The algebraic independence of certain transcendental continued fractions

In the present note the algebraic independence of certain continued fractions is proved. Especially, we prove that the Böhmer-Mahler's series \(\sum\limits_{K = 1}^\infty {\left[ {\omega _v k} \right]} {\text{ }}g_\mu ^{ - k} \left( {1 \leqslant \mu \leqslant s,1 \leqslant v \leqslant t} \right)\) are algebraically independent, where \(\mathop \omega \nolimits_1 {\text{ , }}...{\text{ , }}\mathop \omega \nolimits_{\text{t}} \) , ..., \(\mathop g\nolimits_1 {\text{ , }}...{\text{ , }}\mathop g\nolimits_s \) are some irrational numbers andg ₁, ...,g _s are distinct positive integers.     

Constructing differentially 4-uniform permutations over GF(22m ) from quadratic APN permutations over GF(22m+1)

In this paper, by means of the idea proposed by Carlet (ACISP 1-15, 2011), differentially 4-uniform permutations with the best known nonlinearity over \({\mathbb{F}_{2^{2m}}}\) are constructed using quadratic APN permutations over \({\mathbb{F}_{2^{2m+1}}}\) . Special constructions are given using the Gold functions. The algebraic degree of the constructions and their compositional inverses is also investigated. One construction and its compositional inverse both have algebraic degree m + 1 over \({\mathbb{F}_2^{2m}}\) .     

The limitations of the Poincaré inequality for Grušin type operators

We examine the validity of the Poincaré inequality for degenerate, second-order, elliptic operators H in divergence form on \({L_2(\mathbf{R}^{n}\times \mathbf{R}^{m})}\) . We assume the coefficients are real symmetric and \({a_1H_\delta\geq H\geq a_2H_\delta}\) for some \({a_1,a_2>0}\) where H _δ is a generalized Gru?in operator, $$H_\delta=-\nabla_{x_1}\,|x_1|^{\left(2\delta_1,2\delta_1'\right)} \,\nabla_{x_1}-|x_1|^{\left(2\delta_2,2\delta_2'\right)} \,\nabla_{x_2}^2.$$ Here \({x_1 \in \mathbf{R}^n,\; x_2 \in \mathbf{R}^m,\;\delta_1,\delta_1'\in[0,1\rangle,\;\delta_2,\delta_2'\geq0}\) and \({|x_1|^{\left(2\delta,2\delta'\right)}=|x_1|^{2\delta}}\) if \({|x_1|\leq 1}\) and \({|x_1|^{\left(2\delta,2\delta'\right)}=|x_1|^{2\delta'}}\) if \({|x_1|\geq 1}\) . We prove that the Poincaré inequality, formulated in terms of the geometry corresponding to the control distance of H, is valid if n ≥ 2, or if n = 1 and \({\delta_1\vee\delta_1'\in[0,1/2\rangle}\) but it fails if n = 1 and \({\delta_1\vee\delta_1'\in[1/2,1\rangle}\) . The failure is caused by the leading term. If \({\delta_1\in[1/2, 1\rangle}\) , it is an effect of the local degeneracy \({|x_1|^{2\delta_1}}\) , but if \({\delta_1\in[0, 1/2\rangle}\) and \({\delta_1'\in [1/2,1\rangle}\) , it is an effect of the growth at infinity of \({|x_1|^{2\delta_1'}}\) . If n = 1 and \({\delta_1\in[1/2, 1\rangle}\) , then the semigroup S generated by the Friedrichs’ extension of H is not ergodic. The subspaces \({x_1\geq 0}\) and \({x_1\leq 0}\) are S-invariant, and the Poincaré inequality is valid on each of these subspaces. If, however, \({n=1,\; \delta_1\in[0, 1/2\rangle}\) and \({\delta_1'\in [1/2,1\rangle}\) , then the semigroup S is ergodic, but the Poincaré inequality is only valid locally. Finally, we discuss the implication of these results for the Gaussian and non-Gaussian behaviour of the semigroup S.     

