废木料焚烧炉燃烧过程的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法研究了废木料焚烧炉的流动与燃烧状况，以预见不同条件下废木料燃烧与污染物的排放。应用RNG k-ε双方程模型联合几率分布函数（pdf）的组分输运方程，结合颗粒轨道模型对废木料焚烧炉进行数值模拟，计算结果揭示了各种燃烧条件下，燃烧室内的速度场和温度场分布及CO等浓度分布。仅供一次风的情况下，二燃室出口温度高，CO燃烬效果较差；在合适的二次风供给的情况下，总的过量空气系数较小，对燃烧效果改善明显。     

负载型钯催化剂上生物质气化气催化燃烧

采用浸渍法制备了Pd/Al2O3、Pd/Ce/Al2O3、Pd/Mn/Al2O3、Pd/La/Al2O3四种催化剂。并借助XRD、BET对催化剂相结构、比表面积、孔结构进行了表征,在固定床反应器上考察了四种催化剂对CO、H2和CH4的催化燃烧性能。结果表明,随着La、Ce、Mn离子的引入使得催化剂的比表面积和孔容积不断降低;添加助剂Ce可以提高催化剂活性和热稳定性,助剂La可以提高催化剂的抗烧结能力,而助剂Mn在低温时可以提高催化剂活性,但并不能抑制催化剂的高温钝化。CO和H2的起燃顺序随催化剂的不同而不同,但四种催化剂对CO和H2的催化燃烧活性接近,均可以在低温条件下迅速燃烧,同时其燃烧特征温度明显低于CH4。     

Application of catalysts for producing organic compounds from plant biomass

Experimental data on acid-base and oxidation-reduction catalysis in the conversion of wood carbohydrates and lignin to levoglucosenone, levulinic acid, aromatic aldehydes and other fine chemicals are presented and discussed.     

Effect of drying methods on the structure and catalytic combustion activity of Mn-substituted hexaaluminate catalysts

Conventional oven drying (COD) and supercritical drying (SCD) methods were applied to the preparation of Mn-substituted hexaaluminate (BaMnAl₁₁O_19-α) catalysts. The effect of drying methods on phase composition, specific surface area, pore structure and combustion activity of the samples was investigated. The samples obtained by SCD have higher surface area, narrower pore size distribution, and higher combustion activity than those obtained by COD. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Potentiometric microdetermination of cadmium in organic compounds after oxygen flask combustion

The sample is burnt in an oxygen flask and the combustion products are absorbed in lM HNO₃. After removal of interfering gases by boiling, the solution is transferred to the titration cell and neutralized with NaOH in the presence of methyl red; Cd(II) is finally titrated potentiometrically in a buffered 50% ethanolic medium with 0.01M sodium diethyldithiocarbamate in 50% ethanol. A silver/sulphide ion-selective electrode and a double junction reference electrode containing a 10% KNO₃ solution in 26% ethanol in the outer compartment are used in combination with a Titroprocessor to detect the end point. The results obtained are very accurate and reproducible: the maximum error does not exceed 0.09%, the recovery of cadmium is in the range 99.67 to 99.95% and the rel. standard deviation is 0.05%. The potentiometric titration with diethyldithiocarbamate, which is useful to determine small Cd(II) amounts down to 30g (2g ml^–1), as well as the oxygen flask combustion of organic cadmium compounds are discussed.     

Development of a pre-concentrator-thermo-desorber/micro-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer coupling for on-site analyses of emissions of volatile organic compounds from landfills

The development and use of a pre-concentrator-thermo-desorber/micro-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (μTD/μGC/MSD) coupling for the on-site analysis of VOCs in landfill gases are presented. The coupling has the advantage of analysing compounds with two detectors operated in series: the TCD (of the μGC) initially analyses the gas without destroying it, and then the MSD identifies the compounds. Due to the TCD response, the results were quantified with reference to toluene. The reliability of the analytical chain for quantitative analysis was validated by sampling two gaseous standards, including the EPA TO14 mixture, containing 39 compounds. With the OV1?μGC column, 24 compounds were identified and 16 correctly quantified. The repeatability of the measures estimated by their standard deviation was in the order of 1–2%. The detection limit was evaluated at 0.1?ppbv, for a 40?min pre-concentration on the Tenax of the μTD. The results of VOC analyses in the air of a landfill site obtained with the μTD/μGC/MSD coupling show its potential for on-site analyses: immediate results, high sensitivity, no storage for the samples, and measurements of pollution peaks.     

