A conditional-SGT-VaR approach with alternative GARCH models

This paper proposes a conditional technique for the estimation of VaR and expected shortfall measures based on the skewed generalized t (SGT) distribution. The estimation of the conditional mean and conditional variance of returns is based on ten popular variations of the GARCH model. The results indicate that the TS-GARCH and EGARCH models have the best overall performance. The remaining GARCH specifications, except in a few cases, produce acceptable results. An unconditional SGT-VaR performs well on an in-sample evaluation and fails the tests on an out-of-sample evaluation. The latter indicates the need to incorporate time-varying mean and volatility estimates in the computation of VaR and expected shortfall measures.     

深证成指周收益率波动性的实证研究

利用GARCH模型,对深圳成分指数的周收益率波动性进行了实证研究。以深证成指周收盘数据建立了GARCH模型,利用估计出的GARCH模型得到深证成指周收益率序列的条件方差的估计值,预测出深证成指周收益率序列未来若干期的条件方差。结果表明,深证成指周收益率序列的波动性可以用GARCH模型进行很好的拟合。     

Real time estimation of stochastic volatility processes

Autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) processes and their extensions known as generalized ARCH (GARCH) processes are widely accepted for modelling financial time series, in particular stochastic volatility processes. The off-line estimation of ARCH and GARCH processes have been analyzed under a variety of conditions in the literature. The main contribution of this paper is a rigorous convergence analysis of a recursive estimation method for GARCH processes with restricted stability margin under reasonable technical conditions. The main tool in the convergence analysis is an appropriate modification of the theory of recursive estimation within a Markovian framework developed in Benveniste et al. (Adaptive Algorithms and Stochastic Approximations. Springer, Berlin, 1990). The basic elements of this theory will also be summarized. The viability of the method will be demonstrated by experimental results both for simulated and real data.     

Bayesian modeling and forecasting of Value‐at‐Risk via threshold realized volatility

This study proposes a threshold realized generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model that jointly models daily returns and realized volatility, thereby taking into account the bias and asymmetry of realized volatility. We incorporate this threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations as the observation equation, view this model as a sharp transition model, and treat the realized volatility as a proxy for volatility under this nonlinear structure. Through the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method, the model can jointly estimate the parameters in the return equation, the volatility equation, and the measurement equation. As an illustration, we conduct a simulation study and apply the proposed method to the US and Japan stock markets. Based on quantile forecasting and volatility estimation, we find that the threshold heteroskedastic framework with realized volatility successfully models the asymmetric dynamic structure. We also investigate the predictive ability of volatility by comparing the proposed model with the traditional GARCH model as well as some popular asymmetric GARCH and realized GARCH models. This threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations outperforms the competing risk models in out‐of‐sample volatility and Value‐at‐Risk forecasting.     

Conditional VaR estimation using Pearson’s type IV distribution

This paper presents a new value at risk (VaR) estimation model for equity returns time series and tests it extensively on Stock Indices of 14 countries. Two most important stylized facts of such series are volatility clustering, and non-normality as a result of fat tails of the return distribution. While volatility clustering has been extensively studied using the GARCH model and its various extensions, the phenomenon of non-normality has not been comprehensively explored, at least in the context of VaR estimation. A combination of extreme value theory (EVT) and GARCH has been explored to analyze financial data showing non-normal behavior. This paper proposes a combination of the Pearson’s Type IV distribution and the GARCH (1, 1) approach to furnish a new method with superior predictive abilities. The approach is back tested for the entire sample as well as for a holdout sample using rolling windows.     

基于修正的已实现阈值幂变差的股市跳跃波动行为研究

基于非参数统计方法,利用考虑金融资产价格跳跃和杠杆效应的时点波动估计方法修正已实现阈值幂变差,构造甄别跳跃的检验统计量,对金融资产价格中的随机波动、有限活跃跳跃和无限活跃跳跃等问题进行综合研究。为同时吸收波动率的异方差集聚效应和收益率的非对称效应,对原有的已实现波动率异质自回归预测模型进行拓展,将非对称的异质性自回归模型的误差项设定为GARCH模型,以考察跳跃波动序列与连续波动序列之间的复杂关系。利用沪深股指高频数据进行实证研究,包括进行跳跃识别,跳跃活动程度检验和波动率预测效果对比。研究结果表明,沪深股市同时存在布朗运动成分、有限活跃跳跃和无限活跃跳跃成分,其中连续路径方差占主体。同时,收益和波动间的杠杆效应显著,无论短期还是长期,连续波动和跳跃波动对波动率的预测均具有显著影响,同时考虑股价的跳跃、波动和杠杆效应因素有助于更准确地刻画资产价格动态过程。     

