Regio- and stereoselective double alkylation of β-enamino esters with organolithium reagents followed by one-pot reduction: convenient method for the synthesis of tertiary γ-amino alcohols

An easy, high yielding and stereoselective procedure for the preparation of tertiary γ-amino alcohols starting from β-enamino esters is presented. In this procedure, the double alkylation of β-enamino esters with organolithium reagents is followed by one-pot reduction with sodium borohydride in methanol/acetic acid. A hypothesis of mechanism is given, explaining the observed diastereoselectivity through molecular modeling. The configuration of the products was determined by ¹H NMR spectroscopy coupled with conformational analysis.     

Two-Stage,One-Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Separation of Lipid Classes

Abstract

A thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) technique was developed for routine analysis of lipid classes of blood, milk, tissue and egg yolk. This procedure provided rapid and reproducible separations suitable for in situ quantitation by densitometry

The spotted TLC plate was subjected to two developments in one dimension to separate, in ascending order from the origin: phospholipids, monoglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol, 1,2-diglycerides, 1,3-diglycerides, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters. Development 1: chloroform: methanol: acetic acid (98:2:1) to 17.0 cm. Development 2: hexane: ethyl ether: acetic acid (94:6:0.2) to the top of the plate. After air drying, the plate was dipped into a solution of 3% cupric acetate in 8% phosphoric acid for 3 seconds, and heated at 130°C for 30 minutes to char the separated lipid classes. The chromatograms were scanned at 350 nm.

Overloading of TLC plates with sample using the spotter resulted in the appearance of distorted kidney-shaped spots. A mathematical model and general explanation for the shape of these distorted spots was described.     

On-line preconcentration of niobium(V) and tantalum(V) as 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol-citrate ternary complexes in geological samples by ion interaction high-performance liquid chromatography

4-(2-Pyridylazo) resorcinol (PAR) and citrate were used as pre-column complexing agents for the determination of Nb(V) and Ta(V) as ternary complexes in geological samples. Aliquots of 2 ml of the standard and sample solutions containing the Nb(V) and Ta(V) complexes were loaded onto a concentrator column (C18, 0.4 cm x 4.6 mm) with a carrier mobile phase comprising 20% (v/v) methanol and containing 5 mM acetic acid, 5 mM citric acid and 10 mM tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr), pH 6.5 at 2 ml/min for 2 min, with the effluent being directed to waste. An automatic switching valve was then switched to flush both complexes from the concentrator column onto a C18 analytical column using a mobile phase comprising 32% (v/v) methanol and containing 5 mM acetic acid, 5 mM citric acid and 3 mM TBABr, pH 6.5 for 2.5 min. The switching valve was then switched back to the original position, and cleaned with methanol for 7 min to eliminate unwanted species still adsorbed to the concentrator column. This procedure prevented later eluting compounds from reaching the analytical column, which reduced the overall run time. The detection limits of Nb(V) and Ta(V) (determined at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, detection wavelength of 540 nm and a 2-ml sample volume) were 0.012 and 0.039 ppb for Nb(V) and Ta(V), respectively. Recoveries of Nb(V) and Ta(V) were 99.4 and 96.2%, respectively. The HPLC results obtained from the reference granite and basalt samples agreed well with inductively coupled plasma MS and certified values, but the HPLC method yielded slightly low values of the Nb/Ta ratio.     

Improved gas chromatography methods for micro-volume analysis of haloacetic acids in water and biological matrices

A fast headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography method for micro-volume (0.1 mL) samples was optimized for the analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in aqueous and biological samples. It includes liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME), derivatization of the acids to their methyl esters using sulfuric acid and methanol after evaporation, followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and electron capture detection (SPME-GC-ECD). The derivatization procedure was optimized to achieve maximum sensitivity using the following conditions: esterification for 20 min at 80 degrees C in 10 microL methanol, 10 microL sulfuric acid and 0.1 g anhydrous sodium sulfate. Multi-point standard addition method was used to determine the effect of the sample matrix by comparing with internal standard method. It was shown that the effect of the matrix for urine and blood samples in this method is insignificant. The method detection limits are in the range of 1 microg L(-1) for most of the HAAs, except for monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) (3 microg L(-1)) and for monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) (16 microg L(-1)). The optimized procedure was applied to the analysis of HAAs in water, urine and blood samples. All nine HAAs can be separated in < 13 min for biological samples and < 7 min for drinking water samples, with total sample preparation and analysis time < 50 min. Analytical uncertainty can increase dramatically as the sample volume decreases; however, similar precision was observed with our method using 0.1 mL samples as with a standard method using 40 mL samples.     

