Nanorod vanadatesulfuric acid (VSA NRs)-catalyzed green synthesis of hexahydroacridine-1,8-diones in solvent-free conditions

Nanorod vanadatesulfuric acid (VSA NRs), as a novel, recyclable and eco-benign catalyst, was used for an efficient synthesis of hexahydroacridine-1,8-diones using 1,3-cyclohexanedione derivatives, aldehydes and ammonium acetate or aniline under solvent-free conditions. VSA was prepared by the reaction of high-purity chlorosulfonic acid and sodium metavanadate. The present method offers some advantages over conventional ones, such as simple procedure and work-up, short reaction times, high yields, stability and reusability of the catalyst and simple purification of the products. Also, some greenness aspects of this method were investigated and compared with data from previous reports.     

Nanoparticles tungstophosphoric acid supported on polyamic acid: catalytic synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridines and bulky bis(1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridine)s

Tungstophosphoric acid nanoparticles supported on polyamic acid (TPA NPs/PAA) was prepared and employed as a catalyst for the facile selective synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridines and some bulky bis(1,8-dioxo-decahydroacridine)s via one-pot condensation of 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione and various aldehydes with aniline or ammonium acetate in ethanol–water solution. This catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The catalyst showed high thermal stability and good reusability. The products were isolated in high purity and the catalyst was easily separated in a simple workup and recycled several times without noticeable loss of activity under the described reaction conditions. The reaction is characterized by short reaction time, high efficiency, and mild reaction conditions.     

Polymer-supported gadolinium triflate as a convenient and efficient Lewis acid catalyst for acetylation of alcohols and phenols

A polymer-supported gadolinium triflate (CMPS-IM-Gd) catalyst was prepared from chloromethyl polystyrene (CMPS) resin using a simple and convenient procedure. This polymeric catalyst was used as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst for the acetylation of various alcohols and phenols with acetic anhydride, affording high yields under mild conditions. The reaction was completed in a short period of time with small amounts of the catalyst. The catalyst was reused over 10 times without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

稻壳炭基固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化酯化反应性能

以热解稻壳炭为原料, 浓硫酸为磺化剂制备了固体酸催化剂. 采用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、元素分析、孔结构分析和热重-质谱联用等手段对其进行了表征. 以油酸和甲醇的酯化为探针反应, 考察了磺化温度和时间对催化剂活性的影响, 探讨了反应条件对油酸转化率的影响, 并对所制催化剂的稳定性进行了研究. 结果表明, 制备该催化剂的适宜磺化温度和时间分别为90℃和0.25 h, 在该条件下制得的催化剂为无定形碳结构, 磺酸基密度为0.7 mmol/g. 该催化剂表现出较高的催化酯化反应活性, 在催化剂用量为5%、甲醇/油酸摩尔比为4、酯化温度和时间分别为110℃和2 h的条件下, 油酸的酯化率可达98.7%. 该催化剂具有较好的稳定性, 经7次连续反应后, 油酸的酯化率仍可达96.0%.     

A series of 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthenes are prepared using trichloroisocyanuric acid

A series of aromatic aldehydes are turned in to 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-aryl-1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthene derivatives using trichloroisocyanuric acid(TCCA) as the catalyst.     

Facile and green synthesis of triarylmethanes using silica sulfuric acid as a reusable catalyst under solvent-free conditions

A facile and environmentally-benign protocol has been developed for the synthesis of triarylmethanes (TAMs) from the reaction of different arenes and aldehydes in the presence of silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as a heterogeneous and reusable catalyst under solvent-free conditions. Easy work-up, short reaction times, high yields, high selectivity, mild and green conditions are other salient features of this method.     

Aluminatesulfonic acid: Novel and recyclable nanocatalyst for efficient synthesis of aminoalkyl naphthols and amidoalkyl naphthols

In this study, an efficient, mild, and eco-friendly procedure is developed for the preparation of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthols and Betti bases from one-pot three-component condensation of aldehydes, 2-naphthol, and nitrogen sources (amides for amidoalkyl naphthols and amine for Betti bases) in the presence of aluminatesulfonic acid nanoparticles (ASA NPs) as recoverable catalyst under solvent-free conditions. ASA NPs were prepared by a simple reaction of net chlorosulfonic acid and sodium aluminate in high purity. ASA NPs were characterized by Fourier transform IR, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, thermal gravimetric analysis, and UV diffusion/reflectance techniques. On the basis of the thermal gravimetric analysis and some activation parameters evaluated from decomposition thermal steps using Coats–Redfern model, the catalyst showed high thermal stability. High yields, short reaction time, easy workup, inexpensive, and reusability of the catalyst are advantages of this method.     

