基于线结构光传感器的轨道板几何形貌检测方法

轨道板的外形尺寸精度对于保证高速铁路轨道质量起着至关重要的作用,针对现有轨道板检测方法存在的问题,本文建立了一种基于线结构光传感器的轨道板测量系统并提出了基于轨道板点云数据的几何参数测量方法。线结构光传感器按照固定间隔扫描CRTS III型轨道板,获得点云数据;利用轨道板中特殊位置点云数据对整个点云数据进行位置和姿态的校正;最后根据特征参数定义,实现轨道板四项关键几何参数的快速非接触测量。实验结果表明,本文提出的测量方法测量精度可达0.2 mm,满足轨道板的在线检测要求     

Spectrometry of linear energy transfer and its use in high-energy particle beams

A new method to determine the spectra of linear energy transfer (LET) based on track-etch detectors has been developed. It is based on chemically etched polyallyldiglycolcarbonate (PADC) track detector. LET spectra are calculated using the track parameters measured with an automatic optical image analyzer. This method has been recently improved; the calibration curves have been upgraded on the basis of evaluating the detectors exposed in heavier high-energy charged particle beams. The LET spectrometer has been used to determine LET spectra and integral dosimetry characteristics along the range of protons, resp. ¹²C ions with primary energies of 205 MeV, resp. about 480 MeV/amu; and to study the importance of the fragmentation and nuclear reactions in carbon and other heavier ion beams. The results obtained are analyzed and discussed; the possible advantages of this type of equipment are outlined. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

激光多普勒测速实验系统的信号处理

本文详细报导了运用集成锁相环路在激光多普勒测速实验教学系统中实现多普勒信号频率跟踪处理的设计原理和具体实施方案。该处理方法将集成度较高的 L M5 6 5锁相环应用于系统 ,使系统具有电路简单、可靠、可实时测量和结果直观、易操作等特点     

目标机动未知下的有源声呐跟踪滤波方法

为解决由有源声呐测量误差而引入的目标机动判决模糊问题,提出了基于延迟机动检测的跟踪滤波算法。利用多假设跟踪方法,在目标机动检测模糊时,生成匀速及机动的两种目标运动假设以延迟最终的决策时间,基于残差序列构造假设检验统计量,实施序列似然比检验并融合强跟踪滤波器和Kalman滤波器的优点,提高了有源声呐对先验信息未知目标的跟踪能力。通过仿真分析表明,该算法不仅能够精确的跟踪匀速运动目标,而且能够稳定的跟踪机动目标。海试数据处理进一步验证了算法跟踪真实水声目标的有效性。      

Neutron dosimetry at low and high fluences with CR-39

In the Laboratory of Nuclear Microanalysis, we have developed two techniques for neutron dosimetry; the first for low fluence, the second for high fluence. These two techniques use a Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD): the CR-39. The low fluence technique is based on the measurement of etched tracks resulting from a neutron-proton conversion. A Monte Carlo code performs a simulation of the (n,p) collision in the detector, and a numerical computer code of latent track etching allows the evaluation of the etched track parameters. The object of this is to obtain characteristics of a neutron fluence from the measured etched track parameters. When there is a high fluence and high doses, CR-39 is unsuited for optical microscopy analysis. This is because of track overlapping which makes it impossible to carry out counting and exploitation. We have therefore developed a new method permitting the reading of samples based on the measurement of the angular distribution of coherent light (He---Ne laser) transmitted through the irradiated etched SSNTD. We present these two techniques and our initial results.     

在线式分光测色仪发展现状

介绍了颜色测量原理,归纳了在线式颜色测量的特点、要求及技术难点,阐述了在线式颜色测量技术发展历程。详细介绍了当前几种国外典型的在线式分光测色仪的主要技术指标、应用范围、系统结构等,指出了每一种仪器的特点和优势。从技术和应用需求两方面对在线式分光测色仪的发展趋势做了展望,为在线式分光测色仪的发展起到一定的借鉴作用。     

衍射式光栅干涉测量系统发展现状及趋势

在车间条件下操作时,光栅干涉仪在测量精度方面优于He-Ne激光干涉仪.基于光栅干涉测量系统有一些特别的优点,导致其在高精密测量中用途不断增加.阐述了衍射式光栅干涉测量系统的工作原理和特点,同时详细总结了国际上生产和研究衍射光栅干涉测量系统的厂家和研究机构及他们的产品.并指出该系统的发展趋势和存在的问题,为衍射式光栅测量...     

