汽车发动机润滑油使用前后微量元素变化的研究

为了研究汽车发动机润滑油使用前后微量元素变化的情况,采用超谱M型油料分析光谱仪对汽车发动机润滑油在使用前、后油品中的微量元素含量进行了测定,对其测定结果进行了数据处理.分析表明:Ca、Z、Mg、Si、Al、Na、Fe、Cu是润滑油中主要微量元素;使用后润滑油中增加了元素K、Pb、Cr、Ni;Zn元素含量增加最大,增加值为94.9 mg/kg;含量增长率最大是Cu元素,值为500%;含量增长率最小是Ca元素,值为10%.在所测元素中,除元素V外,使用前后汽车发动机润滑油中的微量元素值都不同程度的增加.     

虾粉中总砷测定方法的探讨

用氢化物原子荧光光度法测定虾粉中总砷含量时,对干法灰化、湿法消解、微波消解3种样品处理方法对虾粉中砷元素测定结果的影响进行了比较。通过试验确定了最佳消解条件。砷元素浓度在0~10μg/L的范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,线性相关系数r=0.999 6,检出限为0.2μg/L。比对结果表明,干法灰化适合于测定虾粉中总砷的含量,湿法消解测定总砷的含量偏低,微波消解不适合测定虾粉中总砷的含量。采用干法灰化-氢化物原子荧光光度法测定虾粉中总砷含量,加标回收率为76.2%~106.0%。     

微波消解-ICP-MS测定中药材中5种有害元素的研究

比较了密闭容器消解、微波消解两种消解方法的消解效果,并建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定中药材(CTM)中铜砷镉汞铅等5种有害元素含量的分析方法,对各元素的线性关系良好(r=0.9998~1.0000),检出限为0.005μg/g(Hg)~0.056μg/g(Cu),标准物测定回收率均在84.2%~101%,因其低检出限、高灵敏度,本方法能满足中药材样品质量控制中5种有害元素的测定要求。另外利用本方法对24种中药材中5种有害元素含量进行了测定,结果表明中药材中有害元素含量超标问题严重,必须在生产过程中予以重视。     

电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱测定鱼肉中常见营养元素的样品消解方法

使用干法灰化消解、湿法全消解和湿法半消解三种不同的样品消解方法,结合电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定了淡水鱼和海水鱼两种不同鱼类中的K、Na、Ca、Mg四种常见营养元素的含量。结果表明各元素回收率在91%~109%之间,除Ca外其余元素相对标准偏差小于5%。湿法半消解同其它消解方法相比,缩短了检测时间,提高了分析效率,能够更加有效、快速、准确地测定鱼肉中的K、Na、Ca和Mg元素的含量。     

ICP-OES测定金矿尾矿区优势植物中的重金属元素

研究了3种消解方法对测定金矿尾矿区优势植物中多种重金属元素的消解效果。采用电热板敞开消解、高压罐密闭消解和微波消解对秭归月亮包金矿尾矿区节节草、五节芒和蜈蚣草3种优势植物进行前处理,ICP-OES测定Cr,M n,Zn,Cu,Ni,Pb,M g,Al和Fe 9种重金属元素含量,实验结果表明,3种消解方法都能满足测定要求,其中微波消解法的准确度、精密度和回收率最好;高压罐密闭消解试剂用量少、元素损失少;电热板敞开消解法波动性较大,但适于大批量样品分析。在实际分析中,应根据样品量、重金属元素含量和结果准确度等要求选择合适的消解方法。检测结果表明,矿区的优势植物五节芒、节节草和蜈蚣草具有较强的重金属耐性。     

应用MIBK—冰醋酸体系AAS法直接测定添加剂和润滑油中钙、钡、锌含量

润滑油中添加剂组元金属钙、钡、锌含量的变化是表示油样中添加剂含量及使用性能变化程度的重要指标之一。测定上述元素     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定盐车前子中26种无机元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定盐车前子中26种无机元素含量。以硝酸（5 mL）为消解液,样品经微波消解后,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定多种无机元素含量。射频功率为1 200 W,蠕动泵速为25 r/min。测得25种无机元素的质量浓度在2～400 ng/mL的范围内与信号值有良好的线性关系,Hg在0.2～5 ng/mL的范围内与信号值有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 1～0.999 9,加标样品回收率为88.33%～97.88%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.01%～3.55%(n=6)。该方法可用于盐车前子元素的含量测定。     

ICP-AES 法测定中药大黄中五种微量元素

采用HNO3-H2O2体系消解大黄生药，ICP-AES法测定消解液中的五种微量元素含量。结果表明，所测定大黄中的元素含量按Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu顺序依次递减。该法测定上述元素含量的标准偏差在1．2％～5．7％之间，回收率为93．5％～99．1％。     