An efficient green catalyst comprising 12-tungstophosphoric acid and MCM-41: synthesis characterization and diesterification of succinic acid,a potential bio-platform molecule

An efficient green catalyst comprising 12-tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) and MCM-41 was synthesized. The catalytic activity was evaluated for liquid phase solvent free diesterification of succinic acid. The support and the synthesized catalyst were characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. Fourier transform infrared, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and ³¹P NMR spectra indicate that the Keggin structure of TPA was not destroyed after anchoring to MCM-41. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy show that TPA is uniformly dispersed inside the channels without disturbing the hexagonal array of MCM-41. The present contribution reports solvent free diesterification of succinic acid with alcohols under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst shows higher activity toward diester, especially for dioctyl succinate 99% yield was obtained with very high turnover number, 12.43×10⁴. Also the catalyst shows potential of being used as recyclable catalytic material after simple regeneration without loss of any catalytic activity.     

Phosphated tungstate: An efficient new solid phosphoric acid catalyst for the synthesis of heterocyclic nitrones

Phosphated tungstate as a new, reusable and efficient solid phosphoric acid catalyst was synthesized and used to promote the reaction of diaminoglyoxime with various aromatic aldehydes. The prepared phosphated tungstate was characterized using various techniques including X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. A wide variety of heterocyclic nitrones were obtained under mild reaction conditions and in high yields by using the prepared catalyst.     

金催化剂上乙二醛氧气氧化合成乙醛酸的研究

利用沉积-沉淀法和溶液相还原法制备了系列金催化剂,以氧气氧化乙二醛合成乙醛酸为探针反应,进行了反应条件的优化,并通过对催化剂进行XRD、AAS、UV-Vis和XPS表征,分析了影响催化剂活性的因素.结果显示:与沉积-沉淀法相比,采用溶液相还原法制备的催化剂Au/ZrO2(L),金的实际负载量较高,表现出较高的催化活性,当溶液pH为7.7,反应温度为323 K时,乙醛酸收率达到6.2%.     

Efficient cenosphere supported catalyst for the esterification of n-octanol with acetic acid

An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst was developed using cenospheres, a byproduct of coal-fired thermal power plants by the method of wet impregnation. Catalyst characterization was carried out using various analytical techniques, namely, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and surface acidity analysis. The characterization revealed the excellent catalytic activity of the catalyst for the esterification reaction of n-octanol and acetic acid. Various reaction parameters, namely, catalyst loading, a molar ratio of alcohol/acid and reaction temperature were evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken model. The response surface methodology model equations corresponding to the conversion of acid and % yield of ester were developed. The model well predicted the optimal reaction conditions, which were validated experimentally with good agreement. The excellent catalytic performance was observed in the esterification reaction with high conversion of acid (95.34%) and high yield of n-octyl acetate (94.81%). Reusability study of the catalyst showed that the catalyst could be used efficiently up to three reaction cycles. This study explores the use of cenospheres to prepare a solid acid catalyst for the industrially important esterification reactions.     

KSF supported 10-molybdo-2-vanadophosphoric acid as an efficient and reusable catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazole derivatives under solvent-free condition

The one-pot three-component cyclocondensation has been developed involving the reaction of benzil with an aromatic aldehydes and ammonium acetate under thermal solvent-free conditions in the presence of a KSF supported 10-molybdo-2-vanadophosphoric acid catalyst. 10-Molybdo-2-vanadophosphoric acid was immobilized on KSF with a 20% loading, which showed the highest catalytic activity. The catalyst was fully characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, XRD and SEM analysis techniques. There are several distinct advantages to this protocol, including high yields, short reaction time, operational simplicity and a recyclable catalyst with a facile work-up procedure.     

