Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of Perovskia artemisioides Boiss. essential oil

The Perovskia artemisioides Boiss. essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation method of flowers growing wild in the north of Iran. The study led to the identification of 29 compositions by a combination of HP-5 GC–FID and GC–MS analytical techniques. The constituents were identified in P. artemisioides essential oil with 1,8-cineole (29.9%), camphor (29.5%) and α-pinene (7.8%) as main constituents as well as δ-3-carene (5.1%), camphene (3.3%) and β-pinene (2.7%). The oil was identified by a much larger amount of monoterpenes (87.7%) and sesquiterpenes (6.3%). The results of antimicrobial activity exhibit that the extracted essential oil has presented a high inhibiting activity against five microbial strains up to 18 mm. Also, the MIC and MBC results displayed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were inhibited by P. artemisioides essential oil. Therefore, determination of essential oils in this research showed a relatively similar pattern to those published for the other species of Perovskia.     

Convergence chromatographic determination of camphor in the essential oil of Tanacetum parthenium L.

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L., Asteraceae) is a perennial medicinal plant which has been used to alleviate the symptoms of migraine, headache and rheumatoid arthritis and possesses numerous pharmacological activities. An ultra‐high‐performance supercritical fluid chromatographic method (UHPSFC) was developed and validated in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines in order to determine the camphor content of the volatile oil, which was accurate, precise, robust and selective. The method was validated for specificity, accuracy (100.2%), repeatability and intermediate precision, linearity (r² > 0.999), limit of detection (2.055 μg/mL), limit of quantification (6.228 μg/mL) and robustness. The common range of accuracy and linearity was between 0.125 and 1.000 mg/mL. Steam distillation was carried out in order to study the essential oil yield of three different T. parthenium L. samples originating from Hungarian medicinal herb collections. The camphor content of the essential oils from the aerial parts of feverfew samples from different origin was compared. Although the composition of the essential oil is well reported, a validated quantitative UHPSFC method for the determination of the constituents is presented herein for the first time.     

Comparative essential oil composition of aerial parts of Tanacetum dumosum Boiss. from Southern Zagros,Iran.

The essential oils of leaves and flowers of Tanacetum dumosum Boiss., an endemic medicinal shrub, were extracted by using hydrodistillation method and analysed using GC and GC–MS. A total of 43 and 44 compounds were identified in the essential oils from the leaves and flowers of T. dumosum, respectively. The major chemical constituents of leaves oil were borneol (27.9%), bornyl acetate (18.4%), 1,8-cineol (17.5%), α-terpineol (5.3%), cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (3.3%), camphene (2.7%) and terpinene-4-ol (1.9%), while the main components of the flower oil were isobornyl-2-methyl butanoate (41.1%), trans-linalyl oxide acetate (11.9%), 1,8-cineole (7.7%), thymol (4.2%), linalool (3.9%), camphor (2.9%), isobornyl propanoate (2.9%), α-terpineol (2.1%) and caryophyllene oxide (2.0%). Major qualitative and quantitative variations for some main chemical compounds among different aerial parts of T. dumosum were identified. High contents of borneol, bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineol and linalool in the leaves and flowers of T. dumosum show its potential for use in the food and perfumery industry.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Tanacetum walteri (Anthemideae-Asteraceae) from Iran

The composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Tanacetum walteri were studied. Aerial flowering parts of plant were collected from North Khorasan Province of Iran and the essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was determined by disc diffusion and MIC and MBC determination. Thirty-five compounds were identified in the oil of T. walteri accounting for 94.4% of the total oil. Thymol (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (8.2%), umbellulone (6.9%), α-bisabolol (6.3%) and camphor (5.3%) were as the principal constituents. The highest antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae with MIC value of 0.63 mg/mL. The inhibitory effect of the essential oil of T. walteri could be attributed mainly to the high levels of phenolic compound thymol and oxygenated terpenes in essential oil.     

Essential oil composition of endemic Tanacetum zahlbruckneri (Nab.) and Tanacetum tabrisianum (Boiss.) Sosn. and Takht. from Turkey

In this study, water-distilled essential oils from the flowers of Tanacetum zahlbruckneri and flowers and stems of Tanacetum tabrisianum from Turkey were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The flower oil of T. zahlbruckneri was characterised by the sesquiterpenes germacrene D (29.7%) and spathulenol (12%). Flower (A) and stem (B) oil of T. tabrisianum was characterised by 1,8-cineole: 17.6% (A), 22.5% (B), hexadecanoic acid: 10.3% (A), 8% (B), decanoic acid: 5.8% (A) and trans-linalooloxide acetate: 5.3% (A), 4% (B). Unlike a previous report on the essential oil composition of T. tabrisianum, in this study a 1,8-cineole and hexadecanoic acid-rich oil with a low percentage of caryophyllene oxide and spathulenol was obtained. The composition of the essential oil of endemic T. zahlbruckneri was investigated for the first time.     

