyls and platinum(0) compounds, are considered in some detail. The structures of the binuclear metal -¹,²- and -³,²-allenyl complexes and of the trinuclear metal ₃-¹,²,²-allenyl complexes—both triangular and open—are presented and compared. Trends in the¹H and¹³C NMR spectroscopic properties of these compounds are examined. Some aspects of reaction chemistry of the heteronuclear platinum-ruthenium -¹,²-allenyl complexes are presented.     

Synthesis,characterization and crystal structures of heterometallic trinuclear carbonyl sulfido clusters (η5-Cp)MoFeCo- (CO)8(μ3-S) and [(η5-Cp)Mo]2Fe(CO)7(μ3-S)

HFe2Co(CO)9(3-S) reacts with (5-Cp)Mo(CO)3Cl in refluxing THF to give heterometallic trinuclear clusters (5-Cp)MoFeCo(CO)8(3-S) and [(5-Cp)Mo]2Fe(CO)7-(3-S), which have been characterized by elemental analyses, i.r., 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. and X-ray crystal structure determination. An electrophilic addition–elimination sequence is proposed for their formation.     

Theoretical Study of 3-Penten-2-one Complexes of Iron and Chromium Subgroup Metals with Various Modes of the Enone Coordination

The calculated parameters of the steric and electronic structure and shielding constants of ²- (3-penten-2-one)Fe(CO)₄, ²-(3-penten-2-one)M(CO)₅, ⁴-(3-penten-2-one)Fe(CO)₃, and ⁴-(3-penten-2-one) ·M (CO)₄ (M = Cr, Mo, W) nicely agree with the experiment. Coordination of the -enone with transition metals significantly distorts the conjugation between the C = C and C = O bonds.     

The synthesis and structure of the [2.2]paracyclophane cluster Ru6C(CO)13(μ 3-η 2:η 2:η 2-C16H16)(PPh3) and a study of the 1H-n.m.r. spectra of [2.2]paracyclophane and benzene clusters

Summary The [2.2]paracyclophane cluster, Ru₆C(CO)₁₄( ₃- ^{2 2 2}-C₁₆H₁₆) (1), undergoes reaction with Me₃NO and triphenylphosphine to yield Ru₆C(CO)₁₃( ₃- ^{2 2 2}-C₁₆H₁₆)(PPh₃) (2), which may also be produced from (1) by thermolysis with PPh₃ in THF. Compound (2) has been fully characterized in solution by spectroscopy and in the solid state by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis at 277 K, and its structure is compared with that of the parent cluster, (1). Using the same synthetic procedures, the tricyclohexylphosphine analogue, Ru₆C(CO)₁₃( ₃- ^{2 2 2}-C₁₆H₁₆)(PCy₃) (3), has also been prepared and characterized spectroscopically. A comparison of the chemical shifts of the 577-01 protons in the ¹H-n.m.r. spectra of compounds (1)–(3) together with a variety of other [2.2]paracyclophane and benzene clusters has been made.     

Synthesis and investigation of mono- and binuclear cyano-bridged complexes of rhodium,ruthenium, and palladium

Binuclear Rh^III and Ru^II complexes of the [M¹-CN-M²]⁺BF ₄ ^– (M¹ and/or M² are (⁵-Cp)(³-C₃H₅)Rh and (⁶-C₆H₆)(³-C₃H₅)Ru) type, heteronuclear organometallic compound (⁵-Cp)(³-C₃H₅)RhCNPd(³-C₃H₅)Cl, and mononuclear Rh^III and Ru^II complexes [(³-C₃H₅)LM(MeCN)]⁺ _BF4 ^– (M = Rh, L = ⁵-Cp; M = Ru, L = ⁶-C₆H₆) were synthesized. An electrochemical study of these compounds in solutions demonstrates that the bond between the bridged CN ligand and the metal atoms is rather strong, and there is no dissociation into mononuclear fragments in solutions. The kinetics of the reaction of [(⁵-Cp)(³-C₃H₅)Rh(MeCN)]⁺ _BF4 ^– with halide ions was studied by electrochemical methods. The ligand exchange proceeds by a bimolecular dissociative-exchange mechanism.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 968–973, May, 1995.     

Hydrophosphorylation of 1,3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one and 4-Phenyl-3-buten-2-one in the Coordinational Sphere of Carbonyl Complexes of Group VIB Metals

Synthetic procedures for preparing ²- and ⁴-complexes of chalcone and benzalacetone with hexacarbonyl mononuclear complexes of Group VIB metals were developed and conditions for selective ²- and ⁴-coordination of the heterodiene ligand were established. Hydrophosphorylation of the obtained complexes proceeds in the coordination sphere of the metal by the Abramov reaction scheme and yields the corresponding ²-coordinated -hydroxyphosphonates. As follows from quantum-chemical calculations, -coordination with metals makes the heterodienes no longer planar, which explains their regioselective phosphorylation by the more electrophilic carbonyl group.     