Synthesis of glycerin triacetate over molding zirconia-loaded sulfuric acid catalyst

Zirconia-loaded sulfuric acid (SO24- /ZrO2) catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, molded by punch tablet machine and characterized by X-ray diffraction. SO42- /ZrO2 catalyst was used to obtain glycerol triacetate (GTA) directly from glycerin. The effect of some factors, such as different temperatures of calcination and catalysts molded or not, on the reusable times of catalysts and the yield of GTA were investigated. The optimum reaction conditions were shown as follows: the reaction temperature was 403 K; the reaction time continued for 8 h; the amount of molded catalysts was 5 wt% of glycerin and the molar ratio of glycerin to acetic acid was 1 : 8. The yield of GTA was 97.93% under the optimum condition.     

水相体系中β-环糊精-丁磺酸催化合成氧杂蒽二酮衍生物

多组分反应是指三个或三个以上反应物在同一反应容器里形成一个新的、包括所有反应物主要部分的产物.多组分反应因具有操作简单、效率高和原子经济性好等优点而引起化学家和药物化学工作者的极大兴趣,成为有机合成发展趋势之一.9-芳基-2,3,4,5,6,7-六氢-2H-氧杂蒽-1,8-二酮衍生物是由芳香醛和1,3-环己二酮化合物的多组分缩合反应制备.通常在Lewis酸或Br?nsted酸催化下进行反应,常用的催化剂有对十二烷基苯磺酸、Amberlyst-1、I2、MCM-41-SO3H、HClO4-SiO2、离子液体(如[Et3NH][HSO4])、纳米TiO2和纤维素-磺酸等,微波和超声波等技术也用于该反应.这些方法虽取得一定进展,但仍然存在反应时间较长和产率较低等缺点.因此,开发与研究氧杂蒽二酮衍生物的绿色合成方法显得非常必要.
　　β-环糊精是由7个葡萄糖经1,4-苷键连接而成的环状化合物,7个伯醇羟基位于空洞小的一端,14个仲醇排列在空洞大的一端,形成空洞外部和入口处富有亲水性而空洞内部呈疏水性的特性.由于这一独特性能,β-环糊精及其衍生物被作为相转移催化剂应用于有机合成反应,如氧化反应、还原反应、环加成反应及偶联反应.对β-环糊精进行功能化修饰是拓展β-环糊精在有机合成反应中应用的有效方法之一.
　　本文采用丁磺酸基功能化修饰β-环糊精,得到β-环糊精-丁磺酸(β-CD-BSA),探讨了其作为酸性催化剂在芳香醛和1,3-环己二酮(或二甲酮)制备氧杂蒽二酮衍生物反应中的应用.首先,β-环糊精与丁磺酸内酯反应,生产磺丁基醚-β-环糊精,再经过酸性离子交换树脂,得到β-CD-BSA,采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和1H NMR表征催化剂.结果表明,磺酸丁基成功嫁接到β-环糊精上,经1H NMR图谱分析,β-CD-BSA的磺酸丁基平均取代度为7.以苯甲醛和二甲酮反应为模型反应,探讨了反应溶剂和催化剂用量等因素对反应性能的影响,得到最优反应工艺条件为：以H2O为溶剂,反应温度100 oC,催化剂用量1 mol%.探讨了反应底物适用性,采用不同取代基的芳香醛与1,3-环己二酮(或二甲酮)反应,制备了一系列氧杂蒽二酮衍生物.结果表明,无论芳香醛苯环上连接吸电子基团还是供电子基团,都能顺利发生反应并得到相应目标化合物,反应时间为15–60 min,产率为88%–97%.同时,与芳香醛上连有供电子基团相比,当芳香醛上连有吸电子基团时,其反应速度更快,反应时间更短,产率相对较高.与文献报道方法相比,本文构建的催化反应体系具有更高的催化活性和较高的反应产率.基于上述反应现象,结合相关文献,探讨了该反应可能的反应机理.本文还以对硝基苯甲醛和二甲酮反应为模型反应,探讨了β-CD-BSA循环回收使用性能.当反应结束后,加入少量水,过滤得到固体产物,滤液经干燥回收催化剂,不经进一步处理即可用于下一次反应,当催化剂循环使用5次时,反应产率由95%降至90%.可见,该催化剂回收方法简单,催化剂具有良好的稳定性.
　　综上所述,本文构建了β-CD-BSA/H2O催化反应体系,制备了一系列氧杂蒽二酮衍生物,该催化反应体系具有良好的催化性能和通用性,该方法操作简单,反应时间短,产率高,是一个制备氧杂蒽二酮衍生物的绿色合成方法.     