Solutions to m-point boundary value problems of third order ordinary differential equations at resonance

In this paper, we study the third order ordinary differential equation: $$x'''(t) = f(t,x(t),x'(t),x''(t)), t \in (0,1)$$ subject to the boundary value conditions: $$x'(0) = x'(\xi ), x'(1) = \sum\limits_{i - 1}^{m - 3} {\beta _i x'(\eta _i )} , x''(1) = 0.$$ Hereβ _i ∈R, $\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m - 3} {\beta _i = 1, 0< \eta _1< \eta _2< \ldots< \eta _{m - 3}< 1, 0< \xi< 1} $ . This is the case dimKerL=2. When theβ _i have different signs, we prove some existence results for the m-point boundary value problem at resonance by use of the coincidence degree theory of Mawhin [12, 13]. Since all the existence results obtained in previous papers are for the case dimKerL=1, our work is new.     

Notes on Homoclinic Solutions of the Steady Swift-Hohenberg Equation

This paper considers the steady Swift-Hohenberg equation u＇＇＇＋β2u＇＇＋u^3-u=0.Using the dynamic approach, the authors prove that it has a homoclinic solution for each β∈ （4√8-ε0,4 √8）, where ε0 is a small positive constant. This slightly complements Santra and Wei＇s result [Santra, S. and Wei, J., Homoclinic solutions for fourth order traveling wave equations, SIAM J. Math. Anal., 41, 2009, 2038-2056], which stated that it admits a homoclinic solution for each β∈C （0,β0） where β0 = 0.9342 ....     

Integral Representations and the Behavior of Krasner Analytic Functions Around Singular Points

Given a prime number p and K a compact subset of ? _p , the topological completion of the algebraic closure of the field of p-adic numbers, we are interested in integral representations for a class of Krasner analytic functions defined on ${\mathbb{P}}^1({\mathbb{C}}_p)\setminus K$ with values in ${\mathbb{P}}^1({\mathbb{C}}_p)$ . We apply these results to study the behavior of Krasner analytic functions around singular points.     

The Majorization Theorem for Signless Laplacian Spectral Radii of Connected Graphs

Let ${\pi=(d_{1},d_{2},\ldots,d_{n})}$ and ${\pi'=(d'_{1},d'_{2},\ldots,d'_{n})}$ be two non-increasing degree sequences. We say ${\pi}$ is majorizated by ${\pi'}$ , denoted by ${\pi \vartriangleleft \pi'}$ , if and only if ${\pi\neq \pi'}$ , ${\sum_{i=1}^{n}d_{i}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}d'_{i}}$ , and ${\sum_{i=1}^{j}d_{i}\leq\sum_{i=1}^{j}d'_{i}}$ for all ${j=1,2,\ldots,n}$ . If there exists one connected graph G with ${\pi}$ as its degree sequence and ${c=(\sum_{i=1}^{n}d_{i})/2-n+1}$ , then G is called a c-cyclic graph and ${\pi}$ is called a c-cyclic degree sequence. Suppose ${\pi}$ is a non-increasing c-cyclic degree sequence and ${\pi'}$ is a non-increasing graphic degree sequence, if ${\pi \vartriangleleft \pi'}$ and there exists some t ${(2\leq t\leq n)}$ such that ${d'_{t}\geq c+1}$ and ${d_{i}=d'_{i}}$ for all ${t+1\leq i\leq n}$ , then the majorization ${\pi \vartriangleleft \pi'}$ is called a normal majorization. Let μ(G) be the signless Laplacian spectral radius, i.e., the largest eigenvalue of the signless Laplacian matrix of G. We use C _π to denote the class of connected graphs with degree sequence π. If ${G \in C_{\pi}}$ and ${\mu(G)\geq \mu(G')}$ for any other ${G'\in C_{\pi}}$ , then we say G has greatest signless Laplacian radius in C _π . In this paper, we prove that: Let π and π′ be two different non-increasing c-cyclic (c ≥ 0) degree sequences, G and G′ be the connected c-cyclic graphs with greatest signless Laplacian spectral radii in C _π and C _π', respectively. If ${\pi \vartriangleleft \pi'}$ and it is a normal majorization, then ${\mu(G) < \mu(G')}$ . This result extends the main result of Zhang (Discrete Math 308:3143–3150, 2008).     