Monte Carlo simulation of radon SSNT detectors

A Monte Carlo based software for the computation of the sensitivity of etched radon track detectors was developed. It can be applied to the measurement of radon and radon daughters in free air or inside of a measurement chamber. LR 115 and CR-39 detectors, with or without an attenuator, are specifically addressed. Various etching conditions and observation criteria for counting the track density may be specified. The latent track formation and the etching process are realistically modelled. The dependence of the etch-rate ratio on the energy is taken into account. The plate-out phenomenon is included in the model. An inhomogeneous source distribution in the detector cup can be considered.     

Influence of patterning fluctuation on read/write characteristics in discrete track and bit patterned media

The read/write characteristics of non-patterned media (NPM), discrete track media (DTM), and bit patterned media (BPM) are examined by modeling the magnetization distribution of NPM and patterning fluctuation of DTM. By comparing spin-stand measurement with calculation, the magnetization distribution of NPM was well characterized with a new Voronoi cell magnetic cluster model, in which the cluster size at the track edge, 〈D_edge〉, was larger than that at the track center, 〈D_center〉 by a factor of two. Based on an analysis of patterning fluctuations seen in SEM images of DTM, line-edge roughness (LER) was modeled as a long-wavelength center-line roughness (CLR) plus a short-wavelength line-width roughness (LWR). It was confirmed that the standard deviation of the patterning fluctuation was much smaller than that of the magnetic fluctuation for NPM. This allowed DTM to achieve higher off-track performance than NPM. By examining the 747 curves, it was revealed that DTM could have an advantage in track-density of up to approximately 25% assuming patterning fluctuations can be well controlled at high track density. In BPM, fabricating accurate dots is essential. The relationship between dot defect rate and patterning fluctuation was examined, and the maximum allowable standard deviation of LER was derived as 2 nm for achieving 1 Tbspi.     

An active lateral suspension to a track/vehicle system using stochastic optimal control

An active suspension design to improve lateral ride quality and stability in a track/vehicle system subject to lateral track irregularity is presented. The measurement of the state variables is performed in a noisy environment, and unknown state variables of the system are estimated from the measurement data by using a Kalman filter. It is assumed that the lateral track irregularity and measurement noise are Gaussian random processes, respectively. The optimal control for the active suspension is determined by minimizing the quadratic performance index composed of the state variables and control efforts, and then the active suspension structure has a cascade feedback loop composed of the Kalman filter and the optimal controller. The numerical results indicate that the proposed active suspension provides much improved lateral ride quality and stability.     

激光推进冲量耦合系数测量方法比较

 针对测量冲量耦合系数的水平导轨法和冲击摆法,分别进行了误差计算和实验研究。计算结果表明:水平导轨测量法的相对误差（4.6%）略小于冲击摆测量法的相对误差（6.1%）,其中位移参数和最大摆角的测量精度对于相对误差的影响最大。实验结果表明:两种方法的测量结果基本一致,冲量耦合系数均随着入射脉冲能量的增大而增大,且两组数据相差在6%以内,在入射脉冲能量为3~14 J时,冲量耦合系数最高可达260 N·MW^-1。     

准同心广义经纬相机的成像模型及高精度标定

对于大尺度运动目标的参数测量,固定相机存在着视场与空间分辨率之间的矛盾,并且当测量空中或海上目标时相机的标定也十分困难。跟踪式相机(如光电经纬仪)能解决此问题,但存在体积大、成本高和操作复杂等缺点。结合两者特点取长补短,将相机固定在二维旋转平台上,尽可能实现同心放置,组成准同心广义经纬相机进行中远场高精度测量,测量过程中转台实时跟踪目标并为相机提供外参数。此方法并没有光电经纬仪非常严格的同心同轴的安装要求。在合理假设基础上建立了经纬相机成像模型,提出了线性求解及平差优化相机参数的方法。大量仿真与实际测量验证了模型和标定方法的正确性和高精度。广义经纬相机测量系统组合巧妙、装拆和操作简单、体积小、成本低、可全视场测量且测量精度高,有广泛且重要的应用前景。     

Estimation of the latent track size of CR-39 using atomic force microscope

As a frame work of the study for the latent track size measurement using atomic force microscope, we have measured the minute etch pits and the extremely small amount of bulk etch of CR-39 at the beginning of chemical etching, and obtained its growth curves in nanometer dimensions. The pieces of CR-39 were exposed to 6 MeV/nC and Fe ions with normal incidence angle and were etched in 70°C 7 N NaOH solution for 0.5,1,2,3,5 min. The diameters of latent track were estimated to be 17 nm for Fe ions and 8 nm for C ions, respectively. These values are comparable to the experimental data on the average ‘track core diameters’ that have been obtained by various experimental techniques.     