Potentiometric microdetermination of aluminium in organic compounds after combustion in a modified oxygen flask

The microdetermination of aluminium in organic compounds by oxygen flask combustion, a simultaneous fusioncombustion procedure was developed, in which the sample in a mixture with KHSO₄ is burnt in a modified oxygen flask under suitable conditions so that the alumina formed is immediately converted into the corresponding water-soluble sulfate. 2.4 ml of 6M HCl are used as absorption solution, in which the combustion residue is completely dissolved by boiling. The solution is then transferred to a titration cell, neutralized with NaOH in the presence of methyl red, and the Al(III) is finally determined in a buffered 40% (V/V) dioxane solution by potentiometric titration with 0.1 M NaF. The results obtained were accurate within ±0.13%; the recoveries of Al are in the range of 99.00 to 99.90%; the standard deviation amounts to 0.06%. The potentiometric titration of Al(III) with fluoride as well as the conditions of the oxygen flask combustion of organic aluminium compounds are discussed.     

生物质微波干燥及其对热解的影响

通过与常规热风干燥方式比较,研究生物质微波干燥过程及其对热解的影响,以探索在生物质快速热解液化工艺中采用微波干燥技术进行原料预处理的可行性。干燥实验表明,微波炉的干燥速率明显大于烘箱（5倍以上）,同时在微波快速干燥过程中,原料内部的孔隙结构得到了改善。热天平上干燥样品的热解表明,微波干燥处理有利于生物质的热解,特别是纤维素和半纤维素的热解,并且能在一定程度上抑制生物油蒸汽的二次裂解反应,从而使实际流化床热解液化装置中的生物油产率有所提高。研究表明,将微波干燥技术用于生物质热解液化的原料预处理过程在技术上和经济上均具有可行性。     

Determination of volatile organic compounds in industrial wastewater plant air emissions by multi-sorbent adsorption and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

This paper describes the process of determining the presence of volatile organic compounds in air emissions from industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The analytical method, based on thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was developed to simultaneously determine of 99 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in air samples. This method is rapid, environmentally-friendly (since no organic solvents are used to extract the analytes) and compatible with a large range of thermally stable polar and apolar compounds. The target VOCs were selected on the basis of their occurrence in real samples and their adverse effects on the environment and human health. To cover the wide range of target compounds, multisorbent tubes filled with Tenax TA and Carbograph 1TD were used. Method validation showed good repeatabilities, low detection limits, a high linear range and good recoveries. At a fixed sample volume of 600?mL no significant losses for any of the target compounds were found in the samples. Stability during storage indicated that samples must be keep refrigerated at 4°C and analysed within three days of collection. Real samples were taken from air emissions of an industrial wastewater treatment plant located in the Southern Industrial Area of Tarragona (Spain) with the aim of studying its contribution as a source of atmospheric VOCs. This WWTP collects wastewater from several chemical factories which produce isocyanates, polyurethanes, chlorinated organics and functional chemicals among other products. Samples from the collecting tank after the primary sedimentation showed higher VOC concentrations than samples from the secondary treatment tank. The most abundant VOCs found in these emissions are included in the USEPA List of Hazardous Air Pollutants. The highest values correspond to acrylonitrile (up to 1843?µg?m^?3) and styrene (up to 573.70?µg?m^?3). The levels of chloroform, 1,4-dioxane, ethylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1,4-diethylbenzene were also high.     