Asymptotics of series of a special form

We have found the asymptotic expansions of the series $$ \sum\limits_{k=0}^{\infty } {{{{\left( {-1} \right)}}^{{\beta k}}}Q\left( {\left( {{\delta^{\alpha }}-{{{\left( {ak+b} \right)}}^{\alpha }}} \right)+} \right)/{{{\left( {ak+b} \right)}}^{r+1 }}} $$ in powers of δ as δ → +∞, where β ∈ $ \mathbb{Z} $ , α, a, b > 0, r ∈ $ \mathbb{C} $ , and Q is an algebraic polynomial satisfying the condition Q(0) = 0. In particular cases, these series arise in the approximation of periodic differentiable functions by the Riesz means and the Cesáro means.     

Prolongations of valuations to finite extensions

Let ${K=\mathbb{Q}(\theta)}$ be an algebraic number field with θ in the ring A _K of algebraic integers of K and f(x) be the minimal polynomial of θ over the field ${\mathbb{Q}}$ of rational numbers. For a rational prime p, let ${\bar{f}(x)\,=\,\bar{g}_{1}(x)^{e_{1}}....\bar{g}_{r}(x)^{e_{r}}}$ be the factorization of the polynomial ${\bar{f}(x)}$ obtained by reducing coefficients of f(x) modulo p into a product of powers of distinct irreducible polynomials over ${\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}}$ with g _i (x) monic. Dedekind proved that if p does not divide [ ${A_{K}:\mathbb{Z}}$ [θ]], then ${pA_{K}=\wp_{1}^{e_{1}}\ldots\wp_{r}^{e_{r}}}$ , where ${\wp_{1},\ldots,\wp_{r}}$ are distinct prime ideals of A _K , ${\wp_{i}=pA_{K}+g_{i}(\theta)A_{K}}$ having residual degree equal to the degree of ${\bar{g}_{i}(x)}$ . He also proved that p does not divide [ ${A_{K}:\mathbb{Z}}$ [θ]] if and only if for each i, either e _i  = 1 or ${\bar{g}_{i}(x)}$ does not divide ${\bar{M}(x)}$ where ${M(x)=\frac{1}{p}(f(x)-g_{1}(x)^{e_{1}}....g_{r}(x)^{e_{r}})}$ . Our aim is to give a weaker condition than the one given by Dedekind which ensures that if the polynomial ${\bar{f}(x)}$ factors as above over ${\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}}$ , then there are exactly r prime ideals of A _K lying over p, with respective residual degrees ${\deg \bar {g}_{1}(x),...,\deg \bar {g}_{r}(x)}$ and ramification indices e ₁, ..., e _r . In this paper, the above problem has been dealt with in a more general situation when the base field is a valued field (K, v) of arbitrary rank and K(θ) is any finite extension of K.     

Multiplication Operators Defined by a Class of Polynomials on {L_a^2(\mathbb{D}^2)}

In this paper, we consider those multiplication operators M _p on \({L_a^2(\mathbb{D}^2)}\) defined by a class of polynomials p. Also, this paper consider the reducing subspaces of M _p , the von Neumann algebra \({ \mathcal{W}^*(p)}\) generated by M _p , and its commutant \({\mathcal{V}^*(p) = \mathcal{W}^*(p)'.}\) The structure of \({\mathcal{V}^*(p)}\) is completely determined, along with those reducing subspaces of M _p .     

On solvability of derivative dependent doubly singular boundary value problems

In this paper we establish existence of solutions of singular boundary value problem ?(p(x)y ^′(x))^′=q(x)f(x,y,py′) for 0<x≤b and $\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}p(x)y^{\prime}(x)=0$ , α ₁ y(b)+β ₁ p(b)y ^′(b)=γ ₁ with p(0)=0 and q(x) is allowed to have integrable discontinuity at x=0. So the problem may be doubly singular. Here we consider $\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{q(x)}{p'(x)}\neq0$ therefore $\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}p(x)y'(x)=0$ does not imply y′(0)=0 unless $\lim_{x\rightarrow0^{+}}f(x,y(x),p(x)y'(x))=0$ .     

