Millimeter size γ‐Al2O3 beads were prepared by alginate assisted sol–gel method and grafting organic groups with propyl sulfonic acid and alkyl groups as functionalized γ‐Al2O3 bead catalysts for fructose dehydration to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF). Experiment results showed that the porous structure of γ‐Al2O3 beads was favorable to the loading and dispersion of active components, and had an obvious effect on the properties of the catalyst. The lower calcination temperature of γ‐Al2O3 beads increased the specific surface area, the hydrophobicity and the activity of catalysts. Competition between the reaction of alkyl groups and ‐SH groups with surface hydroxyl during the preparation process of the catalyst influenced greatly the acid site densities, hydrophobic properties and activity of the catalyst. With an increase in the alkyl group chain, the hydrophobicity of catalysts increased obviously and the activity of the catalyst was enhanced. The most hydrophobic catalyst C16‐SO3H‐γ‐Al2O3–650°C exhibited the highest yield of 5‐HMF (84%) under the following reaction conditions: reaction medium of dimethylsulfoxide/H2O (V/V, 4:1), catalyst amount of 30 mg, temperature of 110°C and reaction time of 4 hr. 相似文献
Flowerlike noble‐metal‐free γ‐Fe2O3@NiO core–shell hierarchical nanostructures have been fabricated and examined as a catalyst in the photocatalytic oxidation of water with [Ru(bpy)3](ClO4)2 as a photosensitizer and Na2S2O8 as a sacrificial electron acceptor. An apparent TOF of 0.29 μmols?1 m?2 and oxygen yield of 51 % were obtained with γ‐Fe2O3@NiO. The γ‐Fe2O3@NiO core–shell hierarchical nanostructures could be easily separated from the reaction solution whilst maintaining excellent water‐oxidation activity in the fourth and fifth runs. The surface conditions of γ‐Fe2O3@NiO also remained unchanged after the photocatalytic reaction, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 相似文献
A non‐spinel model for the structure of γ‐Al2O3, with 25 % of the Al3+ cations at tetrahedral positions, has been the subject of wide interest. However, 17O NMR measurements and, more recently, 27Al NMR measurements have shown that there are considerably more Al3+ cations at tetrahedral positions. This means that the Al3+ vacancies in γ‐Al2O3 are not at tetrahedral but at octahedral positions, as in isostructural γ‐Fe2O3 and in accordance with density functional theory predictions. This has consequences with regard to the surface structure of γ‐Al2O3, and thus, for catalysis. 相似文献
A highly efficient and mild palladium‐catalyzed, one‐pot, four‐step cascade annulation has been developed to afford functionalized β‐ and γ‐lactones in moderate to good yields with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivities in ionic liquids. The employment of ionic liquids under mild reaction conditions makes this transformation green and practical. Especially, this reaction provided a novel and convenient methodology for the construction of naturally occurring biologically active β‐ and γ‐lactones. 相似文献
Significant progress has been made on the synthesis and application of mesoporous γ‐alumina. To date, little attention has been paid to the synthesis of microporous crystalline alumina. Here, fabrication of microporous crystalline γ‐alumina using a microporous covalent triazine framework (CTF‐1) as a template is described. Microporous crystalline γ‐alumina with a micro‐meso binary pore system was replicated by infiltration of aluminum nitrate into the micropores of the CTF‐1 template through a NH3/water‐vapor‐induced internal hydrolysis method, followed by thermal treatment, and subsequent removal of the CTF‐1 template with a 30 % H2O2 aqueous solution. The obtained crystalline γ‐alumina material exhibits a large surface area (349 m2 g−1) with micropore distribution centered at about 1.27 nm. Ru supported on microporous γ‐Al2O3 can be employed as catalyst for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane, and it exhibits high catalytic activity and good durability. This finding provides a new benchmark for preparing well‐defined crystalline microporous alumina materials by a template method, which can be applied in a wide range of fields. 相似文献
In this study, we propose a time‐ and energy‐saving method using biodegradable gelatin as a green template and a low‐toxicity inorganic aluminum salt (Al(NO3)3·9H2O) as a low‐cost aluminum source for the preparation of mesoporous alumina (γ‐Al2O3). The effects of pH (pH 8.0–10.0), gelatin to aluminum source ratio (0–1.9), and the hydrothermal treatment time (0–72 h) are thoroughly explored. The gelatin can assemble with the aluminum species γ‐AlOOH via hydrogen bonding to prevent the self‐condensation of the γ‐AlOOH during the hydrothermal treatment. Distinctly, the mesoporous γ‐Al2O3 was obtained from the calcination of the resulting gelatin–γ‐AlOOH composites. Without gelatin, high‐crystallinity γ‐AlOOH formed after the hydrothermal treatment, which transformed into the nonporous γ‐Al2O3 with a small surface area (20 m2/g). Finally, it was found that with a gelatin/aluminum ratio of 0.81, reaction pH value of 8.0, and hydrothermal treatment time of 24 h, high‐surface‐area mesoporous γ‐Al2O3 (262 m2/g) with pore diameter of 6.3 nm could be synthesized. 相似文献
The structure of FeOx species supported on γ‐Al2O3 was investigated by using Fe K‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. The samples were prepared through the impregnation of iron nitrate on Al2O3 and co‐gelation of aluminum and iron sulfates. The dependence of the XRD patterns on Fe loading revealed the formation of α‐Fe2O3 particles at an Fe loading of above 10 wt %, whereas the formation of iron‐oxide crystals was not observed at Fe loadings of less than 9.0 wt %. The Fe K‐edge XAFS was characterized by a clear pre‐edge peak, which indicated that the Fe?O coordination structure deviates from central symmetry and that the degree of Fe?O?Fe bond formation is significantly lower than that in bulk samples at low Fe loading (<9.0 wt %). Fe K‐edge extended XAFS oscillations of the samples with low Fe loadings were explained by assuming an isolated iron‐oxide monomer on the γ‐Al2O3 surface. 相似文献