Chemical composition,antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of essential oil of Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauverd

The essential oil (EO) from the aerial parts of Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauverd was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Sixty-five compounds were identified which represent 96.2% of the total composition of the EO. The major components of the EO were palmitic acid (11.6%), n-pentadecanal (5.7%), linalool (3.8%), β-ionone (3.3%), hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (3.2%), bisabolone (3.2%) and β-caryophyllene (3.2%). The EO exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis according to the MIC values tested by micro-dilution method. It also exhibited a significant cytotoxicity against HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines with the IC₅₀ values of 67.44 and 70.49 μg/mL according to the MTT assay. However, the antioxidant activity test revealed that the EO exhibited a weak DPPH radical-scavenging activity. In conclusion, the EO of L. leontopodioides could be regarded as a bioactive natural product and deserves further study for its potential therapeutic effects.     

Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam

The essential oil from Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam were extracted using hydrodistillation and GC-MS was used to analyse the essential oil. The main components were espatulenol (8.55%), geranyl acetate (8.03%), caryophyllene oxide (5.47%), calamenene (4.79%), geraniol (4.28%), calamenene (4.53%), geraniol (4.06%), cedrene epoxide (3.23%), myrtenol (3.18%), transgeranylgeranio (3.13%), etc. The essential oil showed intensive inhibitory effects against MCF-7 with IC₅₀ level of 0.78 mg/mL, HepG-2 with IC₅₀ level of 0.44 mg/mL, SKOV-3 with IC₅₀ level of 0.27 mg/mL, BGC-823 with IC₅₀ level of 0.34 mg/mL. In the antibacterial test, the essential oil showed the significant antibacterial activities. The MIC and MBC values were 5.20 and 5.20 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus.     

The Synergistic Hepatoprotective Activity of Rosemary Essential Oil and Curcumin: The Role of the MEK/ERK Pathway

Background: Curcumin is a natural product obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a medicinal and aromatic plant that is widely spread in the Mediterranean region. Both Curcumin and rosemary essential oil are natural products of high medicinal and pharmacological significance. The hepatoprotective effect of both natural products is well-established; however, the mechanism of such action is not fully understood. Thus, this study is an attempt to explore the hepatoprotective mechanism of action of these remedies through their effect on MEK and ERK proteins. Furthermore, the effect of rosemary essential oil on the plasma concentration of curcumin has been scrutinized. Materials and methods: The major constituents of REO were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by GC/MS and GC/FID, respectively. Curcumin and rosemary essential oil were given to mice in a pre-treatment model, followed by induction of liver injury through a high dose of paracetamol. Serum liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activities, the inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, as well as the MEK and ERK portions, were verified. The plasma levels of curcumin were determined in the presence and absence of rosemary essential oil. Results: The major constituents of REO were 1,8-cineole (51.52%), camphor (10.52%), and α-pinene (8.41%). The results revealed a superior hepatoprotective activity of the combination when compared to each natural product alone, as demonstrated by the lowered liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, mitigated inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers, and enhanced antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the combination induced the overexpression of MEK and ERK proteins, providing evidence for the involvement of this cascade in the hepatoprotective activity of such natural products. The administration of rosemary essential oil with curcumin enhanced the curcuminoid plasma level. Conclusion: The co-administration of both curcumin and rosemary essential oil together enhanced both their hepatoprotective activity and the level of curcumin in plasma, indicating a synergistic activity between both natural products.     

UHPLC-MS/MS phenolic profiling and in vitro antioxidant activities of Inula graveolens (L.) Desf

Inula graveolens (L.) Desf. is an annual aromatic herb which has various uses on alternative medicine in many region of the world. In this study, antioxidant activities of ethanol and water extracts of the plant leaves were determined by in vitro DPPH method and phenolic composition of the plant sample was determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. The results showed that chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, hyperoside, protocatechuic acid and quercetin were the major phenolic compounds among the 27 standard compounds. The significant antioxidant capacity of the plant might be related with the high abundance of phenolic compounds.     

Micromorphology of glandular hairs, biological activity and composition of the essential oil of Tanacetum fisherae (Asteraceae-Anthemideae) from Iran

The essential oil was obtained from the aerial flowering parts of Tanacetum fisherae, a new record from Iran, by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Eleven components representing 99.9% of the total oil were identified. 1,8-Cineole (79.9%) was characterized as the principal compound. The essential oil and its main component were tested against nine microbial strains. The result of the bioassays revealed that the oil possess potent antimicrobial property. This may be associated due to the presence of 1,8-cineole in the oil which tested individually and its high activity was observed. Micromorphological studies of hairs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited the presence of abundant sessile capitate glandular and medifixed T-shaped eglandular trichomes on the leaves, flowers and achene, giving useful diagnostic characters for identification of this medicinal plant.     