Nikodym Maximal Functions Associated with Variable Planes in {\mathbb{R}^{3}}

Given a vector field ${\mathfrak{a}}$ on ${\mathbb{R}^3}$ , we consider a mapping ${x\mapsto \Pi_{\mathfrak{a}}(x)}$ that assigns to each ${x\in\mathbb{R}^3}$ , a plane ${\Pi_{\mathfrak{a}}(x)}$ containing x, whose normal vector is ${\mathfrak{a}(x)}$ . Associated with this mapping, we define a maximal operator ${\mathcal{M}^{\mathfrak{a}}_N}$ on ${L^1_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^3)}$ for each ${N\gg 1}$ by $$\mathcal{M}^{\mathfrak{a}}_Nf(x)=\sup_{x\in\tau} \frac{1}{|\tau|} \int_{\tau}|f(y)|\,dy$$ where the supremum is taken over all 1/N ×? 1/N?× 1 tubes τ whose axis is embedded in the plane ${\Pi_\mathfrak{a}(x)}$ . We study the behavior of ${\mathcal{M}^{\mathfrak{a}}_N}$ according to various vector fields ${\mathfrak{a}}$ . In particular, we classify the operator norms of ${\mathcal{M}^{\mathfrak{a}}_N}$ on ${L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}$ when ${\mathfrak{a}(x)}$ is the linear function of the form (a ₁₁ x ₁?+?a ₂₁ x ₂, a ₁₂ x ₁?+?a ₂₂ x ₂, 1). The operator norm of ${\mathcal{M}^\mathfrak{a}_N}$ on ${L^2(\mathbb{R}^3)}$ is related with the number given by $$D=(a_{12}+a_{21})^2-4a_{11}a_{22}.$$      

Restrictions of generalized Verma modules to symmetric pairs

We initiate a new line of investigation on branching problems for generalized Verma modules with respect to reductive symmetric pairs $ \left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{g}'} \right) $ . In general, Verma modules may not contain any simple module when restricted to a reductive subalgebra. In this article we give a necessary and sufficient condition on the triple $ \left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{g}',\mathfrak{p}} \right) $ such that the restriction $ {\left. X \right|_{\mathfrak{g}'}} $ always contains simple $ \mathfrak{g}' $ -modules for any $ \mathfrak{g} $ -module X lying in the parabolic BGG category $ {\mathcal{O}^\mathfrak{p}} $ attached to a parabolic subalgebra $ \mathfrak{p} $ of $ \mathfrak{g} $ . Formulas are derived for the Gelfand?CKirillov dimension of any simple module occurring in a simple generalized Verma module. We then prove that the restriction $ {\left. X \right|_{\mathfrak{g}'}} $ is generically multiplicity-free for any $ \mathfrak{p} $ and any $ X \in {\mathcal{O}^\mathfrak{p}} $ if and only if $ \left( {\mathfrak{g},\mathfrak{g}'} \right) $ is isomorphic to (A _n , A _n-1), (B _n , D _n ), or (D _n+1, B _n ). Explicit branching laws are also presented.     

Recurrence in β-expansion over formal Laurent series

In this paper, we study the quantitative recurrence and hitting sets of β-transformation T _β on the unit disk I of formal Laurent series field $$E_\phi:= \{x\in I: \|T_\beta^nx - x\| < \|\beta\|^{-\phi(n)}\,\,\,{\rm infinitely\,often}\}$$ and $$F_\phi:=\{x\in I: \|T_\beta^nx-x_0\|<\|\beta\|^{-\phi(n)}\,\,\,{\rm infinitely\,often}\},$$ where x ₀ is any fixed point in I and ${\phi}$ is any positive function defined on ${\mathbb{N}}$ with ${\phi(n)\to\infty}$ as n → ∞. We completely determine the Hausdorff dimensions of these sets: $$\dim_{\rm H} E_{\phi}=\dim_{\rm H}F_\phi=\frac{1}{1+\liminf\limits_{n\to\infty}\frac{\phi (n)}{n}}.$$      