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters in human serum using silica Sep-Pak cartridges

A simple and fast analytical procedure for separation and purification of cholesteryl esters of human serum is described. A single lipid extract, together with spiked cholesteryl pentadecanoate, as an internal standard, was passed through a Silica Sep-Pak cartridge. 1.5% diethyl ester in light petroleum was used to elute cholesteryl esters from the column. The separation was verified with thin-layer chromatography on silica gel using light petroleum-diethyl ether-glacial acetic acid (80:20:1) as a solvent. A very clean thin-layer chromatogram of cholesteryl esters without any additional spots of other lipids was obtained. The cholesteryl esters were quantitated by analyzing their fatty acid composition as methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography. The coefficients of variation were 0.8--4.9% for the major fatty acids (C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:4) and 6.7--30.8% for the minor fatty acids (C18:0 and C20:0). The recoveries for cholesteryl palmitate, cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl linoleate were 90.7, 92.3 and 91.0%, respectively.     

Optimized derivatization of acidic herbicides with trimethylsilyldiazomethane for GC analysis

In the present study, the preparation of methyl esters of chlorophenoxy acids with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) is reported. TMSD is a mild and safe alternative to the highly toxic, thermally labile, and explosive diazomethane. Due to the novelty of this method, the characteristics of the reaction were investigated and the derivatization procedure was screened for statistically significant factors. The parameters identified as influential are the amount of methanol as well as reaction time and temperature. A careful optimization by a complete factorial response surface design was carried out to generate optimal reaction conditions with respect to maximum recovery and reaction yield. Special emphasis has been given to an accurate validation of the derivatization procedure. LODs were determined between 4.1 and 8.1 ng/mL for the enriched sample and linearity was proofed for more than five orders of magnitude. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by the analyses of quality control material including sample preparation with SPE. Polar herbicides investigated in the study belong to acetic acid (2,4-D, MCPA, and 2,4,5-T), butanoic acid (MCPB), and propanoic acid (mecoprop). An efficient, fast, and high-throughput method for the determination of polar herbicides including the potential for automation is proposed.     

Use of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the selective clean-up of clenbuterol from calf urine

A feasibility study was performed in order to study the possibilities in using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as sorbent material in solid-phase extraction (MISPE) for clean-up of clenbuterol from urine. A binding study of clenbuterol in several solvents was performed on a clenbuterol imprinted polymer as well as on a blank polymer. These binding experiments were used to find suitable loading, washing and elution solvents for the MISPE procedure. Extraction of clenbuterol from calf urine was performed by directly loading a 10-ml urine sample onto the MIP column. Thereafter the column was washed with 10 ml of acetonitrile containing 1% acetic acid, and finally clenbuterol was eluted with 6 ml of methanol containing 10% acetic acid. A recovery of 65% was obtained. This recovery could be increased up to 75% if a sample volume of 1 ml was used or up to 100% if urine was freeze-dried and the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and spiked with clenbuterol prior to analysis. Chromatograms of the wash and eluate solutions show an efficient clean-up, which supports the potential of MISPE for clean-up of trace amounts of clenbuterol from calf urine.     

Determination of total phthalate esters in wastewaters by differential pulse polarography

A reliable procedure for the determination of total phthalate esters as phthalic acid in environmental samples is based on differential pulse polarography (d.p.p.). The phthalate esters are extracted from the sample water with hexane; concentrated sulphuric acid/hexane partitioning provides effective removal of organic interferences. The individual phthalate esters are hydrolyzed by refluxing with 10 M potassium hydroxide to phthalic acid, which is extracted with ethyl acetate followed by evaporation of the extract. This procedure gives recoveries of 83–90%. The residue is dissolved in 0.1 M acetic acid/0.1 M potassium chloride for d.p.p. The otpimal conditions for polarography are discussed. The calibration graphs are linear over the range 2 × 10^?6–1 × 10^?4 M and the detection limit for phthalic acid is 5 × 10^?7 M. The method was successfully applied to determine total phthalate esters over the range 0.3–30 μg l^?1 in crude and treated wastewaters.     

