Straight and curved disclinations and dislocation equivalents

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, for hard materials, two types of straight disclinations are identified although some Somigliana disclinations with different aspects have been treated theoretically. Here, we consider four physically distinct types of curved generalised disclinations, one of which reduces to two straight types, giving a total of five. We indicate typical applications for the different types.     

Antennal sensilla of the ground beetle Bembidion properans Steph. (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The arrangement of antennal sensilla was studied in female and male ground beetles Bembidion properans Steph. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) using scanning electron microscopy. The filiform antennae, 1.8-1.9 mm in length, consist of the scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres. In both sexes, three types of sensilla chaetica, two types of sensilla trichodea, six types of sensilla basiconica, one type of sensilla coeloconica and one type of sensilla campaniformia were distinguished. The possible function of the sensilla is discussed and three types of sensilla are considered olfactory, sensilla trichodea type 2 and sensilla basiconica types 1 and 2. Olfactory sensilla form dorsal and/or ventral sensillar fields on the flagellomeres and occur sparsely or not at all outside these areas. No sexual differences in the types, number and distribution of antennal sensilla were found.     

盐酸普鲁卡因及其环糊精包结物的光谱研究

本文通过盐酸普鲁卡因的紫外光谱,确定了盐酸普鲁卡因两种型体（分子型体和离子型体）存在时的ｐＨ值,并研究了这两种型体加入β－环糊精、ＨＰ－β－环糊精和Ｍｅｔｈｙｌ－β－环糊精前后荧光强度的变化。     

Two Types of New Conserved Quantities and Mei Symmetry of Mechanical Systems in Phase Space

In this paper, two types of new conserved quantities directly deduced by Mei symmetry in phase space are studied. The conditions under which Mei symmetry can directly lead to the two types of new conserved quantities and the forms of the two types of new conserved quantities are given. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.     

Acoustic correlates of individuality in the vocal repertoire of a nocturnal primate (Microcebus murinus)

In mammals individual distinctiveness in vocalizations provides the basis for individual recognition and thus plays an important role in social behavior. In this study, first evidence is provided for a nocturnal primate that variation in individual distinctiveness across the vocal repertoire is to some extent determined by the context and the acoustic structure of the call types. Individual distinctiveness was investigated across call types in the gray mouse lemur, a nocturnal primate, living in a dispersed multi-male multi-female social system. To explore to what degree context and acoustic structure predict variations in individual distinctiveness, four major call types were examined (grunts, tsaks, short whistles, and trills). Call types differed in context and acoustic structure and were recorded under controlled experimental conditions. A discriminant function analysis revealed that all call types are individually distinct, but not to the same degree. The findings suggest that variations in individual distinctiveness can to some extent be explained by the context and the acoustic structure of the call types.     

两种喷嘴喷射性能的试验研究

为比较自激振荡脉冲喷嘴和连续射流喷嘴的喷射性能,利用自行搭建的喷嘴性能测试装置对两种喷嘴的喷射性能进行了试验研究,实测了不同压力下两种喷嘴的时均喷液量,分析了不同口径的连续射流喷嘴和自激脉冲喷嘴的喷射特性,主要探讨了连续射流喷嘴、自激喷头下喷嘴直径对喷嘴喷液性能的影响,并进行了两种射流打击油泥样本的对比试验．试验结果表明,时均喷液特性相似的连续射流和脉冲射流在冲击油泥样本时,相同时间下脉冲射流的冲击破坏范围要大于连续射流,根据试验中油泥的屈服破坏过程,确定了射流有效打击力的临界值,建立射流清洗油泥时有效射程的经验估算式．     

Classification of shock wave reflections from a wedge. Part 1: Boundaries and domains of existence for different types of reflections

Classification of various types of the reflections of a shock wave over straight wedge is supposed. The idea about entire reflection phenomenon as a result of interaction of two processes—the shock wave refection process and the flow deflection process—serves as a basis for the classification. To recognize the types of reflection, changes in the shapes of the reflected wave, Mach stem and contact surface are taken into account. The boundaries and domains of existence for various types of reflection are reported. New names for some types of reflection are proposed.     

探月光学

介绍了我国首次绕月探测嫦娥一号卫星的主载荷CCD立体相机与干涉成像光谱仪的原理、设计思想、技术措施与特色、设计结果以及在轨图像质量评估与检测. CCD立体相机采用一个广角物镜加一块面阵CCD的独特技术方案,从而使立体相机具有结构紧凑、小型轻量、配准精度高、航天环境适应性强等优点. 4种曝光时间与4种电子学增益共16组合,可以实现同轨不同纬度的曝光量调整. 干涉成像光谱仪采用了大比尺缩小的图像传递、2×2像元合并、矩形孔径光阑、2种曝光时间与3种电子学增益共6种组合的在轨曝光量调整等技术措施. 在轨运行表明,各项技术措施有效,达到了预期目标.     