On the limit superior of sequences of sets

qVЕРхНИИ пРЕДЕл пОслЕД ОВАтЕльНОстИ МНОжЕс тВA _n ОпРЕДЕльЕтсь сООтНО шЕНИЕМ \(\mathop {\lim sup}\limits_{n \to \infty } A_n = \mathop \cap \limits_{k = 1}^\infty \mathop \cup \limits_{n = k}^\infty A_n . B\) стАтьЕ РАссМАтРИВА Етсь слЕДУУЩИИ ВОпРО с: ЧтО МОжНО скАжАть О ВЕРхНИх пРЕДЕлАх \(\mathop {\lim sup}\limits_{k \to \infty } A_{n_k }\) , еслИ ИжВЕстНО, ЧтО пРЕсЕЧЕНИь \(\mathop \cap \limits_{k = 1}^\infty A_{n_k }\) «МАлы» Дль кАж-ДОИ пОДпОслЕДОВАтЕльНОстИ \((A_{n_k } )\) ? ДОкАжыВАЕтсь, Ч тО

1. ЕслИ \(\mathop \cap \limits_{k = 1}^\infty A_{n_k }\) — кОНЕЧНОЕ МНО жЕстВО Дль кАжДОИ пОДпОслЕДОВАтЕльНОстИ \((A_{n_k } )\) , тО НАИДЕтсь тАкАь пОДпО слЕДОВАтЕльНОсть, Дл ь кОтОРОИ МНОжЕстВО \(\mathop {\lim sup}\limits_{k \to \infty } A_{n_k }\) сЧЕтНО;
2. ЕслИ \(2^{\aleph _0 } = \aleph _1\) , тО сУЩЕстВУЕ т тАкАь пОслЕДОВАтЕл ьНОсть (A_n), ЧтО \(\mathop \cap \limits_{k = 1}^\infty A_{n_k }\) — сЧЕтНОЕ МНОжЕстВО Дль лУБОИ п ОДпОслЕДОВАтЕльНОстИ \((A_{n_k } )\) , НО \(\mathop {\lim sup}\limits_{k \to \infty } A_{n_k }\) ИМЕЕт МОЩ-НОсть кОНтИНУУМА;
3. ЕслИA _n — БОРЕлЕ ВскИЕ МНОжЕстВА В НЕкОтОРО М пОлНОМ сЕпАРАБЕльНО М МЕтРИЧЕскОМ пРОстРАНстВЕ, И \(\mathop \cap \limits_{k = 1}^\infty A_{n_k }\) — сЧЕт НОЕ МНОжЕстВО Дль кАж ДОИ пОДпОслЕДОВАтЕльНОстИ \((A_{n_k } )\) , тО сУЩЕстВУЕт тАкАь п ОДпОслЕДОВАтЕльНОсть, ЧтО \(\mathop {\lim sup}\limits_{k \to \infty } A_{n_k }\) — сЧЕтНОЕ МНОжЕстВО. кРОМЕ тОгО, ДОкАжАНО, Ч тО В слУЧАьх А) И В) В пОслЕДОВАтЕльНОстИ (A _n ) сУЩЕстВУЕт схОДьЩА ьсь пОДпОслЕДОВАтЕльНО сть.

кРОМЕ тОгО, ДОкАжАНО, Ч тО В слУЧАьх А) И В) В пОслЕДОВАтЕльНОстИ (А _n ) сУЩЕстВУЕт схОДьЩ Аьсь пОДпОслЕДОВАтЕльНО сть.     