Micelle to solvent stacking of two alkaloids in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

This paper for the first time describes the development of micelle to solvent stacking (MSS) to nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). In this proposed MSS-NACE, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles transport, release, and focus analytes from the sample solution to the running buffer using methanol as their solvent. After the focusing step, the focused analytes were separated via NACE. The focusing mechanism and influencing factors were discussed using berberine (BBR) and jatrorrhizine (JTZ) as model compounds. And the optimum condition was obtained as following: 50 mM ammonium acetate, 6% (v/v) acetic acid and 10 mM SDS in redistilled water as sample matrix, 50 mM ammonium acetate and 6% (v/v) acetic acid in pure methanol as the running buffer, -20 kV focusing voltage with 30 min focusing time. Under these conditions, this method afforded limits of detection (S/N=3) of 0.002 μg/mL and 0.003 μg/mL for BBR and JTZ, respectively. In contrast to conventional NACE, the concentration sensitivity was improved 128-153-fold.     

Direct Vapor Phase Carbonylation of Methanol over NiCl2/C Catalyst

IntroductionThe carbonylation of alcohols via homogenous catalysis is important in manufacturingacetic acid and higher carboxylic acids and their esters[1 ,2 ] . The main route to produce aceticacid is to make methanol carbonylated by means of the Monsanto and BP process in which ahomogeneous rhodium catalystis used.Although the homogeneous carbonylation ofmethanolis a highly selective process,itisaffected by the disadvantagesassociated with a highly corro-sive reaction medium due to the use …     

Determination of Atenolol and Its Related Compounds by Ion Pair High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A rapid, simple, accurate, and stability-indicating ion pair high performance liquid chromatography (IP HPLC) procedure is presented for the determination of atenolol in pharmaceutical tablets. The related compounds of atenolol were separated, making the determination specific for atenolol. An aliquot of the sample is dissolved in methanol containing N-butyryl-4-aminophenol as an internal standard and chromatographed on a supelcosil LC-8-DB (5μ) (25Omm × 4.6mm i.d.) column using 1.0 mM ammonium acetate and 2.0 mM octanesulfonic acid sodium salt in acetonitrile: water (25:75) solution adjusted to pH 3.5 with glacial acetic acid as the mobile phase. The detection was carried at 225 nm. The relative standard deviations are less than 1.0% for the two commercial products analyzed. The method was tested for linearity, recovery, and specificity.     

Development of a method based on accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for determination of arylphenoxypropionic herbicides in soil

A sensitive and specific analytical procedure for determining arylphenoxypropionic herbicides in soil samples, using Ionspray ionization (ISI) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), is presented. Arylphenoxypropionic acids are a new class of herbicides used for selective removal of most grass species from any non-grass crop, commercialized as herbicide esters. Previous studies have shown that the esters undergo fast hydrolysis in the presence of vegetable tissues and soil bacteria, yelding the corresponding free acid. The feasibility of rapidly extracting arylphenoxypropionic herbicides from soil by accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) techniques was evaluated. Four different soil samples were fortified with target compounds at levels of 5 and 20 ng/g by following a procedure able to mimic weathered soils. Herbicides were extracted by a methanol/water (80:20 v/v) solution (0.12 M) of NaCl at 90 degrees C. After clean-up using graphitized carbon black (GCB) as absorbent, the extract was analyzed by HPLC/ISI-MS. The effect of concentration of acid in the mobile phase on the response of ISI-MS was investigated. The effects of varying the orifice plate voltage on the production of diagnostic fragment ions, and on the response of the MS detector, were also investigated. The ISI-MS response was linearly related to the amounts of analytes injected between 1 and 200 ng. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of the method for the pesticides in soil samples was estimated to be less than 1 ng/g.     