带电粒子加速器的基本类型及其技术实现

现代粒子加速器的发展已有100年的历史。给出了粒子加速器主要类型的简单分类图表,从粒子加速器发展过程中相关概念演变和加速器技术逻辑发展的角度,概述了粒子加速器的基本类型、基本工作原理、相应的技术实现途径以及各类加速器的典型的技术特征。     

Axial crystals – macroscopic symmetry and tensor properties

ABSTRACT

Axial crystals have axial symmetry which keeps invariant straight line with a fixed point. Axial symmetry groups include 27 non-cubic crystallographic point groups and 5 limit groups describing symmetry of textures and liquid crystals. We show that, except for four cases, each axial symmetry belongs to one of five axial types: polar, chiral, pseudopolar (three basic axial types), directional (possessing none of characteristic properties of basic types) or rotational (exhibiting characteristic properties of all basic types). Each basic type can appear in two structurally different variants with the same symmetry. These variants can coexist and form a mesoscopic structure (antiparallel ferroelectric or chiral domain structure, mixture of enantiomers). We examine macroscopic properties of axial types and variants, and experimental accessivity of their characteristic features.     

Classification of shock wave reflections from a wedge. Part 2: Experimental and numerical simulations of different types of Mach reflections

Classification of various types of the reflections of a shock wave over straight wedge is supposed. The idea about entire reflection phenomenon as a result of interaction of two processes—the shock wave refection process and the flow deflection process—serves as a basis for the classification. To recognize the types of reflection, changes in the shapes of the reflected wave, Mach stem and contact surface are taken into account. The boundaries and domains of existence for various types of reflection are reported. New names for some types of reflection are proposed.     

极小景深条件下显微镜大范围聚焦算法

自动聚焦是全自动显微成像中的一项关键技术。为了克服已有聚焦算法对聚焦起始点敏感及聚焦范围过小的问题,从分析大范围聚焦曲线形态入手,依据离焦距离、初始搜索方向和初始搜索范围等参量和曲线形态参数间的制约关系,将聚焦划分为六种类型,极值搜索中结合聚焦函数值的变化信息并通过启发式方式将未知类型转化为基本型,从而实现了大范围聚焦到小范围聚焦的转换。然后在聚焦曲线陡峭区范围内对曲线进行高斯拟合以获取最优焦平面。基于自行研发的全自动显微镜系统对提出的算法进行了验证,实验结果证明了该算法的有效性。     

分液器的结构型式及其在制冷系统中的应用

分液器的设计与选型对制冷系统有很大的影响。文中先介绍了几种传统型式分液器的构造、工作原理 ,并分析了它们各自的优缺点。然后介绍了两种性能更好的新型分液器 ,一种是传统型的改进型 ,另一种采用与传统型截然不同的工作原理。实验证明 ,这两种分液器性能更好 ,分液更加均匀。尽管如此 ,研究分液器的性能和结构的关系 ,仍然是当前急待解决的问题。     

ICP-MS法分析不同种质荒漠肉苁蓉矿质元素分布特征

矿质元素是中药材品质评价的重要指标之一,与中药材功效物质合成及其功效的发挥密切相关,中药材矿质元素含量受其种质、采收时期、药用部位、产地等因素的影响。荒漠肉苁蓉是我国著名补益中药,也是药食同源类药材,其矿质元素含量越来越受到人们关注。应用ICP-AES法测定了黄花、白花、紫花三种类型荒漠肉苁蓉不同部位4种常量矿质元素和8种微量矿质元素含量。结果表明：(1)不同类型荒漠肉苁蓉均含有K、 Ca、 Mg、 Na、 Fe、 Mn、 Cu、 Zn、 Cr、 As、 Pb和Cd元素,但不同类型荒漠肉苁蓉矿质元素含量差异较大,黄花肉苁蓉矿质元素含量低于白花肉苁蓉和紫花肉苁蓉;白花肉苁蓉K、 Ca、 Mg、 Na、和Cu含量高于紫花肉苁蓉,而Zn、 Cr和Cd含量低于紫花肉苁蓉。(2)荒漠肉苁蓉中12种矿质元素分布特征差异明显,K、 Ca、 Mg、 Na和Cu主要分布在上部。(3)荒漠肉苁蓉不同部位矿质元素比值差异显著,三种类型荒漠肉苁蓉K/Na值均为下部>中部>上部;Mg/Fe值紫花、白花类型中部最高,黄花类型上部最高;Zn/Mn比值紫花和黄花类型中部最高,而白花类型下部最高;Cu/Cr...     

