Stress and free vibration analysis of functionally graded beams using static Green's functions

In this paper static Green's functions for functionally graded Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams are presented. All material properties are arbitrary functions along the beam thickness direction. The closed-form solutions of static Green's functions are derived from a fourth-order partial differential equation presented in [2]. In combination with Betti's reciprocal theorem the Green's functions are applied to calculate internal forces and stress analysis of functionally graded beams (FGBs) under static loadings. For symmetrical material properties along the beam thickness direction and symmetric cross-sections, the resulting stress distributions are also symmetric. For unsymmetrical material properties the neutral axis and the center of gravity axis are located at different positions. Free vibrations of functionally graded Timoshenko beams are also analyzed [3]. Analytical solutions of eigenfunctions and eigenfrequencies in closed-forms are obtained based on reference [2]. Alternatively it is also possible to use static Green's functions and Fredholm's integral equations to obtain approximate eigenfunctions and eigenfrequencies by an iterative procedure as shown in [1]. Applying the Sensitivity Analysis with Green's Functions (SAGF) [1] to derive closed-form analytical solutions of functionally graded beams, it is possible to modify the derived static Green's functions and include terms taking cracks into account, which are modeled by translational or rotational springs. Furthermore the SAGF approach in combination with the superposition principle can be used to take stiffness jumps into account and to extend static Green's functions of simple beams to that of discontinuous beams by adding new supports. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Orders in rings without identity

G. Lallement [5] proved that every idem potent congruence class of a regular semigroup contains an idem potent. P. Edwards [4] generalized this property of congruences to eventually regular semigroups. Using the natural partial order of the semigroup (see [6]) a weakened version of this result will be proved for the more general class of E-inversive semigroups. But for particular congruences the original result of Lallement still holds for every E-inversive semigroup. Finally, conditions for a congruence on a general semigroup (with E(S) a subsemigroup, resp.) are given, which ensure that Lallement's result holds.     

ON THE VITALI-HAHN-SAKS-NIKODYM THEOREM

Abstract

The classical Vitali-Hahn-Saks-Nikodym Theorem [5, Thm. I.4.8] gives a limit criterion for when a sequence of strongly additive vector measures on a σ-field of sets having their range in a Banach space can be expected to be uniformly strongly additive. In [16, Cor. 8], Saeki proved that the limit condition on the sequence of vector measures could be substantially weakened as long as the Banach space in play is “good enough”. Saeki's result was based upon his work on a class of set functions too large to have Rosenthal's Lemma at his disposal. In Section 2, we prove Saeki's result with Rosenthal's Lemma at the basis of our work and then augment our characterization of Banach spaces enjoying Saeki's result in [1] with another natural equivalent condition. In Section 3 we extend Saeki's result to Boolean algebras having the Subsequential Interpolation property.     

Zaremba's problem for elliptic equations in the neighborhood of a singular point or in the infinity

In the present paper the behavior of solutions of the mixed Zaremba's problem in the neighborhood of a boundary point and at infinity is studied. In part I of this paper[4] the concept of Wiener's generalized solution of Zaremba's problem was introduced and the so called Growth Lemma for the class of domains, satisfying isoperimetric condition, was proven. In part II regularity criterion for joining points of Neumann's and Dirichlet's boundary conditions is formulated. Generalized solution in unlimited domains as a limit of Zaremba's problem's solutions in a sequence of limited domains is introduced and a regularity condition allowed to obtain an analogue of Phragmen-Lindeloeff theorem for the solutions of Zaremba's problem. Main results of the present paper are formulated in terms of divergence of Wiener's type series.     

A construction of Lie algebras by generalized Jordan triple systems of second order

U. Hirzebruch [2] has generalized the Tits' construction of Lie algebras by Jordan algebras [6, also cf. 3, 5] to Jordan triple systems. We show that Hirzebruch's construction of Lie algebras by Jordan triple systems is still valid for generalized Jordan triple systems of second order due to I.L. Kantor [4]. Next, for a given generalized Jordan triple system J of second order, it is shown that the direct sum vector space J⊕J becomes a generalized Jordan triple system of second order with respect to a suitable product, from which we can essentially obtain the same one as the generalization of Hirzebruch's construction.     