薄层扫描法测定蔗糖脂肪酸酯中的各组成酯

 建立了蔗糖脂肪酸酯中一酯～三酯的薄层分离定性及薄层扫描定量方法。以氯仿 甲醇 醋酸 水 (体积比为 80∶1 0∶8∶1 )为展开剂 ,双波长反射法锯齿扫描 ,测定波长为 530nm ,参比波长为 70 0nm ,线性范围为 4μg～60 μg ,相关系数为0 9940～ 0 9980 ,平均回收率为 96 45%～ 98 73% (RSD为 2 8%～ 3 3% ,n =3)。方法可靠 ,数据准确 ,操作简便易行 ,线性范围宽。     

Porphyrins with exocyclic rings. Part 19: Efficient syntheses of phenanthrolinoporphyrins

5-Nitro-1,10-phenanthrolines react with isocyanoacetate esters in the presence of DBU in THF to give excellent yields of the corresponding phenanthrolinopyrroles. These were condensed with acetoxymethylpyrroles using catalytic quantities of p-toluenesulfonic acid in acetic acid to give dipyrrylmethanes, but these structures proved to be poorly suited for porphyrin synthesis due to the electron-withdrawing nature of the fused phenanthroline unit. However, phenanthrolinopyrrole ethyl esters could be converted to the corresponding α-unsubstituted pyrroles with KOH in ethylene glycol at 180-190 °C, and these condensed with 2 equiv of acetoxymethylpyrroles in refluxing acetic acid-isopropyl alcohol to give tripyrranes. In a one pot procedure, tripyrrane di-tert-butyl esters were treated with TFA at room temperature to cleave the protective groups, diluted with dichloromethane, reacted with pyrrole dialdehydes and oxidized to afford phenanthrolinoporphyrins in 52-83% yield. These conditions also allow the synthesis of porphyrins with additional fused acenaphthylene or phenanthrene rings. Although the UV-vis spectra for these porphyrins are unexceptional, the presence of an external coordination site allows many potential applications to be considered. Porphyrins with two phenanthroline units could not be prepared by the ‘3+1’ strategy. Instead, α-unsubstituted phenanthrolinopyrroles were reacted with a bis(dimethylaminomethyl)pyrrole in refluxing acetic acid to give moderate yields of the corresponding opp-diphenanthrolinoporphyrins. In one case, a triphenanthrolinoporphyrin and trace amounts of an adj-diphenanthrolinoporphyrin were formed as by-products.     

Synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles containing an amino group

3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles containing linear and cyclic amine fragments have been synthesized by thermal cyclization of N′-(1-iminoalkyl) hydrazides prepared by condensation of imido esters with carboxylic acid hydrazides. The initial imido esters have been synthesized by the Pinner reaction, as well as by reaction of nitriles with methanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium methoxide. A procedure has been developed for the synthesis of 5-substituted 3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,2,4-triazoles which have been converted to 3-aminophenyl derivatives by reduction with hydrazine hydrate over Raney nickel.     

Effect of solvent composition on the association behavior of pectin in methanol-water mixtures

Turbidity, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and dynamic light scattering measurements have been carried out on semidilute systems of pectin in methanol-water media of various composition ratios. Structural and dynamical properties of pectin dissolved in water-methanol mixtures (case I) are compared with the corresponding conditions when pectin was dissolved in water before the prescribed amounts of methanol were added (case II). The turbidity rises as the percentage of methanol in the mixture increases and this trend is much stronger when the first procedure is used to dissolve pectin. The wavelength dependence of the turbidity indicates that larger association complexes are formed for the samples prepared according to case I. These findings indicate that at a given methanol-water composition, the preparation procedure in case I gives rise to poorer thermodynamic conditions of the system. Local structures probed by SANS experiments do not reveal any significant differences between the systems prepared by the two different procedures. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) results show that increasing methanol concentration in the mixture promotes the formation of association complexes and the disengagement relaxation time of individual chains or clusters is longer at higher percentage of methanol for case II. This can be attributed to stronger entanglement effects in case II. The features from DLS can be rationalized in the framework of the coupling model for constrained and interconnecting systems.     