Spasmolytic and antidiarrheal activities of Lippia thymoides (Verbenaceae) essential oil

Lippia thymoides (‘alecrim-do-mato’ or ‘alecrim-do-campo’) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat various illnesses, including diarrhea. This work aimed to evaluate in vitro spasmolytic and in vivo antidiarrheal activities of the L. thymoides essential oil (OOS) and to correlate with the traditional use of this plant. In isolated guinea-pig ileum, OOS presented a concentration-dependent spasmolytic activity in preparations pre-contracted with KCl 40 mM [EC₅₀ = 16.89 (11.56–24.66) μg/mL], and antagonized phasic contractions induced by 1 μM carbachol [IC₅₀ = 42.71 (37.35–48.83) μg/mL] or histamine [IC₅₀ = 32.38 (27.44–38.20) μg/mL]. In mice, OOS at 400 mg/kg reduced intestinal transit, at 200 and 400 mg/kg reduced total stool mass and at 400 mg/kg reduced intestinal fluid accumulation. It was shown that the antidiarrheal effect of OOS is related to the inhibition of smooth muscle contraction and may be due to the presence of major compound β-caryophyllene in this essential oil.     

Comparative analysis of essential oil components of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. officinalis (Dode) Huang and Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth

Essential oils from the fruit of two species of Evodia rutaecarpa from China (Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. officinalis (Dode) Huang and Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.) have been obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in order to discern the differences and similarities between the volatile chemical compositions of these species. More than 21 components were identified in essential oils of the studied plants. In the oil of E. rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. var. officinalis (Dode) Huang, the main essential oil ingredients were β-myrcene (44.43%) and β-pinene (39.88%). β-pinene (72.82%), 1R-α-pinene (8.90%) and β-myrcene (1.99%) were the major compounds in the oil of E. rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. The chemical compounds of the essential oils showed that there are only six common compounds between the two species.     

Chemical constituents, antioxidant and antimocrobial activity of essential oil of Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.)

The essential oil extracted from the leaves of Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.) Benth. (Lamiaceae), was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nineteen compounds constituting 85.36% of the total oil were identified in the oil. Patchouli alcohol (30.65%), α-guaiene (10.67%), β-guaiene (9.09%), caryophyllene (8.64%), eicosene (5.27%) were the major constituents present. The essential oil was analysed for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibition concentration against six bacteria and three fungi. Results showed inhibitory activity against some of the tested microorganisms. The essential oil was also tested for the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity and had an inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of 18.5?μg?mL(-1).     

Synergistic Effect of Bioactive Monoterpenes against the Mosquito,Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mosquitoes represent one of the most important vectors and are responsible for the transmission of many arboviruses that affect human and animal health. The chemical method using synthetic insecticides disturbs the environmental system and promotes the appearance of resistant insect species. Therefore, this study investigated the insecticidal effect of some binary monoterpene combinations (1,8 cineole + α-pinene and carvone + R (+)-pulegone) using a mixture design approach. The fumigant toxicity was evaluated against Culex pipiens female adults using glass jars. The results show that the toxicity varies according to the proportions of each compound. Indeed, Mixture 1 (1,8-cineole + α-pinene) displayed a strong toxic effect (51.00 ± 0.86% after 24 h and 100.00 ± 0.70% after 48 h) when the pure compounds were tested at 0.25/0.75 proportions of 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, respectively. Nevertheless, the equal proportion (0.5/0.5) of carvone and R (+)-pulegone in Mixture 2 exhibited a toxic effect of 54.35 ± 0.75% after 24 h and 89.96 ± 0.14% after 48 h, respectively. For Mixture 1, the maximum area of mortality that the proposed model indicated was obtained between 0/1 and 0.25/0.75, while the maximum area of mortality in the case of Mixture 2 was obtained between 0.25/0.75 and 0.75/0.25. Moreover, the maximum possible values of mortality that could be achieved by the validated model were found to be 51.44% (after 24 h) and 100.24% (after 48 h) for Mixture 1 and 54.67% (after 24 h) and 89.99% (after 48 h) for Mixture 2. It can be said that all purev molecules tested through the binary mixtures acted together, which enhanced the insecticide’s effectiveness. These findings are very promising, as the chemical insecticide (deltamethrin) killed only 19.29 ± 0.01% and 34.05 ± 1.01% of the female adults after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Thus, the findings of our research could help with the development of botanical insecticides that might contribute to management programs for controlling vectors of important diseases.     