Examination of the flow behaviour of HEC and hmHEC solutions using structure–property relationships and rheo-optical methods

The effect of solely intermolecular interactions due to hydrophobic alkyl substituents on the flow behaviour of hmHEC solutions was determined via comparison of the structure–property relationships of hmHECs and HECs based on the overlap parameter c[]. For this purpose the ₀–[]–c relationship for HEC was determined to be ₀=8.91·10^–4+8.91·10^–4·c[]+1.07·10^–3(c[])²+1.83·10^–7(c[])^5.56. In addition the structure–property relationship for the longest relaxation time via the –[]–c relationship ·c^1+1/a=2.65·10^–8(c[])²+4.25·10^–8(c[])³+5.44·10^–12(c[])^5.27 has been determined. Although the hmHECs had a higher zero shear viscosity than HECs of comparable overlap parameters at a range of 1<c[]<13, the flow curves could be described via the same –[]–c relationship in that range, indicating a timescale of the intermolecular interactions below the longest relaxation time.The behaviour of the supramolecular structures in solution with an applied shear field was characterized by rheo-optical analysis of the shear thickening behaviour which occurs with addition of surfactant. Contrary to expectations, a slope >1 of the flow birefringence n as a function of shear rate could be observed in double logarithmic plotting. The degree of orientation of the flow birefringence primarily decreases with increasing shear rate, but increases later on at a characteristic shear rate. These two exceptional phenomena can be explained by a pronounced anisotropy of the polymer coils caused by the dilatant flow.This assumption is backed up by the occurrence of a maximum in the dichroism curves which is caused by a finite stability of the aggregated structures in solution. On a molecular basis, these observations agree with the theoretically predicted (Witten and Cohen) transition from intra- to intermolecular polymer micelles. The detected aggregates correspond with the polymer chains that are aligned in one micelle.Abbreviations a Exponent of the Mark–Houwink relationship - c_[]* Critical concentration (determined by intrinsic viscosity) - c_LS* Critical concentration (determined by light scattering) - HASE Hydrophobically modified alkali-swellable emulsions - HEUR Hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes - hmHEC Hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose - HEC Hydroxyethylcellulose - HPMC Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose - M Molecular mass - MS Molar degree of substitution - n Slope of the flow curve - SEC Size exclusion chromatography - R_G Radius of gyration - Viscosity - ₀ Zero-shear viscosity - _sp Specific viscosity - Longest relaxation time - n Birefringence - n_i Intrinsic birefringence - n_f Form birefringence - n Dichroism - Orientation of the birefringence - ̇ Shear rate     

Reaction of the Hexa-1,3,5-triyne Me3SiC≡CC≡CC≡CSiMe3 with Ru4(CO)13(μ 3-PPh): Parallels with the Chemistry of Alkynes and Diynes

Reaction of Ru₄(CO)₁₃(₃-PPh) (1) with the 1,3,5-hexatriyne Me₃SiCCCCC CSiMe₃ under mild thermal conditions affords initially Ru₄(CO)₁₀(-CO)₂{₄-¹,¹,²-P(Ph)C(CCSiMe₃)C(CCSiMe₃) (2), via the facile formation of a P–C bond in a manner similar to that demonstrated previously with alkynes and diynes. The 62-CVE cluster 2 readily decarbonylates to give crystallographically characterised Ru₄(CO)₁₀(-CO)(₄-PPh){₄-¹,¹,²,²-Me₃SiCCC₂CCSiMe₃} (3). Attempts to further incorporate the pendant alkyne moieties in 3 into the Ru₄ coordination environment were partially successful with Ru₄(CO)₁₀(₄-PPh)(₄-¹,¹,³,³-RC₄R') (4, R/R'=SiMe₃/CCSiMe₃) being formed as a minor product together with the unusual toluene coordinated species Ru₄(CO)₇(⁶-C₆H₅Me)(₄-PPh)(₄-¹,¹,³,³-Me₃SiC₄CCSiMe₄) (5). Cluster 3 reacts with an excess of Me₃SiCCCCCCSiMe₃ to give the open chain cluster Ru₄(CO)₉(₃-PPh){₄-²,²,⁴,⁴,-C₄(CCSiMe₃)(SiMe₃)C₄(CCSiMe₃)₃} (6).     

The mechanism of η(η5:η5-fulvalene)-di-μ-chloro-bis (η5-cyclopentadienyltitanium) formation in the system Cp2TiCl2 : LiAlH4 : Olefinic solvent

Summary The reduction of Cp₂TiCl₂ with LiAlH₄ in olefinic solvents at temperatures above 100° leads to the formation of µ-( ⁵ : ⁵-fulvalene)-di-µ-chloro-bis( ⁵-cyclopentadienyl-titanium) (1) and finally to µ-( ⁵ : ¹⁵-fulvalene)-di-µ-hydrido-bis ( ⁵-cyclopentadienyltitanium). The first step of the reduction includes mainly the formation of the dimer of bis( ⁵-cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride, (Cp₂TiCl)₂. The mechanism of its conversion into (1) involves the formation of an intermediate bis( ⁵-cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) hydride species which reacts immediately with the olefinic solvent to give bis( ⁵-cyclopentadienyl)alkyltitanium(III) compounds. The formation of the fulvalene ligand in (1) is explained by the interaction of the alkyltitanium compound with the cyclopentadienyl ligands of (Cp₂TiCl)₂ resulting in hydrogen transfer to the olefinic solvent.     

Ethyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl complexes of cobalt,rhodium, iridium and ruthenium

Summary The syntheses of the ethyltetramethylcyclopentadienyl complexes Ru(⁵-C₅Me₄Et)(CO)₂Cl, CO( ⁵-C₅Me₄Et)(CO)₂, and [M( ⁵-C₅Me₄Et)Cl₂]₂ (M = Rh or Ir) are described; the ruthenium complex reacts with triphenylarsine to give Ru( ⁵-C₅Me₄Et)(AsPh₃)(CO)Cl.¹H and¹³C n.m.r. spectra, i.r. spectra and the physical properties of the compounds are discussed and contrasted with the known C₅H₅ and C₅Me₅ analogues.