Violation of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem and Heating Effects in the Time-Dependent Kondo Model

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT) plays a fundamental role in understanding quantum many-body problems. However, its applicability is limited to equilibrium systems and it does in general not hold in nonequilibrium situations. This violation of the FDT is an important tool for studying nonequilibrium physics. In this paper we present results for the violation of the FDT in the Kondo model where the impurity spin is frozen for all negative times, and set free to relax at positive times. We derive exact analytical results at the Toulouse point, and results within a controlled approximation in the Kondo limit, which allow us to study the FDT violation on all time scales. A measure of the FDT violation is provided by the effective temperature, which shows initial heating effects after switching on the perturbation, and then exponential cooling to zero temperature as the Kondo system reaches equilibrium.     

Electromagnetic wave scattering by an external field

The quantum electrodynamics of bilocal fields is used to calculate the triangular Feynman diagrams describing the elastic scattering of a classical electromagnetic wave by an external Coulomb field. The total contribution of the diagrams is nonzero because of the violation of both the Furry theorem (CP or T symmetries) and the Ward identities. The cross section for this scattering process is found for low and high energies. A comparison with Compton scattering and Euler—Heisenberg scattering is given.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 38–47, August 1995.     

Non-standard neutrino interactions in the Zee–Babu model

We investigate non-standard neutrino interactions (NSIs) in the Zee–Babu model. The size of NSIs predicted by this model is obtained from a full scan over the parameter space, taking into account constraints from low-energy experiments such as searches for lepton flavor violation (LFV) and the requirement to obtain a viable neutrino mass matrix. The dependence on the scale of new physics as well as on the type of the neutrino mass hierarchy is discussed. We find that NSIs at the source of a future neutrino factory may be at an observable level in the ν_e→ν_τ and/or ν_μ→ν_τ channels. In particular, if the doubly charged scalar of the model has a mass in reach of the LHC and if the neutrino mass hierarchy is inverted, a highly predictive scenario is obtained with observable signals at the LHC, in upcoming neutrino oscillation experiments, in LFV processes, and for NSIs at a neutrino factory.     

Supersymmetric CP violation ′/ due to asymmetric A-matrix

We study contributions of supersymmetric CP phases to the CP violation ′/ in models with asymmetric A-matrices. We consider asymmetric A-matrices, which are obtained from string-inspired supergravity. We show that a certain type of asymmetry of A-matrices enhances supersymmetric contributions to the CP violation ′/ and the supersymmetric contribution to ′/ can be of order of the KTeV result, ′/10⁻³.     

Characterization of a high-intensity three-qubit GHZ state using state tomography and Gisin?s inequality

We experimentally characterized a high-intensity optical three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states with a count of ∼25/s by using the method of over-complete state tomography. Furthermore, based on the state, a convincing, 3.5 standard deviations, violation of Gisin?s inequality has been measured, thus confirming the validity of Gisin?s inequality for three-qubit GHZ states. From the data, we verified the good agreement of the experimental violation with the value predicted by quantum mechanics given the reconstructed density matrix. This result represents the first step towards the experimental implementation of Gisin?s theorem.     

CP violation at colliders

The prospects of experimental detection ofCP violation ate ⁺ e ⁻ and colliders are reviewed. After a general discussion on the quantities which can measureCP violation and on the implications of theCPT theorem, various possibilities of measuringCP violation arising outside the standard model are taken up.CP violation in leptonic processes, especially polarization effects ine ⁺ e ⁻→l ⁺ l ⁻ are discussed next.CP violation in andW ⁺ W ⁻ production and decay is also described.     

Measurement of the spectral dispersion curves of low birefringence polymer fibres

A method is suggested to overcome the difficulties of measuring the spectral dispersion of low birefringence fibres, that produce small optical path difference, δ<3λ, where δ is the optical path difference and λ is the wavelength of light used. This method depends on variable wavelength interferometry (VAWI). The suggested method is used to measure the spectral dispersion of birefringence of polypropylene fibre with a draw ratio 4 (low birefringence fibre). This method is also used to measure the spectral dispersion of birefringence of a polyester staple from ICI (high birefringence fibre). Also, the conventional VAWI method is used to measure the spectral dispersion of this fibre to confirm the results obtained by the suggested method. Microinterferograms are given for illustration.     