不同前处理方法测定银锡焊料中3种重金属元素

选用银含量为3%、30%和70%的银锡焊料样品,分别经过三种不同前处理方法,采用硝酸、盐酸消解,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定锡铅合金中镉、铅、汞3种重金属元素含量。实验研究了不同前处理方法对银锡合金中重金属测定的影响。实验表明消解实验中的共沉淀现象会对3种重金属元素的测定产生不利的影响,回收率不能满足要求;采用硝酸消解,过滤残渣经王水消解的方法,镉、铅、汞的7次测定重复性相对标准偏差在2.7%~5.5%、加标回收率在85.6%~103%,能够满足RoHS测试要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定香精香料中的硼元素

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定香精香料中硼元素的含量。对微波消解样品前处理条件和仪器参数进行了优化,该方法硼元素检出限为1.005 ng/mL、平均回收率为106.1%、精密度为6.15%(n=5),并用茶叶国家标准物质(GBW10016)对分析方法进行了校准。该方法适合于香精香料中硼元素的测定。     

发铅的检测方法

从采样、洗涤、消化和测定4个方面论述了准确测定头发铅含量的条件和方法,提出了发铅检测各个流程的规范化建议.这些建议亦适用于头发其他元素的含量测定.     

Potentiometric Stripping Analysis for Simultaneous Determination of Copper and Lead in Lubricating Oils After Total Digestion in a Focused Microwave-Assisted Oven

The determination of metals in lubricating oil has been used as an important means of preventing components failures, to provide environmental information, and to solve criminal issues. In this study derivative potentiometric stripping analysis (DPSA) was used for the simultaneous determination of copper and lead in lubricating oils of vehicular engines. The samples were completely digested in a focused microwave-assisted oven using a powerful oxidant mixture (HNO₃, H₂SO₄, H₂O₂). The optimized heating program to digest about 1mL of lubricating oil takes 45minutes. The residual carbon content after digestion was below 0.3%m/m for all samples. Copper and lead were also determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), and the results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained by electrochemical measurements. Recoveries of 94–109 and 93–103%, for copper and lead, respectively, were obtained for new and used lubricating oil samples.     

TXRF法测定松花粉中的9种生命元素

建立了微波消解前处理,全反射X射线荧光法(TXRF)同时测定松花粉中K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn和Rb9种生命元素含量的分析方法.松花粉原料经过微波消解前处理后,采用全反射X射线荧光光谱净计数、QXAS分析软件解谱和单一内标法进行定量分析.比较了干灰化法、湿消解法和微波消解法3种前处理方法的效果,并确立微波消解法作为样品前处理方法.用微波消解- TXRF法测定了花粉标准物质中的上述9种元素,并计算得到其仪器检出限(LLD)为0.002～0.054 mg/L,方法检出限(LDM)为0.004～0.122 mg/kg.TXRF法测定各元素的相对标准偏差(RSDs)为1.0％～5.5％.该方法操作简单、样品用量少、检出限低,对实际样品松花粉的测定结果与ICP - MS法无显著性差异.     

Determination of metals in lubricating oils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a single-bore high-pressure pneumatic nebulizer

The behaviour of a single-bore high-pressure pneumatic nebulizer (SBHPPN) as a tool for the analysis of lubricating oils by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was investigated. The effects of the sample oil content [from 10% to 100% (w/w) oil in 4-methylpentan-2-one, IBMK] and the carrier nature (IBMK and methanol) on the characteristics of the aerosols generated, on the analyte transport efficiency and on the analytical figures of merit in FAAS were studied. A pneumatic concentric nebulizer (PCN) was used for comparison. Increasing the oil content increases the viscosity of the sample. With the PCN this gives rise to coarser aerosols, making it impossible to nebulize samples with an oil content higher than 70% (w/w). Using the SBHPPN, the viscosity of the sample scarcely affects the characteristics of the primary aerosols. Hence, the SBHPPN is able, by using the appropriate carrier, to nebulize pure lubricating oils. Among the carriers tested, IBMK is the most advisable because it is fully miscible with all the oil samples. The SBHPPN provides higher sensitivities and lower limits of detection than the PCN. Compared with a method based on organic dilution, the use of the SBHPPN for the direct analysis of lubricating oils by FAAS makes it possible, in addition to increasing the analysis throughput, to detect elements at lower concentrations. Moreover, the SBHPPN provides similar results to those obtained using a previous acid digestion step.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测生物质中的碱金属和碱土金属