Several TiO2 and γ‐Al2O3 supported catalyst systems were prepared by a novel way and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and BET surface area measurement. The results show: (1) all the samples, including MoO3/TiO2, WO3/TiO2, V2O5/TiO2, FeSO4/γ‐Al2O3, Al2 (SO4)3/γ‐Al2O3, K2CO3/‐Al2O3 and so on, prepared by impregnating TiO2·H2O or pseudo‐boehmite AlO(OH) with the active components then calcining at a high temperature exhibit much larger surface areas than that of pure TiO2 or γ‐Al2O3 calcined at the same temperature; (2) the surface area of the sample increases with the increase in the coverage of active component on the surface of the support; (3) when the content of active component reaches its utmost monolayer dispersion capacity, the surface area of the sample is the largest, and then decreases when the content of active component exceeds its dispersion threshold. 相似文献
We present a novel strategy for the scalable fabrication of γ‐Fe2O3@3DPCF, a three‐dimensional porous carbon framework (PCF) anchored ultra‐uniform and ultra‐stable γ‐Fe2O3 nanocatalyst. The γ‐Fe2O3@3DPCF nanocomposites were facilely prepared with the following route: condensation of iron(III) acetylacetonate with acetylacetonate at room temperature to form the polymer precursor (PPr), which was carbonized subsequently at 800 °C. The homogeneous aldol condensation offered an ultra‐uniform distribution of iron, so that the γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were uniformly distributed in the 3D carbon architecture with the average size of approximate 20 nm. The Fe2O3 NPs were capped with carbon, so that the iron oxide maintained its γ‐phase instead of the more stable α‐phase. The nanocomposite was an excellent catalyst for the reduction of nitroarene; it gave >99 % conversion and 100 % selectivity for the reduction of nitroarenes to the corresponding anilines at 100 °C. The fabrication of the γ‐Fe2O3@3DPCF nanocatalyst represents a green and scalable method for the synthesis of novel carbon‐based metal oxide nanostructures. 相似文献
Although about 200,000 metric tons of γ‐MnO2 are used annually worldwide for industrial applications, the γ‐MnO2 structure is still known to possess a highly ambiguous crystal lattice. To better understand the γ‐MnO2 atomic structure, hexagon‐based nanoarchitectures were successfully synthesized and used to elucidate its internal structure for the present work. The structural analysis results, obtained from the hexagon‐based nanoarchitectures, clearly show the coexistence of akhtenskite (ε‐MnO2), pyrolusite (β‐MnO2), and ramsdellite in the so‐called γ‐MnO2 phase and verified the heterogeneous phase assembly of the γ‐MnO2 state, which violates the well‐known “De Wolff” model and derivative models, but partially accords with Heuer's results. Furthermore, heterogeneous γ‐MnO2 assembly was found to be a metastable structure under hydrothermal conditions, and the individual components of the heterogeneous γ‐MnO2 system have structural similarities and a high lattice matches with pyrolusite (β‐MnO2). The as‐obtained γ‐MnO2 nanoarchitectures are nontoxic and environmentally friendly, and the application of such nanoarchitectures as support matrices successfully mitigates the common problems for phase‐change materials of inorganic salts, such as phase separation and supercooling‐effects, thereby showing prospect in energy‐saving applications in future “smart‐house” systems. 相似文献
The crystal structure of the ζ2‐phase Al3Cu4‐δ was determined by means of X‐ray powder diffraction: a = 409.72(1) pm, b = 703.13(2) pm, c = 997.93(3) pm, space group Imm2, Pearson symbol oI24‐3.5, RI = 0.0696. ζ2‐Al3Cu4‐δ forms a distinctive a × √3a × 2c superstructure of a metal deficient Ni2In‐type‐related structure. The phase is meta‐stable at ambient temperature. Between 400 °C and 450 °C it decomposes into ζ1‐Al3Cu4 and η2‐AlCu. Entropic contributions to the stability of ζ2‐Al3Cu4‐δ are reflected in three statistically or partially occupied sites. 相似文献
The first catalytic enantioselective γ‐boryl substitution of CF3‐substituted alkenes is reported. A series of CF3‐substituted alkenes was treated with a diboron reagent in the presence of a copper(I)/Josiphos catalyst to afford the corresponding optically active γ,γ‐gem‐difluoroallylboronates in high enantioselectivity. The thus obtained products could be readily converted into the corresponding difluoromethylene‐containing homoallylic alcohols using highly stereospecific allylation reactions. 相似文献
A convenient route with high stereo control to γ‐acetoxy dienoates is provided by the reaction of methyl propiolate with aldehydes in the presence of ZnEt2 and N‐methylimidazole at room temperature, followed by the catalytic conversion of the resulting γ‐hydroxy‐α,β‐acetylenic esters with p‐N,N‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) in acetic anhydride (see scheme).
The first effective organopolymerization of the biorenewable “non‐polymerizable” γ‐butyrolactone (γ‐BL) to a high‐molecular‐weight metal‐free recyclable polyester is reported. The superbase tert‐Bu‐P4 is found to directly initiate this polymerization through deprotonation of γ‐BL to generate reactive enolate species. When combined with a suitable alcohol, the tert‐Bu‐P4‐based system rapidly converts γ‐BL into polyesters with high monomer conversions (up to 90 %), high molecular weights (Mn up to 26.7 kg mol?1), and complete recyclability (quantitative γ‐BL recovery). 相似文献