Some stability estimates for the symmetrized first eigenfunction of certain elliptic operators

We prove two stability-type estimates involving the Schwarz rearrangement of the normalized first eigenfunction u ₁?>?0 of certain linear elliptic operators whose first eigenvalue λ₁ is close to the lowest possible one (i.e., ${\lambda_1^\star}$ , the first eigenvalue of the Dirichlet Laplacian in a suitable ball). In particular, we prove that if ${\lambda_1\approx \lambda_1^\star}$ then the L ^∞-distance between the rearrangement ${u_1^\star}$ and the normalized first eigenfunction of the Dirichlet Laplacian corresponding to ${\lambda_1^\star}$ is less than a suitable power of the difference ${\lambda_1-\lambda_1^\star}$ times a universal constant. We also show that the L ^∞-distance between the first eigenfunction of the Dirichlet Laplacian in a ball whose first eigenvalue equals λ₁ and the rearrangement ${u_1^\star}$ can be controlled with a power of the value assumed by ${u_1^\star}$ on the boundary of that ball.     

The ternary Goldbach–Vinogradov theorem with almost equal primes from the Beatty sequence

Let α ₁, α ₂, α ₃, β ₁, β ₂, β ₃ be real numbers with α ₁, α ₂, α ₃ >1. Suppose that each individual α _i is of a finite type and that at least one pair $\alpha_{i}^{-1}$ , $\alpha_{j}^{-1}$ is also of a finite type. In this paper we prove that every large odd integer n can be represented as $$n=p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}, $$ with p _i =n/3+O(n ^2/3(logn) ^c ) and $p_{i}\in\mathcal{B}_{i}$ , where c>0 is an absolute constant and $\mathcal{B}_{i}$ denotes the so-called Beatty sequence, i.e. $$\mathcal{B}_{i}=\bigl\{n\in\mathbb{N}: n=[\alpha_{i}m+ \beta_{i}] \mbox { for some } m\in\mathbb{Z}\bigr\}. $$      

An embedding theorem for a weighted space of Sobolev type and correct solvability of the Sturm-Liouville equation

We consider the weighted space W ₁ ⁽²⁾ (?,q) of Sobolev type $$W_1^{(2)} (\mathbb{R},q) = \left\{ {y \in A_{loc}^{(1)} (\mathbb{R}):\left\| {y''} \right\|_{L_1 (\mathbb{R})} + \left\| {qy} \right\|_{L_1 (\mathbb{R})} < \infty } \right\} $$ and the equation $$ - y''(x) + q(x)y(x) = f(x),x \in \mathbb{R} $$ Here f ε L ₁(?) and 0 ? q ∈ L ₁ ^loc (?). We prove the following:

1. The problems of embedding W ₁ ⁽²⁾ (?q) ? L ₁(?) and of correct solvability of (1) in L ₁(?) are equivalent
2. an embedding W ₁ ⁽²⁾ (?,q) ? L ₁(?) exists if and only if $$\exists a > 0:\mathop {\inf }\limits_{x \in R} \int_{x - a}^{x + a} {q(t)dt > 0} $$

     

Existence results of fractional differential equations with irregular boundary conditions and p-Laplacian operator

In this paper, we discuss the existence of solutions for irregular boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations with p-Laplacian operator $$\left \{ \begin{array}{l} {\phi}_p(^cD_{0+}^{\alpha}u(t))=f(t,u(t),u'(t)), \quad 0< t<1, \ 1< \alpha \leq2, \\ u(0)+(-1)^{\theta}u'(0)+bu(1)=\lambda, \qquad u(1)+(-1)^{\theta}u'(1)=\int_0^1g(s,u(s))ds,\\ \quad \theta=0,1, \ b \neq \pm1, \end{array} \right . $$ where \(^{c}D_{0+}^{\alpha}\) is the Caputo fractional derivative, ? _p (s)=|s| ^p?2 s, p>1, \({\phi}_{p}^{-1}={\phi}_{q}\) , \(\frac {1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1\) and \(f: [0,1] \times\mathbb{R} \times\mathbb {R} \longrightarrow\mathbb{R}\) . Our results are based on the Schauder and Banach fixed point theorems. Furthermore, two examples are also given to illustrate the results.