The capacities of certain special channels with arbitrarily varying channel probability functions

In [5] Ahlswede and Wolfowitz have obtained the capacities of a.v.ch. with binary output in a number of cases, essentially with the aid of a lemma which relates the capacity of the a.v.ch. to that of a suitable (“underlying”) d.m.c. A generalization of this lemma to a special kind of a.v.ch. with output alphabet b>2, has been given by Ahlswede (Lemma 1 of [1]) and used in [1] and [2] to prove the existence of the weak capacities of various channels under different conditions. We give a detailed proof of a weakened version of Ahlswede's lemma and show, in passing, that his lemma is incorrect. We then define certain special types of a.v.ch and, on the basis of the detailed analysis given by us earlier, we prove lemmas of a similar type for these a.v.ch. We are thus able to extend certain results given for binary output a.v.ch. in [4] and [5] to these special a.v.ch. for which b>2.     

广义双循环半群和Jones半群

本文刻画了广义双循环半群Ｂｎ＝〈ａ,ｂ｜ａ＾ｎｂ＝１〉和Ｊｏｎｅｓ半群Ａｎ＝〈ａ,ｂ｜ａ＾ｎ＋１ｂ＝ａ〉（ｎ≥１）的结构;证明了每个Ａｎ都具有Ｐ．Ｒ．Ｊｏｎｅｓ所发现的半群Ａ＝〈ａ,ｂ｜ａ＾２ｂ＝ａ〉的所有重要性质,特别地,证明了Ａｎ,Ａｍ可互相嵌入,从而得到：第三个Ｄ－非平凡的无幂等元「０－」单半群若不含Ｃ＝〈ａ,ｂ｜ａ＾２ｂ＝ａ,ａｂＴ＾２＝ｂ〉,则必含每个Ａｎ或它们的对偶,作为推论,每人广义     

A Structure Preserving Embedding of Semigroups Into Regular Semigroups

For any semigroup S a regular semigroup 𝒞(S) that embeds S can be constructed as the direct limit of a sequence of semigroups each of which contains a copy of its predecessor as a subsemigroup whose elements are regular. The construction is modified here to obtain an embedding of S into a regular semigroup R such that the nontrivial maximal subgroups of R are isomorphic to the Schützenberger groups of S and such that the restriction to S of any of Green's relations on R is the corresponding Green's relation on S.     

On a lemma of Butzer and Kirschfink

In [1], Butzer and Kirschfink discussed the convergence rates for C[0,1]-valued dependent random functions on Donsker's weak invariance principle and introduced the concept of dependency from below to deal with the martingale difference sequence. They asserted in their Lemma 8 that Lemma A. A martingale difference sequence (X_n,F_n,n≥1) with is dependent from below, i.e., for each 1≤i≤n and each n≥1 . The purpose of this note is to prove that Lemma A is not always true and to improve the conditions of Butzer and Kirschfink. We shall apply the notations in [1].     

Minimization principle and generalized Fourier series for discontinuous Sturm-Liouville systems in direct sum spaces

By modifing the Green''s function method we study certain spectral aspects of discontinuous Sturm-Liouville problems with interior singularities. Firstly, we define four eigen-solutions and construct the Green''s function in terms of them. Based on the Green''s function we establish the uniform convergeness of generalized Fourier series as eigenfunction expansion in the direct sum of Lebesgue spaces $L_2$ where the usual inner product replaced by new inner product. Finally, we extend and generalize such important spectral properties as Parseval equation, Rayleigh quotient and Rayleigh-Ritz formula (minimization principle) for the considered problem.     

Approximate Separability of the Green's Function of the Helmholtz Equation in the High Frequency Limit

The minimum number of terms that are needed in a separable approximation for a Green's function reveals the intrinsic complexity of the solution space of the underlying differential equation. It also has implications for whether low‐rank structures exist in the linear system after numerical discretization. The Green's function for a coercive elliptic differential operator in divergence form was shown to be highly separable [2], and efficient numerical algorithms exploiting low‐rank structures of the discretized systems were developed. In this work, a new approach to study the approximate separability of the Green's function of the Helmholtz equation in the high‐frequency limit is developed. We show (1) lower bounds based on an explicit characterization of the correlation between two Green's functions and a tight dimension estimate for the best linear subspace to approximate a set of decorrelated Green's functions, (2) upper bounds based on constructing specific separable approximations, and (3) sharpness of these bounds for a few case studies of practical interest. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Null Extensions and Generalized Inflations of Brandt Semigroups