Influence of temperature on the optical and structural properties along the diameter of optical fibres

Multiple-beam Fizeau fringes technique with an opto-thermal device is used to study the effect of temperature on the optical properties of Philips graded-index optical fibres. The refractive index profile of the optical fibre is measured at different temperatures. From these profiles the opto-thermal coefficient, the profile shape parameter α, the cladding/core maximum refractive index difference Δn and some guidance parameters of the optical fibre that play an important role in communication are determined. The variation of oscillation and dispersion energies along the diameter of the optical fibre (energy profile) are calculated at different temperatures. An empirical formula of the energy profile is obtained. Microinterferograms are given for illustrations.     

Non-Equilibrium Projection-Operator for a Quenched Thermostatted System

A projection operator formalism is presented which allows to derive an exact set of equations for correlation functions and susceptibilities in out of equilibrium situations of many particle systems. Explicitely considered is the case of an initial temperature quench in a simple liquid stabilized by a Gaussian thermostat. Implications for the violation of the fluctuation dissipation theorem in simple structural glass formers like Lennard–Jones glasses and colloidal glasses and the differences to the Kawasaki–Gunton projection operator are discussed.     

The use of the CNDO method in spectroscopy : Naphthalene and the breakdown of the pairing theorems

It is shown that CNDO/S calculations provide 6 significant figures of accuracy in the energies of configurations, and 4 significant figures after configuration interaction. The pairing theorem is shown not to hold in the CNDO/S method since all F_μν are calculated and since the F_μμ are not constant. It is further shown that the degeneracies required by the pairing theorem are not even approximated in naphthalene. Finally, using absorption and emission spectroscopic measurements, including triplet-triplet and excited singlet-singlet absorptions, the spectroscopic states of naphthalene are discussed in detail.     

Effects of deposition temperature on the surface roughness and the nonlinear optical susceptibility of sprayed deposited ZnO:Zr thin films

Zirconium doped zinc oxide thin films were deposited by reactive chemical pulverization spray pyrolysis technique on heated glass substrates at 400 °C, 450 °C and 500 °C using zinc and zirconium chlorides as precursors. The effect of zirconium dopant and surface roughness on the nonlinear optical properties was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and third harmonic generation (THG). The best value of susceptibility χ⁽³⁾ was obtained from the doped films with less roughness. A strong third order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ⁽³⁾ = 20.49 × 10⁻¹² (esu) of the studied films was found for the 5% doped sample at 450 °C.     

Simulations of Two-Dimensional Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope by Boundary Integral Equation Method: p-polarization

Accurate simulations of a two-dimensional photon scanning tunneling microscope (2D-PSTM) for incident p-polarized waves (TM-mode) have been performed by the boundary integral equations called guided-mode extracted integral equations. The method used in this paper is a global method and the case of uncoated dielectric probe is treated. Complete and rigorous integral equations for a given configuration of 2D-PSTM have been solved numerically by the conventional boundary-element method with high accuracy. Using three universal laws, i.e., the optical theorem, the energy conservation law and the reciprocity relation for incident p-polarized waves, numerical results have been confirmed. The basic physical characteristics of interaction between probe-tip and near-field for incident p-polarized waves are compared in detail with those of incident s-polarized waves (TE-mode) which are previously reported.This paper was originally presented at the 5th International Conference on NEAR FIELD OPTICS and RELATED TECHNOLOGIES(NFO-5), which was held on December 6–10, 1998 at Coganoi Bay Hotel, Shirahama, Japan, in cooperation with the Japan Society of Applied Physics and Mombusho Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas “Nearfield Nano-optics” Project, sponsored by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.     