Controle de l'enrichissement de l'uranium metallique a l'aide du nitrate de cellulose

Abstract

Le nitrate de cellulose permet d'enregistrer le passage de particules α done de mesurer l'activité spécifique d'une source radioactive épaisse. Nous utilisons cette propriété pour mesurer le taux d'eorichissement en uranium 235 d'un éhantillon d'uranium métallique. Afin de faciliter la mesure et de s'affranchir de la lecture du nombre de traces au microscope optique, les échantillons sont révélés dans un bain spécial et le nombre de traces α par unité de surface est évalué en fonction du pouvoir réflecteur de l'échantillon.

Les moyens et le temps nécessaires pour une mesure sont, ainsi que le prix de revient, très réduits.

Cellulose nitrate can be used for the registration of α-tracks and therefore for the measurement of the specific activity of thick radioactive sources. This characteristic is applied to the determination of ²³⁵U enrichment rate of metallic uranium samples. For the measurement of track density a method is developed which replaces the counting procedure under a microscope. The samples are etched in special solutions and track density is evaluated from the diffuse reflecting power of the samples.

The main advantages of this method are its rapidity, easiness and low cost.     

Application of MetaRail railway noise measurement methodology: comparison of three track systems

Within the fourth RTD Framework Programme, the European Union has supported a research project dealing with the improvement of railway noise (emission) measurement methodologies. This project was called MetaRail and proposed a number of procedures and methods to decrease systematic measurement errors and to increase reproducibility. In 1999 the Austrian Federal Railways installed 1000 m of test track to explore the long-term behaviour of three different ballast track systems. This test included track stability, rail forces and ballast forces, as well as vibration transmission and noise emission. The noise study was carried out using the experience and methods developed within MetaRail. This includes rail roughness measurements as well as measurements of vertical railhead, sleeper and ballast vibration in parallel with the noise emission measurement with a single microphone at a distance of 7.5 m from the track. Using a test train with block- and disc-braked vehicles helped to control operational conditions and indicated the influence of different wheel roughness.It has been shown that the parallel recording of several vibration signals together with the noise signal makes it possible to evaluate the contributions of car body, sleeper, track and wheel sources to the overall noise emission. It must be stressed that this method is not focused as is a microphone-array. However, this methodology is far easier to apply and thus cheaper. Within this study, noise emission was allocated to the different elements to answer questions such as whether the sleeper eigenfrequency is transmitted into the rail.     

微光计量的量值传递方案探讨

微光器件和仪器有其特殊之处，包括噪声、寿命及参数值的不可设计确定性等，其计量传递和方法有标准器方案和分系统校验方案。两种方案各有优缺点，可能的最好好量传方法是两者的结合。     

Thermoluminescence dosimetry: State-of-the-art and frontiers of future research

The state-of-the-art in the use of thermoluminescence for the measurement of energy imparted by ionizing radiation is discussed. Emphasis is on the advantages obtainable by the use of computerized glow curve analysis in (i) quality control, (ii) low dose environmental dosimetry, (iii) medical applications (especially precision) and microdosimetric applications, and (iv) mixed field ionization-density–dosimetry. Possible frontiers of future research are highlighted: (i) vector representation in glow curve analysis, (ii) combined OSL/TL measurements, (iii) detection of sub-ionization electrons, (iv) requirements for new TL materials and (v) theoretical subjects involving kinetic modeling invoking localized/delocalized recombination applied to dose response and track structure theory including creation of defects.     

基于模型辨识的BP神经网络在光伏系统MPPT中的应用

光伏电池作为光伏发电系统的重要组成部分,研究其模型的准确性并对其最大功率点进行预测与跟踪,对于光伏发电效率的提高具有重大意义。本文首先根据光伏电池的内部结构和伏安特性建立其数学模型,并对所建立的模型进行参数辨识,进而得到模型输出与测量信息偏差最小的参数值,验证模型的准确和有效性。根据模型所反映的规律,将温度和光照强度作为输入变量,最大功率点对应的电压作为输出变量,构建了用于MPPT的神经网络模型。神经网络经训练后对最大功率点电压进行预测与跟踪,结果表明构建的神经网络具有良好的适应性。     

Alternative procedure for LR 115 chemical etching and alpha tracks counting

An improved procedure for etching and analysis of alpha tracks induced in LR-115 detectors is proposed with the advantages of simplicity and its relatively low cost. A new type of detector holder was designed to etch and rinse efficiently up to 100 detectors. We develop a simple and reliable methodology with a semiautomatic track count using a Nikon digital camera coupled to a PC and employing software “SCION” freely available on the Internet. Track images are binarized prior the application of software “SCION” so that original track shapes are not distorted, space resolution is improved and track counting has low dependence on focus and illumination level. High discrimination for tracks is achieved when marks and rips perturb the detector surface. An image generator of nuclear tracks is included to study the effect of track overlapping effect on counting.