基于赤铁矿的生物质化学链燃烧过程中氮氧化物的释放特性

在单批次进料固定床上,基于赤铁矿载氧体,研究了还原反应阶段反应温度和水蒸气量对谷壳的氮氧化物释放特性的影响。研究表明,碳转化率随反应温度升高而增加,但随水蒸气量呈先增加后下降,并在水蒸气量为1.0 g/min时达到最大值。在实验条件下,还原阶段未检测到NO₂。随着反应温度由750 ℃升高到900 ℃,NO的生成率增加,而N₂O的生成率先增加后降低,在850 ℃时达到最大值。水蒸气量由0.5 g/min升高到2.0 g/min,N₂O和NO的生成率均增加,且NO增加速率高于N₂O。在反应后的载氧体中,检测到KAlSi₃O₈存在,表明载氧体与生物质中的K元素发生反应。     

Volatile organic compounds generated by cultures of bacteria and viruses associated with respiratory infections

Respiratory infections (RI) can be viral or bacterial in origin. In either case, the invasion of the pathogen results in production and release of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The present study examines the VOCs released from cultures of five viruses (influenza A, influenza B, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus and parainfluenza 1 virus), three bacteria (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated colonies. Our results demonstrate the involvement of inflammation‐induced VOCs. Two significant VOCs were identified as associated with infectious bacterial activity, heptane and methylcyclohexane. These two VOCs have been linked in previous studies to oxidative stress effects. In order to distinguish between bacterial and viral positive cultures, we performed principal component analysis including peak identity (retention time) and VOC concentration (i.e. area under the peak) revealing 1‐hexanol and 1‐heptadecene to be good predictors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

O2/CO2气氛下CO2和H2O气化反应对煤及煤焦燃烧特性的影响

利用热天平对比研究了大同煤及煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧行为,探讨CO₂和H₂O气化反应对其富氧燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在5%氧气浓度下,煤粉在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧速率按顺序依次降低。氧气浓度降低到2%,由于CO₂和H₂O气化反应的作用,煤粉在高温区的整体反应速率按顺序依次增大。当氧气浓度为5%时,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的燃烧速率要低于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率,但燃烧反应推迟后气化反应的参与使得煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的整体反应速率显著升高。当氧气浓度降低到2%后,随着温度的升高,在CO₂气化反应的作用下,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的整体反应速率逐渐高于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率。在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中,由于H₂O在共气化中起主要作用,煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂高温区的整体反应速率进一步升高。动力学分析表明,在5%氧浓度时,煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的表观活化能依次升高。随着氧气浓度的降低,在不同反应气氛中的表观活化能均有所下降。     

Characterization of biologically active compounds from different herbs: Influence of drying and extraction methods

The hot air (HA) method is the most widely implemented drying method for plants (herbs, vegetables, and fruits). This method has a few drawbacks that include long drying time, limited heat transfer, and limited thermal conductivity. This study investigated the effects of HA and infra-red (IR) heating method on biologically active compounds from different herbs (Khaffir lime, Lemongrass, Prai, Tamarind, and Turmeric). The efficiency of the drying methods was evaluated by considering (a) moisture ratio (MR), (b) specific energy consumption (SEC, MJ/kg.H₂O), (c) moisture diffusivity (D_eff), and (d) activation energy (E_a, kJ/mol). The active compounds were extracted from HA and IR dried herbs using different solvents (hexane, water, and ethanol) through Solid-Liquid Extraction (SLE) and Soxhlet Solvent Extraction (SSE) methods. The moisture removal in the IR drying process increased 10–11% for the herb samples. Specific energy consumption (SEC) increase during the IR drying process is attributed to the rapid evaporation of water at shorter time intervals than HA. Activation energy (E_a) values decreased by 1.66, 1.48, 2.24, 3.13, and 2.07 fold times for IR dried prai, turmeric, lemongrass, tamarind, and kaffir lime, respectively. The higher yields of herbal extracts and the abundance of bioactive terpene derivatives in hexane extracts were obtained from HA herbs compared to IR samples. Therefore, it is concluded that the IR method and SSE process using hexane was suitable to dry and retain the bioactive active compounds within herbs. Further, the IR method over the HA method was considered based on energy consumption, processing time, yield, and active compounds.     