为研究并解决测试生物质样品中碱金属和碱土金属含量的干扰,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法对生物质中的碱金属和碱土金属钾、钙、钠、镁元素进行测定,考察了样品消解后不同的酸体系,共存元素干扰对钾、钠、钙、镁含量测定的干扰研究。经过研究表明,接近分析标准曲线酸浓度的样品干扰小,铅、铟、钛、锰元素对钠元素测定造成干扰,砷、铜、镉对钙元素测定干扰,铝对钾元素测定有干扰,镁测定不受共存元素干扰影响,运用干扰系数法可以减少共存元素对测定元素的误差。各待测元素标准曲线相关系数大于0.9996,检出限为0.0014~0.023 mg/L,玉米芯各元素的相对标准偏差为0.98%~1.9%,加标回收率为80.2%~106%;西瓜皮的各元素相对标准偏差为0.91%~2.3%,加标回收率为85.3%~106%。方法用于测定国家标准物质GBW07603,各元素结果均在标准值参考范围内。方法用于测定生物质中碱金属和碱土金属的结果,用t检验法与离子色谱测定值进行比对,结果无显著性差异。     

非完全消化-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定杜仲叶中的微量元素

用非完全消化法处理杜仲叶,在低温下用浓硝酸消解样品,加入乳化剂Triton X-100(OP)溶解消化过程中所产生的油脂,获得均匀的样品乳浊液,取适量的乳浊液制成试液,用火焰原子吸收光谱法快速测定了样品中的微量元素,并对检出限、加标回收率进行了测定。结果表明,相对标准偏差小于2.1%,测定结果与灰化法一致,且相对误差小于±1.8%。用非完全消化法结合火焰原子吸收光谱法对杜仲叶进行预处理取代灰化法是可行的,且方法简便、准确。     

原子吸收光谱法测定茶叶中铅和镉时消解方法的优化

采用多种方法对同一种茶叶进行消解,用原子吸收光谱法测定不同方法消解的茶叶中有害微量元素铅和镉的含量并进行对比,探索了茶叶中微量元素铅和镉低损耗的最佳消解条件.实验结果表明,不同的消解方式对茶叶中微量元素的测定结果影响很大.测定茶叶中铅和镉元素时,采用硝酸-高氯酸加盖浸泡过夜方法较为理想.     

Characteristics of a novel UV-TiO2-microwave integrated irradiation device in decomposition processes

The efficiency of oxidation in wet decomposition procedures for organic materials can be of great importance to the quality of the analytical data from various measurement techniques. A novel, microwave-assisted, high-temperature/high-pressure UV-TiO₂ digestion procedure was developed for the accelerated decomposition of various biological samples. The technique is based on a closed, pressurized, microwave digestion apparatus (MW). UV irradiation is generated by immersed electrodeless Cd discharge lamp operated by the focused microwave field in the single polymer vessel. To enhance oxidation efficiency, a photocatalyst TiO₂ was added to the microwave heated Teflon bomb. Measures of digestion completeness were provided by the appearance of carbon content and determination of trace and minor elements, enabling a comparison of different digestion procedures and sample types. Compared with other digestion systems, unusually low residual carbon contents were obtained. For the organic compounds and biological samples digested, the residual carbon content was 1-2%, corresponding to a decomposition efficiency of 98-99%. The potential of the MW-UV-TiO₂ system was illustrated by the decomposition of four certified reference materials (serum, urine, milk, arsenobetaine solution) and subsequent determination of trace and minor elements. Recoveries between 92% and 107% were found.     

Optimization of the Sample Preparation Procedure for the Determination of Trace Elements in Auricularia auricula by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry

This study aimed to develop a precise and accurate method of sample preparation of Auricularia auricula for inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry-based trace element determination and to compare concentrations of seven trace elements (Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr, Sr) in six A. auricula samples belonging to three varieties with two cultivation substrates. Five sample preparation procedures, microwave-assisted digestion, nitric acid digestion with hot plate heating, nitric acid and perchloric acid digestion with hot plate heating, nitric acid digestion with ash content, and aqua regia digestion with ash content, were compared. The performance of the procedures was determined based on the precision and accuracy of the results and the limits of detection of the elements. The best results, with limits of detection of 0.60–6.60?ng?·?mL^?1 and recoveries for spiked samples between 93.80 and 105.00%, were found using nitric acid digestion with ash content. Six A. auricula samples were analyzed using the proposed procedure. Among the tested elements, the concentration of Fe was highest in all six A. auricula samples up to a maximum concentration of 284.83?µg?·?g^?1. The concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Ni increased in mixed stands (basswood, birch, and mongolica) compared with pine sawdust cultivation.     

Determination of trace elements in Antarctic krill samples by inductively coupled atomic emission and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Analytical methods were developed for the determination of trace elements in Antarctic krill samples applying inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined by ICP-AES, while Cd and Pb by GF-AAS technique. Two microwave assisted digestion procedures were elaborated for the preparation of 0.5-g krill samples using open and closed vessel systems. The efficiency of the digestion processes was checked by measurements of the total organic carbon content of the solutions obtained. The deviations of the analytical data from the certified values and the relative standard deviations of the concentration measurements were lower for all six elements investigated applying the closed vessel digestion system.