基于双因子已实现GARCH模型的波动率预测研究

准确地预测金融市场的波动率对市场管理者和参与者而言都是至关重要的。本文在标准已实现GARCH模型基础上,将条件方差乘性分解为长期方差和短期方差两部分,分别构造包含杠杆函数的长期方差方程和短期方差方程,用以捕捉波动率的长记忆性和短期微观波动。运用上证综指和日经指数的日收盘价、已实现方差和已实现核波动此类高频数据进行实证分析,结果表明:与标准已实现GARCH模型相比,两指数的双因子已实现GARCH模型在样本内表现出更大的似然估计值;通过样本外误差函数分析和DM检验,双因子已实现GARCH模型也取得更好表现。     

A multiplicative model for volume and volatility

We first present prima facie evidence for the predictions generated by the mixture of distributions hypothesis, using daily German stock returns and their corresponding daily trading volumes and number of trades. These last two variables are used as proxies for the stochastic rate of information arrival when one wishes to explain GARCH effects by adhering to the mixture of distributions hypothesis. We show that there is no need for these proxies when the stochastic rate of information arrival follows an inverted gamma distribution. Daily trading volume and the daily number of trades, however, empirically provide an explanation for the occurrence of conditional heteroskedasticity of the GARCH form. We estimate several specifications where daily trading volume is included in the conditional variance equation additively and multiplicatively. The new multiplicative specification clearly outperforms the additive specification.     

Semi-parametric quantile estimation for double threshold autoregressive models with heteroskedasticity

Compared to the conditional mean or median, conditional quantiles provide a more comprehensive picture of a variable in various scenarios. A semi-parametric quantile estimation method for a double threshold auto-regression with exogenous regressors and heteroskedasticity is considered, allowing representation of both asymmetry and volatility clustering. As such, GARCH dynamics with nonlinearity are added to a nonlinear time series regression model. An adaptive Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme, exploiting the link between the quantile loss function and the asymmetric-Laplace distribution, is employed for estimation and inference, simultaneously estimating and accounting for nonlinear heteroskedasticity plus unknown threshold limits and delay lags. A simulation study illustrates sampling properties of the method. Two data sets are considered in the empirical applications: modelling daily maximum temperatures in Melbourne, Australia; and exploring dynamic linkages between financial markets in the US and Hong Kong.     

Likelihood stabilization for ill-conditioned vector GARCH models

The likelihood of vector GARCH models is ill-conditioned because of two facts. First, when the series display high correlations, as often happens with financial data, some eigenvalues of the conditional covariance matrix are close to zero. Second, the likelihood function is very flat in the neighborhood of the optimum due to the functional form of the GARCH process. These facts explain the instability of multivariate GARCH estimation procedures. Building on this analysis, we suggest a data transformation which moves the critical eigenvalues far from zero and, therefore, improves the stability of iterative optimization methods. The transformed values are re-scaled principal components, so their interpretation is straightforward. The application of this technique is illustrated by modeling the short-run conditional correlations of four nominal exchange rates.      

金融系统的非线性分析:交易量对股价波动的非线性影响

如何研究股价波动和成交量之间的关系一直是金融系统研究中感兴趣的话题.Lamoureux 和 Lastrapes 认为选择日交易量度量每天流入市场的信息量是合理的,但他们假定交易量对波动率的影响是线性的.提出部分非线性GARCH模型分析交易量对股票市场波动率的影响,基于GARCH模型局部线性化非参数似然估计方法,对中国证券市场股票价格和交易量数据进行实证研究.结果表明,交易量对股价波动的影响具有显著的非线性性.     

Modeling the dynamics of interest rate volatility with skewed fat-tailed distributions

This paper proposes generalized parametric models of the short-term interest rate that nest one-factor CEV and discrete time GARCH models. The paper estimates the generalized and nested models with skewed fat-tailed distributions to determine the correct specification of the conditional distribution of interest rates. The results indicate that the discrete time models that incorporate the level and GARCH effects into the diffusion function and that accommodate the tail-thickness of the interest rate distribution perform much better than the CEV model in forecasting the future volatility of interest rates. The results also show that the significance of nonlinearity in the drift function relies crucially on the specification of the volatility function.     

Improving density forecast by modeling asymmetric features: An application to S&P500 returns

A density forecast is an estimate of the probability distribution of the possible future values of a random variable. From the current literature, an economic time series may have three types of asymmetry: asymmetry in unconditional distribution, asymmetry in conditional distribution, volatility asymmetry. In this paper, we propose three density forecasting methods under two-piece normal assumption to capture these asymmetric features. A GARCH model with two-piece normal distribution is developed to capture asymmetries in the conditional distributions. In this approach, we first estimate parameters of a GARCH model by assuming normal innovations, and then fit a two-piece normal distribution to the empirical residuals. Block bootstrap procedure, and moving average method with two-piece normal distribution are presented for volatility asymmetry and asymmetry in the conditional distributions. Application of the developed methods to the weekly S&P500 returns illustrates that forecast quality can be significantly improved by modeling these asymmetric features.     