Second harmonic generation in In2O3–SiON films doped by Al and Sn

Photoinduced optical and second-order non-linear optical effects in the interfaces separating In₂O₃–SiON (O/N ratio equals 1) films doped with A1, Sn and glass substrates were investigated using the photoinduced optical second harmonic generation. The photoinduced effective second-order optical susceptibility d_eff (at λ=1.76 μm) shows a good correlation with the linear optical susceptibility, particularly with the shift of the absorption edge. The maximal response of the photoinduced optical response signal was observed for the pump–probe delaying time of 34 ps. The performed experimental measurements indicate that the observed effects are mainly caused by the interface potential gradients on the border glass–In₂O₃–SiON film and by additional polarization due to insertion of the Al and Sn atoms. The observed phenomenon may be proposed as a sensitive tool for investigation of thin semiconducting interfacial layers and simultaneously such films may be used as materials for non-linear optical devices.     

Manifestations of the weak interaction in pion electroproduction on nucleons

A study is made of the simplest (pole) mechanisms of violation of the invariance under spatial reflection near the threshold of pion electroproduction on nucleons. A detailed investigation is made of the Born mechanism of violation of P invariance and also vector meson exchange with violation of P invariance at the electromagnetic or the strong vertices. The contribution of isobars is calculated in the framework of the isobar model in the resonance region of energies.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 3–10, April, 1980.     

Noncommutative theories, the axial anomaly, Fujikawa's method and the Atiyah–Singer index

Fujikawa's method is employed to compute at first order in the noncommutative parameter the U(1)_A anomaly for noncommutative SU(N). We consider the most general Seiberg–Witten map which commutes with hermiticity and complex conjugation and a noncommutative matrix parameter, θ^μν, which is of “magnetic” type. Our results for SU(N) can be readily generalized to cover the case of general nonsemisimple gauge groups when the symmetric Seiberg–Witten map is used. Connection with the Atiyah–Singer index theorem is also made.     

A nonlinear superposition principle admitted by coupled Riccati equations of the projective type

A definite theorem due to Lie which group theoretically characterizes those systems of ordinary differential equations which possess nonlinear superposition principles is employed along with an observation by Lie on the exponentiated form of a fibered Lie algebra to obtain an explicit expression for the Vessiot-Guldberg-Lie nonlinear superposition principle admitted by n-coupled Riccati equations of the projective type. This also, immediately, yields an explicit expression for the generalized cross-ratio for the projective group in n-dimensions.Reported at the Georgia Workshop in Mathematical Physics, November 26–28, 1979, UGA, Athens, Georgia.     

Novel optical film sensor design based on p-polarized reflectance

A new scheme of optical film sensor is presented. The sensor is based on p-polarized reflectance, consisting of a sensing coated substrate, is easily optimized for maximum sensitivity in different applications. The resolutions of refractive index n_f, extinction coefficient k_f and thickness h_f of the sensitive films are predicted to be 10⁻⁷, 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻³ nm, respectively. Experimentally, we selected the sol–gel derived SnO₂ films as gas-sensitive films and conducted preliminary gas-sensing test. The results indicate that novel optical film sensor scheme has higher sensitivity, and the detection sensitivity is available to 10⁻¹ ppm on the condition of optimum optical parameters and incident angle.     

The accuracies of photometric, polarimetric and ellipsometric methods for the optical constants of thin films

The inherent accuracies of various techniques for determining the optical constants of thin films have been assessed by computing the errors produced in n and k by known experimental errors in the optical functions being measured. The results are presented as arrays of error parallelograms in the n–k plane covering d/λ from 0.001 to 0.20 and θ from 5° to 85°.The largest regions of accuracy, in the form of annular quadrants, were obtained using the mixed photometric and polarimetric functions at small angles of incidence. Ellipsometry gives similar results at large angles of incidence but for photometry and for polarimetry the accurate regions were in the form of two lobes.The effects of errors in x and θ were also considered.     

mixing phase and lepton flavor violation in supersymmetric SU(5)

We inspect consequences of the latest B_s mixing phase measurements on lepton flavor violation in a supersymmetric SU(5) theory. The phase, preferring a non-vanishing squark mixing, generically implies τ→(e+μ)γ and μ→eγ. Depending on the gaugino and the scalar mass parameters as well as tanβ, the rates turn out to be detectable or even already excessive, if the RR mass insertion of down-type squarks is nonzero. We find that it becomes easy to reconcile B_s mixing phase with lepton flavor violation given: gaugino to scalar squared mass ratio around 1/12, both LL and RR insertions with decent sizes, and low tanβ.