生物质混煤燃烧过程中钾的迁移转化规律

通过将稻秆和褐煤混燃，研究了燃烧温度以及生物质掺混比例对于混燃过程中K的释放、灰样中K的赋存形式以及矿物质变化的影响。研究表明，燃烧温度对于混合燃料中K的释放影响显著。在600-750℃时，随着温度升高，水溶性K和醋酸铵溶性K大量释放到气相，使得K的释放速率较快；而当温度在750-850℃时，水溶性K和醋酸铵溶性K开始大量地转化为其他形式的K而被固定在灰样中，使得K的释放速率变得缓慢；当温度高于850℃时，随着温度升高，盐酸溶性K的分解导致K释放速率重新增大。通过XRD分析发现，灰样中水溶性K主要以KCl的形式存在，K₂SO₄的生成同时受到原料中K的含量和S/Cl比值两个因素的共同影响，原料中K的含量越高，且S/Cl比值越大，越会促进K₂SO₄的生成。同时也发现生物质和煤混燃时存在协同作用，煤中Al、Si等元素会和生物质中的K反应生成碱性硅铝酸盐，从而导致更多K留在灰烬中。     

不同吸附剂上动态吸附-脱附挥发性有机气体性能研究

采用气相色谱法和热重分析(TG)研究了活性炭以及5A、NaY、13X、ZSM-5(Si0_2/Al_2O_3=27、300)、Hβ和MCM-41分子筛对正己烷、甲苯和乙酸乙酯的动态吸附-脱附性能,系统考察了挥发性有机气体(VOCs)浓度与种类及体积空速对吸附容量的影响。结果表明,增加体积空速和VOCs浓度,一定程度上能够提升吸附容量;活性炭吸附剂对三种VOCs具有较高的单位质量吸附量,而13X与NaY对三种VOCs具有更大的单位体积吸附量。     

生物质热反应机理与活化能确定方法Ⅰ.干燥段研究

干燥段是生物质热解的第一个过程.采用热分析仪研究了杉木木屑干燥段质量和热量的变化,推导了非等温干燥动力学模型,探讨了热质传输机理.结果表明,随着温度的升高,木屑含湿量迅速下降,80℃左右出现一个明显的失重峰;非等温干燥动力学Page模型能很好地模拟木屑干燥过程,木屑干燥活化能为12.6 kJ/mol;水分传输与热量传递...     

The determination of volatile organic compounds in soils using solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was applied in the development of a protocol for the analysis of a number of target organic compounds in landfill site samples. The selected analytes, including aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbous, and unsaturated compounds, were absorbed directly from a headspace sample above a soil layer onto a fused silica fiber. Following exposure, the fiber was thermally desorbed in the injection port of the gas chromatograph and eluted compounds were detected using a mass selective detector. The stability and sensitivity of the extraction technique were examined at five temperatures (22–60°C) using a 100μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber. Calibrations, using soil samples spiked with selected solvents (0.5–30 μg/g), were linear; trichloroethene (r² = 0.992) and benzene (r² = 0.998). SPME was applied to the examination of a municipal landfill where 8 sites were sampled, at three depths, resulting in the detection of xylene (maximum 2.8 μg/g) and a number of other non-target organic contaminants.     

Utilization of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds in new technologies

This paper reviews the use of arsenic compounds in semiconductor manufacture and emphasizes the role of alkylated arsenic compounds.     

Effects of injection volume change on gas chromatographic sensitivity determined with two contrasting calibration approaches for volatile organic compounds

In this study, the effects of injection volume change on gas chromatographic detection properties have been evaluated using gas-phase standards containing three aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC): benzene, toluene, and xylene (commonly called BTX). To examine such effects on GC sensitivity, a series of calibration data sets were obtained using standards of three concentration values (3, 6, and 10 ppm) at each of five selected injection volumes (20 to 1000 microL). The results were initially examined in terms of the fixed standard volume (FSV) approach to allow the direct comparison of calibration patterns between different injection volumes. Identical data sets were then re-organized so that the calibration data could also be compared across variable injection volumes for a given standard concentration (at all three concentrations), i.e. by the fixed standard concentration (FSC) approach. The results of our comparative analysis between the FSV and the FSC approaches indicate that the calibration patterns of VOC are highly sensitive to changes in injection volume or injection-related conditions. It is thus suggested that the former approach is more reasonable for reducing uncertainties associated with the GC-based quantification of atmospheric pollutants.