Conditional independence,conditional mixing and conditional association

Some properties of conditionally independent random variables are studied. Conditional versions of generalized Borel-Cantelli lemma, generalized Kolmogorov’s inequality and generalized Hájek-Rényi inequality are proved. As applications, a conditional version of the strong law of large numbers for conditionally independent random variables and a conditional version of the Kolmogorov’s strong law of large numbers for conditionally independent random variables with identical conditional distributions are obtained. The notions of conditional strong mixing and conditional association for a sequence of random variables are introduced. Some covariance inequalities and a central limit theorem for such sequences are mentioned.     

Quantile forecasting based on a bivariate hysteretic autoregressive model with GARCH errors and time ‐varying correlations

To understand and predict chronological dependence in the second‐order moments of asset returns, this paper considers a multivariate hysteretic autoregressive (HAR) model with generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) specification and time‐varying correlations, by providing a new method to describe a nonlinear dynamic structure of the target time series. The hysteresis variable governs the nonlinear dynamics of the proposed model in which the regime switch can be delayed if the hysteresis variable lies in a hysteresis zone. The proposed setup combines three useful model components for modeling economic and financial data: (1) the multivariate HAR model, (2) the multivariate hysteretic volatility models, and (3) a dynamic conditional correlation structure. This research further incorporates an adapted multivariate Student t innovation based on a scale mixture normal presentation in the HAR model to tolerate for dependence and different shaped innovation components. This study carries out bivariate volatilities, Value at Risk, and marginal expected shortfall based on a Bayesian sampling scheme through adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, thus allowing to statistically estimate all unknown model parameters and forecasts simultaneously. Lastly, the proposed methods herein employ both simulated and real examples that help to jointly measure for industry downside tail risk.     

基于MCMC的贝叶斯变结构金融时序GARCH模型研究

针对变结构GARCH模型没有解析形式的条件后验分布的问题。借助辅助变量把没有具体解析形式的后验分布转化为一系列完全条件分布,实现了变结构GARCH模型参数的贝叶斯估计。中国外汇市场波动性的实证研究,表明了辅助变量-Gibbs抽样有效的解决了贝叶斯变结构GARCH模型中的高维数值计算问题,并发现其波动持续性是由时间序列的状态转移引起的。     

基于Skewed-t分布的FIGARCH模型与VaR的度量

金融资产收益率序列的波动具有典型的尖峰厚尾和非对称性特征,描述这种特性需以合适的概率分布函数为基础.因此,寻求更好的概率分布函数对风险度量、VaR的计算有着十分重要的意义.有鉴于此引入Skewed-t分布度量VaR,并比较分析了RiskMetrics及FIGARCH类模型度量VaR值的准确程度,本文同时分析了多头头寸和空头头寸情况下的VaR.结果表明,在两种头寸情况下,Skewed-t分布在空头和多头情形对资产厚尾特性以及非对称性的拟合效果均要比正态分布好;在两种头寸中不同的置信水平下,FIAGARCH(CHUNG)模型预测的VaR值改进了使用传统模型的精确性,高估或低估风险的程度较轻.     

Pair-Copula Bayesian Networks

Pair-copula Bayesian networks (PCBNs) are a novel class of multivariate statistical models, which combine the distributional flexibility of pair-copula constructions (PCCs) with the parsimony of conditional independence models associated with directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). We are first to provide generic algorithms for random sampling and likelihood inference in arbitrary PCBNs as well as for selecting orderings of the parents of the vertices in the underlying graphs. Model selection of the DAG is facilitated using a version of the well-known PC algorithm that is based on a novel test for conditional independence of random variables tailored to the PCC framework. A simulation study shows the PC algorithm’s high aptitude for structure estimation in non-Gaussian PCBNs. The proposed methods are finally applied to modeling financial return data. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

马尔科夫状态转换GARCH模型的波动持续性研究——对估计方法的探讨

由于GARCH模型的系数固定不变,不能反映金融市场波动的结构变化,所以对于波动预测和动态风险管理都还不够完善。本文在GARCH模型中引入马尔科夫过程,从而使状态的转换体现在GARCH模型中,通过设置状态变量,构建马尔科夫状态转换GARCH模型(MRSGARCH),从而较好地揭示了存在结构转换的波动特性,对MRSGARCH模型进行参数估计,并给出了预测的详细过程,最后提出了MRSGARCH的波动持续性的估计方法。