Imidazol-1-yl-acetic acid as a novel green bifunctional organocatalyst for the synthesis of 1, 8-dioxooctahydroxanthenes under solvent-free conditions

Imidazol-1-yl-acetic acid is introduced as a new, efficient and recyclable green bifunctional organocatalyst for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthenes under solvent-free conditions. This catalyst is water soluble and can be separated from the products by simple filtration. The filtrate can be evaporated to dryness and recrystallized from cool methanol to give the recovered catalyst. This organocatalyst was used for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxooctahydroxanthenes under solvent-flee conditions and recycled up to 8 consecutive runs without any losing of its efficiency.     

Microwave-assisted expeditious hydrolysis of isobenzofuranone derivatives using silica supported acid under organic solvent-free conditions

Silica sulfuric acid was found to be an efficient, reusable and environment-friendly catalyst for fast hydrolysis of various isobenzofuranone to corresponding 2-ketomethylquinoline derivatives in a high yield under solvent-free using microwave irradiation. As the activator of silica sulfuric acid the wet SiO₂ was chosen. The reactions in conventional conditions were compared with the microwave assisted reactions. This approach can prove beneficial since the recovery of solvents from conventional reaction systems always results in some losses.     

Xanthan sulfuric acid: An efficient and biodegradable solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes under solvent-free conditions

Xanthan sulfuric acid (XSA) is found to be an efficient catalyst for the electrophilic substitution reaction of indole with aromatic aldehydes to afford the corresponding bis(indolyl)methanes at room temperature under solvent-free conditions. The catalyst was characterized for the first time with the help of powder XRD, SEM–EDX and DSC–TGA. The attractive features of this green, new methodology are excellent yield of products, clean reaction profile, reusability of the catalyst, energy sustainable protocol, simple experimental and easier work-up procedures.     

Neat synthesis of octahydroxanthene-1,8-diones,catalyzed by silicotungstic acid as an efficient reusable inorganic catalyst

In this article, the first use of silicotungstic acid (H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀) as a catalyst for the synthesis of octahydroxanthene-1,8-diones by the reaction of 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (dimedone) with various aldehydes under thermal solvent-free conditions is described. The obtained results showed that the catalyst has a high catalytic activity, and the desired products were obtained in high yields. Moreover, the catalyst was found to be reusable, and a considerable catalytic activity still could be achieved after the fifth run. Easy work-up and avoidance of using harmful organic solvents are the other advantages of this simple procedure.     

新型磷钨酸基固体酸催化油酸酯化合成生物柴油

利用磷钨酸（PTA）与1,2,3-三氮唑-4,5-二羧酸（TDA）在水溶液中的反应,合成了一种新的固体酸TDA-PTA,采用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、热重（TG）以及电位滴定等方法对其进行了表征,并以油酸与甲醇的酯化反应为探针反应,考察了其催化性能,探讨了催化剂用量、醇酸物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂重复利用次数等对产物收率的影响。结果表明,TDA-PTA不仅保留有磷钨酸典型的Keggin结构,而且具有较强的酸强度;经修饰后,催化剂具有规整的球形形貌,比表面积明显大于磷钨酸;TDA-PTA在油酸与甲醇的酯化反应中表现出了优良的催化活性,尤其显示出好的重复利用性,六次使用后,仍得到86.8%的油酸甲酯产率,催化剂的物相以及Keggin结构没有明显变化。     

固体酸催化合成蓖麻基癸二酸二辛酯的研究

以蠕虫(Worm-like)状介孔材料为载体,采用浸渍的方法将磷钨酸负载到介孔载体上制备不同磷钨酸负载量的固体酸催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和N2吸附-脱附等表征手段对其物理化学性质进行分析,结果表明磷钨酸成功地负载于Wormlike介孔材料上.将一系列负载型磷钨酸催化剂用于癸二酸二辛酯的合成反应中,考察其酸催化活性,并对磷钨酸负载量、癸二酸和异辛醇物质的量比、反应温度以及反应时间等因素对酯化率的影响进行了研究.实验结果表明:当反应控制温度在120℃、癸二酸与异辛醇物质的量比为1∶3、反应时间为3h、磷钨酸负载量为50%时,反应酯化率可达98.2%.