Controllable simulation of topological phases and edge states with quantum walk

We simulate various topological phenomena in condense matter, such as formation of different topological phases, boundary and edge states, through two types of quantum walk with step-dependent coins. Particularly, we show that one-dimensional quantum walk with step-dependent coin simulates all types of topological phases in BDI family, as well as all types of boundary and edge states. In addition, we show that step-dependent coins provide the number of steps as a controlling factor over the simulations. In fact, with tuning number of steps, we can determine the occurrences of boundary, edge states and topological phases, their types and where they should be located. These two features make quantum walks versatile and highly controllable simulators of topological phases, boundary, edge states, and topological phase transitions. We also report on emergences of cell-like structures for simulated topological phenomena. Each cell contains all types of boundary (edge) states and topological phases of BDI family.     

近红外光谱的不同牌号聚乳酸识别方法

塑料牌号是塑料生产公司根据原料性质、用途的差异而内部制定的编号。通过检测材料的物理化学性能能间接识别其牌号，但速度慢且具有破坏性。因此，利用了近红外光谱(near infrared spectroscopy, NIR)技术对不同牌号的聚乳酸(polylactic acid), PLA)进行识别。采用主成分分析法(principle component analysis, PCA)分别与马氏距离(mahalanobis distance, MD)、人工神经网络(artificial neural network, ANN)和支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)结合的模型进行分析预测。在900～1 700 nm的波长范围，采用三种不同牌号的聚乳酸共90个样本的光谱进行建模，另取这3种牌号共90个样本进行识别，比较三种预测模型对PLA牌号的识别能力。结果表明，在对样品的光谱数据做主成分分析后，以验证集的前两个主成分做散点图，发现明显的聚类现象，以前9个主成分得分作为输入变量所建立的马氏距离判别、人工神经网络判别、支持向量机判别均能够对不同牌号的聚乳酸有效识别。最好的判别方法——马氏距离判别正确率能够达到98.9%。因此，近红外光谱能够对不同牌号的PLA进行无损、快速、准确的识别。     

质子交换膜燃料电池阴极气场设计优化

通过建立质子交换膜燃料电池阴极气场的三维简化模型,研究了不同进气方式、不同进出气总管尺寸对电池堆流量分布的影响,并提出从单电池流道深度的角度优化气场分布的改进方案。结果表明,与单入口进气方式相比,双入口进气方式效果更优;采用2-2型进气方案时流量分布最为均匀,进气功耗最小;增大进气总管的宽度可以使电堆流量分布更加均匀;各单电池合理采用非均匀深度流道可以有效提高电池堆流量分布均匀性。     

典型类型气溶胶吸收光学厚度的定标规律

利用云和气溶胶粒子的光学特性软件包(OPAC)对陆地型、海洋型、沙漠型和极地型四种典型类型气溶胶的吸收光学厚度进行了计算统计分析,根据每一种类型气溶胶成分的差异,分析了气溶胶吸收光学厚度随波长及相对湿度变化的规律,建立了四种典型类型气溶胶吸收光学厚度与波长、相对湿度的定标关系。气溶胶吸收光学厚度随波长的幂指数衰减规律并不是在所有波长范围内均满足,不同类型的气溶胶,其适用的范围不同;气溶胶吸收光学厚度随波长和相对湿度的变化主要受气溶胶成分影响,相对湿度的增大会导致气溶胶吸收特性的降低,并会对吸收Angstrom指数造成影响。根据建立的气溶胶吸收光学厚度的定标关系,可由气溶胶激光雷达等设备实测的某一波长的光学参量计算光电系统对应波长、不同相对湿度情况下的光学特性。     

Influence of filter and signal types in optical matched filtering

The dependence of the output correlation signal on the filter parameters, filter types, and signal types in matched filtering is discussed. On the basis of the established filter criteria—the signal-to-noise ratio, peak-to-sidelobe ratio, and diffraction efficiency—a new measure is introduced giving an overall estimate of the feasibility of filters. According to that single measure, various filter types are compared and selected by numerical experiments.     

不同进风型式下气体冷却服中空气流动与换热的研究

根据气体冷却服的特点,对不同进风型式下气体冷却服中空气流动与换热进行研究。建立了进气口加设挡板层、进气口带均流器型和直吹型3种型式气体冷却服(服装夹层)中冷却空气流动过程的数学模型。对气体的流动过程进行分析,结果表明:不同的进风型式对气体冷却服空气层的温度分布状况、平均气流流速、平均温度、对流散热量影响较大;其中进气口加设挡板层的服装空气夹层温度分布最均匀,进气直吹型的平均气流流速最大,对流散热效果最好。研究结果为气体冷却服进一步的布风优化设计提供了理论和应用依据。