Purification of hydroxyanthraquinones and cinnamic acid from the roots of Rheum officinale Baill

A chromatographic method for isolation and purification of chemical constituents from the well-known traditional Chinese drug Da-huang (roots of Rheum officinale Baill.) was established by using 12% cross-linked agarose gel, Superose 12, as the separation media. A two-step separation procedure is employed. Sixty five percent methanol was used as the eluent for separation of cinnamic acid, rhein, physcion and emodin form Da-huang crude extract. The fraction containing aloe-emodin and chrysophanol was then separated by using 55% methanol containing 0.5% acetic acid as the eluent. As a result, cinnamic acid and five kinds of hydroxyanthraquinones including rhein, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, physcion and emodin were obtained. The retention behavior of hydroxyanthraquinones on Superose 12 was also studied. The retention of hydroxyanthraquinones on Superose 12 is based on a mixture of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions between the hydroxyl groups of the hydroxyanthraquinones and the residues of the cross-linking reagents used in the manufacturing process of Superose 12.     

孤岛油田含聚污水中酸性组分的分离与组成结构研究

采用石油醚和三氯甲烷分级萃取孤岛油田含聚污水中的油分,得到两个不同极性的组分F1和F2;用碱抽提法从酸值较高的F2组分中分离酸性物质并将其甲酯化,通过柱层析法将甲酯化物分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ三个甲酯组分。用元素分析、红外光谱分析等对上述各组分的组成及结构进行鉴定,对甲酯组分Ⅰ进行GC MS 结构鉴定。结果表明,含聚污水中酸性乳化活性物质主要富集在F2组分中,降解HPAM是酸性物质的主要的组成部分;甲酯组分Ⅰ主要为石油酸甲酯,甲酯组分Ⅱ主要为含酰胺基的脂肪酸甲酯,甲酯组分Ⅲ除含有较多酰胺基脂肪酸甲酯外,还含有一定量的强极性含硫化合物;孤岛油田含聚污水中的轻质石油酸以单环环烷酸、四环环烷酸和脂肪酸为主,其中环烷酸的含量明显大于脂肪酸的含量。脂肪酸以C16和C18为主,单环环烷酸以C14~18为主,四环环烷酸以C18~21为主。     

不同醇类对磷钨酸催化超临界醇解液化木屑的影响

以可溶解于醇类的磷钨酸为催化剂,在超临界醇体系下液化木屑,探讨甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇等不同醇类溶剂对木屑醇解液化的影响,同时采用FT-IR和GC-MS等对液化产物进行了表征分析。结果表明,反应压力和溶剂的极性大小对木屑的液化效率以及液化产物影响显著。甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇反应体系的液化率和主要液化产物酯类化合物的含量比率,分别为54.75%和43.759%、90.29%和23.531%、85.90%和41.761%、89.15%和28.619%,特别在甲醇体系中,乙酰丙酸甲酯的含量高达33.374%;在异丙醇体系中酚类化合物可达到24.342%;醛类化合物只出现在甲醇体系中。在正丙醇体系中没有酚类产物,表明极性最小的正丙醇,提供很少的H*,更不容易将木质素降解。     

Selective extraction of derivates of p-hydroxy-benzoic acid from plant material by using a molecularly imprinted polymer

Selective SPE of derivates of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) from plant extract of Melissa officinalis is presented using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) made with protocatechuic acid (PA) as template molecule. MIP was prepared with acrylamide as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking monomer and ACN as porogen. MIP was evaluated towards six phenolic acids: PA, gallic acid, pHBA, vanillic acid (VA), gentisic acid (GeA) and syringic acid (SyrA), and then steps of molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) procedure were optimized. The best specific binding capacity of MIP was obtained for PA in ACN (34.7 microg/g of MIP). Other tested acids were also bound on MIP if they were dissolved in this solvent. ACN was chosen as solvent for sample application. M. officinalis was extracted into methanol/water (4:1, v/v), the extract was then evaporated to dryness and dissolved in ACN before application on MIP. Water and ACN were used as washing solvents and elution of benzoic acids was performed by means of a mixture methanol/acetic acid (9:1, v/v). pHBA, GA, PA and VA were extracted with recoveries of 56.3-82.1% using this MISPE method. GeA was not determined in plant extract.