Chemical composition,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Psammogetoncanescens

This study reports the chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant properties of Psammogeton canescens essential oil (EO) and its main compounds. The EO was obtained from the aerial parts of P. canescens by hydrodistillation and analysed by using GC/MS. The main constituent was β-bisabolene (25%), followed by α-pinene (20%), apiole (15.34%), γ-terpinene (7.34%), p-cymene (5.35%), β-pinene (5.41%), camphene (5.12%), dill apiole (5%), myrcene (4.54%), colchicine (0.56), sylvestrene (0.56%), β-caryophyllene (0.45%), caryophyllene oxide (0.43%), (Z)-β-farnesene (0.32%), cembrene (0.21%), folic acid (0.21%), germacrene D (0.14) and β-sesquiphellandrene (0.13). β-Bisabolene exhibited strong antioxidant activity (14 ± 0.8 μg/mL). The EO of P. canescens was particularly active against Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration values. In conclusion, these results support the use of the EO and its main compounds for their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of (Tunisian) Chrysanthemum trifurcatum (Desf.) Batt. and Trab. flowerheads

The chemical composition of essential oil isolated from the flowerheads of Chrysanthemum trifurcatum (Desf.) Batt. and Trab. var. macrocephalum (viv.) Beg. (Asteraceae) by hydrodistillation was analysed by GC and GC/MS. A total of 56 compounds representing 97.48% of the oil were identified: limonene (20.89%), γ-terpinene (19.13%), 1,8-cineole (10.64%), β-pinene (8.77%), α-pinene (5.32%), 2-hexenal (4.85%), 4-terpenyl acetate (3.42%), β-myrcene (2.31%), germacrene-B (2.01%), β-spathulenol (1.62%), longifolene (1.39%), α-cadinol (1.39%), α-thujene (1.23%) and β-bourbobene (1.06%) were found to be the major components. Essential oil of flowerheads of C. trifurcatum was tested for antibacterial activity against eight strains, using a microdilution method, and for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 using a neutral red incorporation method. The oil showed a great potential of antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus subtilis, in the inhibition range of 64–66% and IC₅₀ ranging from 62.5 to 125 μg/ml. On Vero cells, the CC₅₀ of the oil was 735.9 μg/ml and it did not exhibit a significant antiviral activity.     

Antioxidant,cholinesterase inhibition activities and essential oil analysis of Nelumbo nucifera seeds

Nelumbo nucifera seeds’ essential oil (EO), crude extract and subsequent fractions were evaluated for their DPPH, ABTS and superoxide anion-free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The ethyl acetate fraction and EO showed outstanding antioxidant activities with IC₅₀ values of 191, 450 μg/mL (DPPH), 123, 221 μg/mL (ABTS) and 69, 370 μg/mL (superoxide anion). The ethyl acetate fraction and EO also caused significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase with IC₅₀ values of 70 ± 0.6, 64 ± 0.8 and 75 ± 0.3, 58 ± 0.2, in dose-dependent manner. The first ever gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the EO obtained from N. nucifera seeds resulted in identification of 19 constituents, mainly comprised of oxygenated sesquiterpenes responsible for their promising bioactivity. The crude and fractions revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides in phytochemical investigation.     

Antiglycation,antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of Uvaria chamae root and essential oil composition

Abstract

Uvaria chamae (Annonaceae), is an essential oil bearing plant; the root is acclaimed as an effective remedy for folkloric diabetic therapy. The root extracts were evaluated for composition, antiglycation, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity. Flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and tannins were relatively high in the alcohol extract; benzyl benzoate (23.3%), dimethoxy-p-cymene (14.2%), τ-cadinol (12.1%), and methyl thymol (8.7%) predominated the constituents identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The ethanol extract demonstrated significant antiglycation activity (IC₅₀, 1.12?mg/mL), and cytotoxicity to brine shrimp (LC₅₀, 25.01?µg/mL). The extract (IC₅₀, 8.0?µg/mL; absorbance 0.531, 100?µg/mL) also exhibited better antioxidant effects compared with the essential oil (IC₅₀, 50.0?µg/mL; absorbance 0.292, 100?µg/mL) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and ferric reducing power assays respectively. U. chamae root possess antiglycation effect, and may also reduce oxidative stress in patients with diabetes; its antiglycation effect, oil composition, and cytotoxicity are reported for the first time.

     

Identification and determination of effective components in Euphrasia regelii by capillary zone electrophoresis

A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of eukovoside, cinnamic acid and ferulic acid in Euphrasia regelii for the first time. The electrophoresis buffer was 20 mmol/L sodium borate containing 10% (v/v) methanol (pH 8.50). The effects of concentration of borate and electrolyte pH on electrophoretic behavior and separation were studied. Regression equations revealed linear relationships (correlation coefficients 0.9995-0.9998) between the peak area of each analyte and the concentration. The levels of analytes in the different parts of Euphrasia regelii were easily determined with recoveries ranging from 95.5 to 104.2%.