Clarke and Monzo defined in [3] a construction called a generalized inflation of a semigroup. It is always the case that any inflation of a semigroup is a generalized inflation, and any generalized inflation of a semigroup is a null extension of the semigroup. Clarke and Monzo proved that any associative null extension of a base semigroup which is a union of groups is in fact a generalized inflation. In this paper we study null extensions and generalized inflations of Brandt semigroups. We first prove that any generalized inflation of a Brandt semigroup is actually an inflation of the semigroup. This answers a question posed by Clarke and Monzo in [3]. Then we characterize associative null extensions of Brandt semigroups, and show that there are associative null extensions of Brandt semigroups which are not generalized inflations.     

Strong convergence of modified Mann iterations for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and semigroups

The Mann iterations for nonexpansive mappings have in general only weak convergence in a Hilbert space. We modify an iterative method of Mann's type introduced by Nakajo and Takahashi [Strong convergence theorems for nonexpansive mappings and nonexpansive semigroups, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 279 (2003) 372–379] for nonexpansive mappings and prove strong convergence of our modified Mann's iteration processes for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings and semigroups.     

Radicals in semigroups

The general theories of radicals in rings and groups initiated by Amitsur [1] and Kurosh [6, 7] and developed by a number of authors in the past decade, were brought under a common roof by Hoehnke [3] in a theory of radicals in general algebras. In a concurrent paper [4], Hoehnke deals more specifically with radicals in semigroups. This lecture is an account of the simpler aspects of Hoehnke’s theory as it applies to semigroups, but based on Tully’s theory of radicals in semigroups, as set forth in §11.6 of [2]. An address delivered at the Symposium on Topological Semigroups, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, April 7–11, 1969.     

Left mean-ergodicity,fixed points,and invariant means

Recently Lau [15] generalized a result of Yeadon [25]. In the present paper we generalize Yeadon's result in another direction recasting it as a theorem of ergodic type. We call the notion of ergodicity required left mean-ergodicity and show how it relates to the mean-ergodicity of Nagel [21]. Connections with the existence of invariant means on spaces of continuous functions on semitopological semigroups S are made, connections concerning, among other things, a fixed point theorem of Mitchell [20] and Schwartz's property P of W¹-algebras [22]. For example, if $\text{M}$(S) is a certain subspace of C(S) (which was considered by Mitchell and is of almost periodic type, i.e., the right translates of a member of $\text{M}$(S) satisfy a compactness condition), then the assumption that $\text{M}$(S) has a left invariant mean is equivalent to the assumption that every representation of S of a certain kind by operators on a linear topological space X is left mean-ergodic. An analog involving the existence of a (left and right) invariant mean on $\text{M}$(S) is given, and we show our methods restrict in the Banach space setting to give short direct proofs of some results in [4], results involving the existence of an invariant mean on the weakly almost periodic functions on S or on the almost periodic functions on S. An ergodic theorem of Lloyd [16] is generalized, and a number of examples are presented.     

Comments on: “A family of derivative-free conjugate gradient methods for large-scale nonlinear systems of equations” [J. Comput. Appl. Math. 224 (2009) 11–19]

In this note a simple counter example shows that the proof of Lemma 3.3 in [1, W. Cheng, Y. Xiao and Q. Hu, A family of derivative-free conjugate gradient methods for large-scale nonlinear systems of equations, J. Comput. Appl. Math. 224 (2009) 11–19] is not correct, which implies that Lemma 3.2 in [1] is not enough to ensure Lemma 3.3 in [1]. A new proof is given, which leads to a stronger result than Lemma 3.2 in [1]. And this result not only guarantees that Lemma 3.3 in [1] holds, but also improves the corresponding global convergence Theorem 3.1 in [1].     

P-反演半群的P-次直积

本文研究了P-反演半群的P-次直积和E-囿P-反演盖.利用P-反演半群的P-次直积的结构,引入了P-反演半群的E-囿P-反演盖概念,并刻画了它们的结构.最后,讨论了P-反演半群到给定群上的囿P-次同态,推广了文献[9]中的一些结果到P-反演半群上.